红火蚁触角及其上感受器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜对采自我国广东吴川和广西南宁的红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren工蚁、有翅雌蚁和雄蚁触角的形态和感受器类型进行了研究。结果表明,工蚁、雌蚁和雄蚁的触角存在着较大的差异。工蚁和雌蚁的触角为膝状,末端2或3节膨大为棒状,雌蚁的触角11节,比工蚁(10节)的多1节。雄蚁的触角为线状,12节,末端没有棒状结构。工蚁和雌蚁的触角上共有7种感受器,分别为毛形、曲毛形、锥形、腔锥形、坛形、刺形感受器和Böhm氏鬃毛,前6种感受器大多集中在触角末端的棒节,棒节以外的各鞭节上主要是毛形感受器,Böhm氏鬃毛则分布于柄节和梗节的基部,鞭节上无此感受器。雄蚁触角上也有7种感受器,但其分布与工蚁的有较大差异,Böhm氏鬃毛的分布与工蚁和雌蚁的相同,锥形感受器分布在末端2节,坛形感受器分布在末端3节,其余的4种感受器较为均匀地分布在各鞭节,而不是聚集在端节。另外,新发现雄蚁中存在一种与已知的毛型感受器不同的超短毛状感受器,定名为超短毛感受器。最后,对红火蚁的触角及感受器在蚁群社会性行为中的作用进行了讨论。     

苹果榕传粉小蜂雌性触角感器及其生态学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜对苹果榕传粉小蜂Ceratosolen sp.雌性触角感器进行观察。结果显示:苹果榕传粉小蜂雌性触角呈膝形,分布着7类13种类型的感器,包括毛型感器、多孔的板型感器、锥型感器(2种类型)、栓锥型乳突状感器、刺型感器(4种类型)、腔锥型感器(3种类型)和一种专一性的角锥型感器。对各感器的形态、数量、分布进行描述,并结合感器的选择性染色(Ag+染色)、传粉小蜂行为及其榕/蜂互惠共生系统,对不同类型感器的功能和生态学意义进行探讨。     

Phenotypic plasticity in numbers of antennal chemoreceptors in a grasshopper: effects of food

Grasshoppers, Schistocerca americana, reared from hatching on artificial diet had fewer sensilla on the antennae in the final larval stage than insects reared on lettuce. This was true of basiconic and coeloconic sensilla (presumed olfactory) and trichoid sensilla (presumed gustatory). The degree of difference varied along the antenna and with sensillum type. Adding salicin to the diet restored the numbers of all types of sensillum to levels equal to, or approaching, those in lettuce-fed insects. The addition of some volatile compounds – carvone (monoterpene), chalcone (flavonoid), citral (monoterpene) and guaiacol (phenolic) – resulted in slight increases in number, but coumarin (phenylpropanoid) had no effect. None of the compounds, either singly or in combination, produced more sensilla than were present in plant-fed insects. Accepted: 26 January 1998     

光滑足距小蠹成虫触角感受器的电镜扫描观察

利用扫描电镜对光滑足距小蠹Xylosandrus germanus(Blandford)雌雄成虫触角进行了观察,发现尽管雄成虫触角长度仅为雌成虫的2/3,但是雌雄成虫之间感受器类型和分布形式却相似。成虫触角具有5种类型的感受器:毛型感受器、锯齿型感受器、锥型感受器、芽型感受器和刺型感受器,其中毛型感受器最多,占总感受器的80%以上,刺型感受器最少,仅1根。在触角各节中,以锤状部感受器分布最多,约占总感受器的85%,其中约73%的感受器密集散生在锤状部的末2节,柄节和鞭节的各节均较少,分别约占总感受器的6%和9%。     

Ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of the mayfly Baetis rhodani (Pictet) (Ephemeroptera : Baetidae)

The distribution and fine morphology of antennal sensilla of nymphal and adult mayfly, Baetis rhodani (Ephemeroptera : Baetidae), were examined. In the nymph, various kinds of sensilla (chaetica, basiconica, coeloconica and cuticular pits) are differently arranged on the antennal segments, whereas sensilla campaniformia delimit the distal border of the pedicel. A peculiar kind of sensillum basiconicum, named flat-tipped sensillum, is present along the entire antenna, even though in the flagellum it has a regular arrangement between the cuticular lobes that delimit the distal border of each article. In the subimago the scape and pedicel are profusely covered with microtrichia and scattered sensilla trichodea, whereas the flagellum shows cuticular ribs. Sensilla coeloconica are present along the ventral side of the flagellum. In the imago, the antenna is completely decorated with scales among which sensilla trichodea and sensilla coeloconica occasionally occur. As in the nymph, adult mayflies have a ring of sensilla campaniformia along the distal border of the pedicel. When compared with nymphal antennae, those of adults have fewer types of sensilla, presumably in relation to the short, non-feeding terrestrial life.     

Ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of the peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer, 1776

The antennal sensilla of alate Myzus persicae were mapped using transmission electron microscopy and the ultrastructure of sensilla trichoidea, coeloconica, and placoidea are described. Trichoid sensilla, located on the tip of the antennae, are innervated by 2–4 neurons, with some outer dendrites reaching the distal end of the hair. Coeloconic sensilla in primary rhinaria are of two morphological types, both equipped with two dendrites. Dendrites of Type II coeloconic sensilla are enveloped in the dendrite sheath, containing the sensillum lymph. In sensilla coeloconica of Type I, instead, dendrites are enclosed by an electron opaque solid cuticle, with no space left for the sensillum lymph. The ultrastructure of big placoid sensillum reveals the presence of three groups of neurons, with 2–3 dendrites in each neuron group, while both small placoid sensilla are equipped with a single group of neurons, consisting of three dendrites. Both large and small placoid sensilla bear multiple pores on the outer cuticle. The function of these sensilla is also discussed. J. Morphol. 276:219–227, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The gustatory sensilla on the endophytic ovipositor of Odonata

The present paper aims at describing the fine structure of coeloconic sensilla located on the cutting valves of the endophytic ovipositor of two Odonata species, the anisopteran Aeshna cyanea (Aeshnidae) and the zygopteran Ischnura elegans (Coenagrionidae), by carrying out parallel investigations under SEM and TEM. In both species these coeloconic sensilla are innervated by four unbranched neurons forming four outer dendritic segments enveloped by the dendrite sheath. One dendrite terminates at the base of the peg forming a well developed tubular body, while the other three enter the peg after interruption of the dendrite sheath. The cuticle of the peg shows an apical pore and a joint membrane. This last feature, together with the tubular body and the suspension fibers, represent the mechanosensory components of the sensillum while the pore and the dendrites entering the peg allow chemoreception. The ultrastructural organization of these coeloconic sensilla is in agreement with the one reported for insect gustatory sensilla. Our investigation describes for the first time typical insect gustatory sensilla in Odonata. Electrophysiological and behavioral studies are needed to verify the role that these structures can perform in sensing the egg-laying substrata.     

Hygroreceptors in the larva of Libellula depressa (Odonata: Libellulidae)

Ultrastructural and electrophysiological (single-cell recordings) investigations were carried out on the coeloconic sensilla borne by the apical antenna of the larvae of Libellula depressa (Odonata: Libellulidae). These sensilla appear as pegs located in pits. One of them is a compound sensillum constituted of two fused pegs in a common pit and the other two are single pegs located in separated pits close to each other. Coeloconic sensilla show position and ultrastructural details very similar to those described in insect hygroreceptors. The electrophysiological recordings on the apical antennae of the last larval instar of L. depressa clearly show the presence of moist and dry cells responding antagonistically to humidity changes. This study gives the first evidence of hygroreceptors in dragonfly larvae and represents the first electrophysiological approach to larval sensilla of aquatic insects. The presence of hygroreceptors in L. depressa larvae is in agreement with the hygropositive response shown by these insects in laboratory and field behavioural experiments.     

悬铃木方翅网蝽触角感器扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对悬铃木方翅网蝽Corythucha ciliata(Say)雌、雄成虫触角背面和腹面进行观察。结果表明:悬铃木方翅网蝽触角为棒状,共4节,分为柄节、梗节和鞭节。触角上共有4种感器,分别为刺型感器、锥形感器、毛型感器和芽型感器;这些感器不存在性二型现象。其中,刺型感器分为大刺型感器和小刺型感器2种类型;芽型感器首次在异翅亚目昆虫触角上发现。雄成虫触角感器数量明显多于雌成虫,不同类型的感器在触角各节上的数量与分布各不相同。     

玉龙蝠蛾触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

本文报道玉龙蝠蛾 Hepialus yulongensis Liang 触角感觉器种类、形态和分布的扫描电镜观察结果。蝠蛾触角呈丝状,由柄节、梗节和21—27个鞭节组成,总长2.3—2.7毫米,柄节比以后各节长,触角表面缺少隆起的网纹。触角感觉器计有七种,其名称为毛形感器、刺形感器、腔锥感器、锥形感器、鳞形感器、Bohm氏鬃毛及仅出现于雄蛾的钟形感器。根据中心栓的长度,腔下陷的深度和直径,腔锥感器基本上可分为长栓和短栓两种形态类型,腔的周围都无向内倾斜的缘栓;毛形感器可进一步分为A型和B型;Bohm氏鬃毛数量多,主要分布于柄节、梗节,但在端节也能见到。     

Fine structure of the pheromone-sensitive sensilla on the antenna of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta

The flagellar antenna of the male hawkmoth Manduca sexta carries about 42,000 pheromone-sensitive sensilla trichodea, which are arranged in 'baskets' on the single segments. Each sensillum consists of a cuticular hair up to 500 mum long and is innervated by two bipolar sensory neurons. Each neuron sends an unbranched dendrite into the hair shaft. The dendrite is subdivided by a short ciliary region into an inner and an outer segment. The inner segment is especially rich in smooth vesicles, which accumulate beneath the ciliary region where they seem to fuse with the dendritic membrane. The outer dendritic segment often shows conspicuous 'beads' along its length. Three auxiliary, or enveloping, cells belong to each adult sensillum. These are the thecogen, the trichogen, and the 'outer' cell. Most probably, the latter is not homologous with the 'traditional' tormogen cell from a genealogical point of view.     

椰心叶甲啮小蜂触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜(SEM)对椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière成虫触角感器的超微结构进行观察。结果表明,在触角上共有8种感器,分别为毛形感器、多孔板状感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、耳形感器、乳状感器、腔形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛;其中毛形感器和板形感器是主要感器,数量较多分布较广;雌雄蜂触角有明显的性二型现象,表现为雌雄触角大小不同,触角感器类型、大小、数量、分布不同。     

Embryonic development and molting of the antennal coeloconic no pore- and double-walled wall pore sensilla in Locusta migratoria (Insecta,Orthopteroidea)

Summary The embryonic development of antennal coeloconic sensilla was studied at four stages between 132 and 252 h after oviposition in Locusta migratoria. Initially the anlagen of the sensilla consist of 2–4 sensory cells and 3 enveloping cells. Two additional cells contribute later to the formation of socket and pit. The dendritic outer segments of the sensory cells elongate before the trichogen process grows out (ecdysis type I) with exception of one sensory cell in anlagen of poreless (np) sensilla. Other differences between np and double-walled wall pore (dw wp) sensilla are not visible until at least about 220 h after oviposition. Molting, which was studied in four stages, follows ecdysis type I in both sensillum types. The fourth enveloping cell maintains its tight connection to the socket of the sensillum even after apolysis. Its apical portion is torn off and shed together with the old cuticle. The electron-dense material between the dendritic sheath and the cuticular wall of the peg in np sensilla, which is regarded important for stimulus transmission, is not deposited during retraction of the trichogen cell. The concentric walls and spoke channels characteristic of dw wp sensilla result from deposition of cuticular material around wedge-shaped projections of the trichogen cell. The typical trilaminar 15 nm cuticulin layer is produced only on the ridges of these sensilla. The first cuticular lining of the spoke channels is only 7 nm thick and of a different structure. A flocculent material surrounds the outgrowing trichogen process. It is continuous with the filling of the spoke channels and can thus be considered as component of the stimulus-transmitting material in the functioning intermolt dw wp sensilla.     

分月扇舟蛾触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对分月扇舟蛾Clostera anastomosis(L.)成虫触角感觉器的形态、结构进行了观察。扫描电镜观察结果表明,分月扇舟蛾触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,触角外侧面覆盖有鳞片,绝大部分触角感觉器位于触角的腹面和外侧面。雌、雄蛾触角上均存在以下8种感觉器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、腔形感器、腔锥形感器、栓锥形感器、锥形感器、柱形感器和鳞形感器。各种感觉器在雌、雄蛾触角上的分布大体相同,但数量有明显的区别。     

Antennal sensilla and their nerve innervation in first‐instar nymphs of Porphyrophora sophorae Arch. (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Margarodidae)

ABSTRACT Porphyrophora (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Margarodidae) is a genus of soil‐inhabiting scale insects. The antennal sensilla and their innervation in the first‐instar nymphs of Porphyrophora sophorae were studied using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy to understand the function of these sensilla and determine the sensillar innervation feature on these small antennae. The results show that the six‐segmented antennae of these nymphs have 20–23 sensilla which can be morphologically classified into seven types, for example, one Böhm's bristle (Bb), one campaniform sensillum (Ca), one Johnston's organ (Jo), 13–16 aporous sensilla trichodea (St), two coeloconic sensilla (Co), one straight multiporous peg (Mp1), and one curvy multiporous peg (Mp2). According to their function, these sensilla can be categorized into three categories: mechanoreceptors, that is, Bb, Ca, Jo, and St; thermo/hygroreceptors, that is, Co only; and chemoreceptors, that is, Mp1 and Mp2. The dendrites that innervate the Mp1, Mp2, and Co sensilla combine to form a large nerve tract (NT1) in the antennal lumen. Because NT1 extends through and out of the antenna, the somata of these neurons are present in the lymph cavity of the insect's head. The dendrites that innervate the mechanoreceptors form another nerve tract (NT2). The somata of these neurons are located inside the scape and pedicel. J. Morphol. 277:1631–1647, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Olfactory responses and sensilla morphology of the blackcurrant leaf midge Dasineura tetensi

Olfactory responses of Dasineura tetensi (Rubs) (Diptera; Cecidomyiidae) to leaf volatiles of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) were tested in a 4-way olfactometer. Newly emerged virgin females showed no response to the leaf volatiles emitted from a blackcurrant shoot. Newly emerged males (which are known to respond to a pheromone released by the female) also showed no response to the leaf volatiles. Two hours after mating females responded positively, indicating that leaf volatiles may play a role in host plant finding. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy of the antennae of D. tetensi showed that males and females share five sensillum types; sensilla chaetica (mechanoreceptors), sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, uniporous peg sensilla and circumfila (chemoreceptors). The sensilla chaetica and sensilla trichodea resemble those found on other insects. Sensilla basiconica were found on all antennal subsegments except the tip. These are multiporous receptors with five unbranched dendrites filling the lumen. Small peg sensilla located on the tips of both male and female antennae may function as contact-chemoreceptors. The circumfila, which are a unique type of sensilla found only on cecidomyiid antennae, form loops around each of the antennal subsegments, being attached to the surface by a series of stalks. TEM revealed that each stalk consisted of one sensillum containing a single highly branched dendrite. The distal regions of the walls of each sensillum are fused together to form the circumfila. Circumfila have multiporous walls and a lumen filled with multiple branches of dendrites. Their structure suggests that they are important olfactory receptors in both the male and female.     

Spatial organization of antennal olfactory sensory neurons in the female Spodoptera littoralis moth: differences in sensitivity and temporal characteristics

Single-cell recordings from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), housed in sensilla located at the base and at the tip of the antenna, showed selective responses to plant odors and female sex pheromone in this polyphagous moth. A spatial variation existed in sensitivity: OSNs present on the more proximal segment (P) were more sensitive than those on the more distal segment (D). OSNs of the 2 locations also differed in temporal characteristics: OSNs on P had shorter latency and displayed more phasic responses, whereas those on D had more tonic responses, especially at low stimulus concentrations. The 196 OSNs responding to our 35 monomolecular stimuli in the screening were housed in 32 functional sensillum types: 27 in basiconic, 3 in long-trichoid, 2 in coeloconic, and 3 in auricillic sensilla. The OSNs in basiconic, coeloconic, and auricillic sensilla responded to plant-associated odorants, whereas OSNs in long-trichoid sensilla responded to female-produced sex pheromone components. Short-trichoid sensilla showed spontaneous activity, but no responses to any odorant tested. OSN specificity to plant stimuli ranged from highly specific to broadly tuned, but it did not differ clearly from females in more specialized moths. OSN response diversity is discussed in terms of olfactory coding, behavior, and ecological specialization.     

The morphology of spider sensilla. I. Mechanoreceptors

The common tactile hair sensilla of spider tarsi were studied in web spiders (Araneus) and ground spiders (Lycosa, Dugesiella) using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. All of these sensilla are innervated by three bipolar neurons whose dendrites end proximally at the sensillum base. Each dendritic terminal exhibits a tubular body, a dense array of microtubules typical for mechanoreceptive sensilla. A dendritic sheath encloses the outer dendritic segments and connects the dendritic terminals to cuticular components of the hair sensillum in three different ways: (1) A distal extension of the dendritic sheath connects to the midline of the hair base; (2) A forked arrangement of cuticular (?) strands attaches on both lateral sides of the hair base, and (3) The socket cuticle directly contacts a part of the dendritic sheath. The latter connection provides a fixed position for the three dendritic terminals and any movement of the hair shaft could be transmitted via connections (I) and (2). The triple innervation strongly suggests a directional sensitivity of these sensilla.Structural comparison between arachnid and insect mechanoreceptive sensilla indicates that tactile hair sensilla in Arachnida are multi-innervated whereas the corresponding reccptors in Insecta are singly innervated.     

Morphological characteristics of antennal sensilla in the European cornborer Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The European cornborer antenna is filiform in both sexes, but exhibits a substantially larger diameter in the males. On the antenna of both sexes, the following sensillum types were characterized: sensilla trichodea, s. basiconica, s. auricillica, s. coeloconica, s. chaetica and s. styloconica. Long dorsal bristles were of a chaetic type. An intermediate trichoid/basiconic type was found in low numbers on the ventral part of the antenna. In the male, three different morphological types of s. trichodea were observed, having one, two or three sensory cells, correlated with different dimensions of the hair. The s. trichodea with three sensory cells are most common in the basal part of the antenna, while sensilla with two cells are mainly found distally. Trichodea with one sensory cell are more evenly distributed over the length of the antenna. All cells present in the different s. trichodea respond to sex pheromone components or to a behavioural antagonist in electrophysiological sensillum recordings. S. basiconica and s. auricillica had 2-3 sensory cells, and a probable olfactory function. Sensilla coeloconica, also with a putative olfactory function, contained 3-5 sensory cells. S. chaetica of the taste/tactile type possessed 4 + 1 sensory cells. S. styloconica comprised three sensory cells with possible functions as thermo- and hygroreccptors.