若干化学修饰剂对PLA2酶活力的影响

利用化学修饰的方法研究了修饰后的ＰＬＡ２与其酶活力之间的关系。结果表明色氨酸、精氨酸及氨基酸被修饰后ＰＬＡ２酶活力均有不同程度的下降。     

中华蜜蜂磷酸甘油变位酶（PhosphoglycerateMutase）基因的序列分析

在中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)工蜂毒腺cDNA库内发现了一个插有1104bp外源片段的克隆,内含一个765bp的开放阅读框架(ORF),编码一个含有254．个氨基酸残基的依赖于2,3一二磷酸甘油酸的磷酸甘油变位酶(dPGAM),催化3一磷酸甘油和2一磷酸甘油之间的转化。推测的氨基酸序列与其他7种生物的dPGAM的相似性很高(39％-88％),而与其他4种不依赖于2,3-二磷酸甘油酸的磷酸甘油变位酶(iPGAM)的相似性则很低(10％-12％),氨基酸序列的多重联配表明组成dPGAM活性位点的氨基酸残基在包括中华蜜蜂在内的所有生物体内是十分保守的,Ac—PGAM是一种典型的dPGAM。这是昆虫纲中继在果蝇中发现PGAM基因后的第2个昆虫dPGAM基因,其对PGAM基因的结构与功能研究及对昆虫的分子生物学研究具有意义。同时,对PGAM的进化关系的分析表明该基因可以用作研究物种系统关系的一个依据。     

Ca^＋＋Na^＋离子对湖南产五步蛇蛇毒PLA2酶活力的影响

Ｃａ＾＋＋离子能极大地激活五步蛇蛇毒ＰＬＡ２的酶活力,Ｎａ＾＋离子只能在一定程度上激活,作者推测在测定ＰＬＡ２酶活力的底物溶液中可以不加Ｎａ＾＋离子。     

神经节苷脂GM_3对肌质网Ca~（2＋）－ATP酶活力的调节

研究了神经节苷脂ＧＭ_３参入肌质网膜后Ｃａ~（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶活力的变化,结果表明：ＧＭ_３参入肌质网膜后,对肌质网Ｃａ~（２＋）ＡＴＰ酶活性（ＡＴＰ水解活力与转运活力）有明显的激活作用．当参入的ＧＭ_３浓度为８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、参入时间为１２０ｍｉｎ、温度为３０℃时,对Ｃａ~（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶的激活作用最大．     

高血压大鼠红细胞膜Ca~（2＋），Mg~（2＋）─ATP酶对Ca~（2＋）反应的变化及Mg~（2＋）的作用

本实验观察了正常及高血压大鼠红细胞膜Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶对不同浓度Ｃａ２＋及Ｍｇ２＋的反应。结果表明：（１）在自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）,此酶最适反应的Ｃａ２＋浓度为１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;ＷＫＹ大鼠为１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;两肾一环型肾性高血压大鼠（ＲＨＲ）为１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠为１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｃａ２＋高于以上各相应浓度时该酶活性受到抑制;（２）作为该酶激动剂的Ｍｇ２＋有其最适激活浓度,在ＷＫＹ大鼠、ＲＨＲ及Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠均为４．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;（３）高浓度Ｍｇ２＋（３６．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可以逆转高浓度Ｃａ２＋对该酶的抑制作用。以上结果表明,底物Ｃａ２＋浓度的变化对Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶的催化活性影响极大,该酶活性的促发及维持必须有适宜浓度的Ｍｇ２＋。高血压时此酶对Ｃａ２＋的敏感性增高,且Ｍｇ２＋对酶保护作用更为明显。本结果提示,胞内高浓度Ｃａ２＋不仅是高血压发生的原因之一,并可能与其发展及恶化有关。     

槲皮素和芦丁抑制Fe~（2＋）和Cu~（2＋）诱导LDL氧化修饰的比较

槲皮素和芦丁抑制Ｆｅ￣（２＋）和Ｃｕ￣（２＋）诱导ＬＤＬ氧化修饰的比较阎道广,周玫,陈瑗（第一军医大学自由基医学研究室广州５１０５１５）关键词低密度脂蛋白的氧化修饰,桷皮素,芦丁,Ｆｅ￣（２＋）,Ｃｕ￣（２＋）黄酮类物质是自由基清除剂,能与超氧阴离子...     

SUMF2对炎症的影响

炎症是机体的一种适应性反应,失调时将会对自身机体造成损伤。研究表明许多疾病的发生发展均与炎症的失调有关。硫酸酯酶作为人体不可或缺的蛋白质家族与炎症之间有着密切关联。发热是炎症最主要的表现形式,硫酸酯酶修饰因子2(sulfatase-modifying factor 2,SUMF2)参与硫酸酯酶的激活且与发热密切相关。脂多糖刺激人体后,SUMF2的表达明显降低。SUMF2已被证实与白细胞介素-13(Interleukin-13,IL-13)之间存在相互作用,且能在体外水平抑制IL-13的分泌,IL-13可以通过抑制炎性因子的产生发挥抗炎作用。本文将就硫酸酯酶、SUMF2及其对炎症之间的影响进行综述。     

芦丁对胃蛋白酶部分性质的影响

采用紫外光谱和荧光光谱研究芦丁与胃蛋白酶的相互作用。实验结果表明,加入芦丁使胃蛋白酶的紫外吸收差谱迅速增强,特征荧光峰产生静态淬灭,并求得芦丁与胃蛋白酶作用的形成常数。     

Histone H2A Ubiquitination Inhibits the Enzymatic Activity of H3 Lysine 36 Methyltransferases

Histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) methylation and H2A monoubiquitination (ubH2A) are two closely related histone modifications that regulate Polycomb silencing. Previous studies reported that H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) rarely coexists with H3K36 di- or tri-methylation (H3K36me2/3) on the same histone H3 tails, which is partially controlled by the direct inhibition of the enzymatic activity of H3K27-specific methyltransferase PRC2. By contrast, H3K27 methylation does not affect the catalytic activity of H3K36-specific methyltransferases, suggesting other Polycomb mechanism(s) may negatively regulate the H3K36-specific methyltransferase(s). In this study, we established a simple protocol to purify milligram quantities of ubH2A from mammalian cells, which were used to reconstitute nucleosome substrates with fully ubiquitinated H2A. A number of histone methyltransferases were then tested on these nucleosome substrates. Notably, all of the H3K36-specific methyltransferases, including ASH1L, HYPB, NSD1, and NSD2 were inhibited by ubH2A, whereas the other histone methyltransferases, including PRC2, G9a, and Pr-Set7 were not affected by ubH2A. Together with previous reports, these findings collectively explain the mutual repulsion of H3K36me2/3 and Polycomb modifications.     

Breakdown kinetics of the tri-chromium(III) oxo acetate cluster ([Cr(3)O(OAc)(6)]+) with some ligands of biological interest

Kinetics for the breakdown of the trinuclear chromium acetate cluster, [Cr(3)O(OAc)(6)](+), with a series of monoprotic and diprotic ligands in weakly acidic aqueous media (pH approximately 4 or approximately 5) have been investigated spectrophotometrically at 40-60 degrees C. The results point to an ion-pair equilibrium as the first step followed by associative interchange mechanism forming the mononuclear product of the reaction. Pseudo-first-order rates were determined from absorbance data and associated activation parameters were calculated using the Eyring equation. Enthalpy and entropy terms of the reactions (e.g., histidine, DeltaH(double dagger) = 75 +/- 15 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(double dagger) = -130 +/- 25 J K(-1) mol(-1); lactic acid, DeltaH(double dagger) = 66 +/- 13 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(double dagger) = -155 +/- 30 J K(-1) mol(-1); glycine, DeltaH(double dagger) = 31 +/- 6 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(double dagger) = -225 +/- 45 J K(-1) mol(-1)) are consistent with an associative interchange (I(a)) mechanism, and produce a linear isokinetic plot (slope = 50 degrees C). Rates and activation parameters are comparable to those of substitution reactions of the chromium(III) hexaaqua cation. Other ligands studied included malonic acid and the amino acid, aspartic acid. Observed rates are faster than water exchange rates, but typically slower than anion substitution rates, and indicate that trinuclear chromium(III) clusters are expected to be kinetically stable in neutral to slightly acidic conditions.     

Effects of different methods of acid hydrolysis on the nitrogen distribution in two soils

Summary An inorganic (Bainsville) and an organic (Farnham) soil were hydrolyzed by continuous and stepwise hydrolysis with hot 3N HCl for 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 15, 18 and 24 h and continuously with hot 6N HCl for 24 h. The following nitrogen forms were determined: total N, hydrolyzable-N, amino acid-N, amino sugar-N and ammonia-N. Proportions of ‘unknown’ N were computed from these data. Continuous hydrolysis with 3N HCl yielded more amino acid-N and less ‘unknown’ N than did stepwise hydrolysis with the same acid strength. But continuous hydrolysis for 24 h with 6N HCl produced more amino acid-N and less ‘unknown’ N than did hydrolysis with 3N HCl by either method. It was estimated that 33 and 54% of the total N in the inorganic and organic soil, respectively, was protein-N. The ‘unknown’ N in the inorganic and organic soil constituted 51 and 37% of the total N, respectively. From our work it appears that the ‘unknown’ N is not proteinaceous. It can be readily degraded chemically and microbiologically to NH₃ and N-gases. More attention needs to be given to identifying the ‘unknown’ N which constitutes a large portion of the total soil-N. A more adequate knowledge of the chemical constitution of the ‘unknown’ soil N may lead to the development of technologies that will make more efficient use of the N in soils.     

A study of the reactivity of (methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate)-tricarbonyliron(0) leading to a novel synthesis of β,β,β-trialkyl α-amino acids

(Methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate)tricarbonyliron(0) (3) reacts with 2 equivalents of methyllithium to give methyl N-acetylalaninate (4) and 2-acetamido-4-oxopentanoate (5) when the reaction is quenched with trifluoroacetic acid. Production of methyl N-acetylalaninate is dependent only on the presence of trifluoroacetic acid, and the ratio of 4 to 5 generated in these reactions is related to the quantity of trifluoroacetic acid used to quench them. Addition of two equivalents of methyllithium followed by tertiary haloalkanes gives protected β,β,β-trialkyl α-amino acids which may be hydrolysed to give tert-leucine (13) and the new α-amino acids 2-amino-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid (14) and 2-amino-3,3-dimethylhexanoic acid (15).     

Facile synthesis of (R)N-2-hydroxyacyl-L-cysteine derivatives: (R)N-2-hydroxyacyl transfer from enzymatically-synthesized (R)S-2-hydroxyacylglutathione derivatives to L-cysteine

Summary N-(R)-2-Hydroxyacyl-L-cysteine derivatives were conveniently synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding S-(R)-2-hydroxyacyl-glutathione with cysteine. The (R)2-hydroxyacyl group was transferred from the S-glutathionyl moiety to S-cysteinyl, forming the corresponding (R)S-2-hydroxyacylcysteine; this rearranged to the (R)N-hydroxyacylcysteine. These compounds have anti-proliferative activity associated with the inhibition ofde novo pyrimidine synthesis.Abbreviations TRIS tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane - DTNB 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)     

E2-mediated Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) Modification of Thymine DNA Glycosylase Is Efficient but Not Selective for the Enzyme-Product Complex

Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) initiates the repair of G·T mismatches that arise by deamination of 5-methylcytosine (mC), and it excises 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine, oxidized forms of mC. TDG functions in active DNA demethylation and is essential for embryonic development. TDG forms a tight enzyme-product complex with abasic DNA, which severely impedes enzymatic turnover. Modification of TDG by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins weakens its binding to abasic DNA. It was proposed that sumoylation of product-bound TDG regulates product release, with SUMO conjugation and deconjugation needed for each catalytic cycle, but this model remains unsubstantiated. We examined the efficiency and specificity of TDG sumoylation using in vitro assays with purified E1 and E2 enzymes, finding that TDG is modified efficiently by SUMO-1 and SUMO-2. Remarkably, we observed similar modification rates for free TDG and TDG bound to abasic or undamaged DNA. To examine the conjugation step directly, we determined modification rates (k_obs) using preformed E2∼SUMO-1 thioester. The hyperbolic dependence of k_obs on TDG concentration gives k_max = 1.6 min⁻¹ and K_1/2 = 0.55 μm, suggesting that E2∼SUMO-1 has higher affinity for TDG than for the SUMO targets RanGAP1 and p53 (peptide). Whereas sumoylation substantially weakens TDG binding to DNA, TDG∼SUMO-1 still binds relatively tightly to AP-DNA (K_d ∼50 nm). Although E2∼SUMO-1 exhibits no specificity for product-bound TDG, the relatively high conjugation efficiency raises the possibility that E2-mediated sumoylation could stimulate product release in vivo. This and other implications for the biological role and mechanism of TDG sumoylation are discussed.     

Effects of immersion in water containing high concentrations of CO2 (CO2-water) at thermoneutral on thermoregulation and heart rate variability in humans

Immersion in high concentrations of CO₂ dissolved in freshwater (CO₂-water) might induce peripheral vasodilatation in humans. In this study, we investigated whether such immersion could affect the autonomic nervous system in humans using spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Ten healthy men participated in this study. Tympanic temperature, cutaneous blood flow and electrocardiogram (ECG) were measured continuously during 20 min of immersion in CO₂-water. The ECG was analyzed by spectral analysis of R–R intervals using the maximal entropy method. The decrease in tympanic temperature was significantly greater in CO₂-water immersion than in freshwater immersion. Cutaneous blood flow at the immersed site was significantly increased with CO₂-water immersion compared to freshwater. The high frequency component (HF: 0.15–0.40 Hz) was significantly higher in CO₂-water immersion than in freshwater immersion, but the low frequency (LF: 0.04–0.15 Hz) /high frequency ratio (LF/HF ratio) was significantly lower in CO₂-water immersion than in freshwater immersion. The present study contributes evidence supporting the hypothesis that CO₂-water immersion activates parasympathetic nerve activity in humans.