应用KV-CBCT分析鼻咽癌调强放射治疗的摆位误差

目的:应用KV-CBCT分析鼻咽癌调强放射治疗时的摆位误差,为鼻咽癌调强放射治疗计划设计时CTV外扩PTV边界的大小提供参考。方法:选取30例IMRT的鼻咽癌患者,治疗过程中每周一次应用KV-CBCT采集患者治疗前的CT图像,将所得图像与定位CT图像进行匹配,分别测定X、Y、Z轴三个方向的摆位误差。结果:30例患者共拍摄168次KV-CBCT,获得168组摆位误差结果,群体摆位误差分别为X轴-0.15±1.43 mm,Y轴0.20±1.58 mm,Z轴-0.21±1.65 mm;根据Van Herk公式计算得到各方向的CTV-PTV外放边界值X、Y、Z轴分别为3.1 mm、3.3 mm和3.4 mm。结论:应用KV-CBCT影像系统可实时测量摆位误差并在线进行纠正,减小摆位误差,为CTV-PTV外放边界提供参考。     

CBCT引导放疗摆位误差对中上段食管癌患者受照射剂量的影响

摘要 目的：探究锥形束CT（CBCT）引导放疗摆位误差对中上段食管癌患者受照射剂量的影响。方法：选取2017年5月～2019年5月于我院收治的60例中上段食管癌患者为研究对象,所有患者均行CBCT图像、计划CT图像采集。在患者放疗前进行CBCT扫描,将CBCT图像与计划CT图像匹配,得到左右（x轴）、头脚（y轴）、前后（z轴）三个方向的线性误差,分析出现的误差及误差的分布规律。利用模拟实际照射系统,进行模拟计划,得到实际照射靶区及正常组织受照射剂量,将其与治疗前计划比较,研究摆位误差对患者受照剂量的影响。结果：患者整体摆位误差为x轴（2.91±2.20）mm,y轴（3.89±2.17）mm,z轴（2.44±1.64）mm,x轴的MPTV为4.054 mm,y轴的MPTV为8.183 mm,z轴的MPTV为3.482 mm。模拟计划的CI、PTV的Dmin、Dmean、D95%均低于标准计划差异显著（P均＜0.05）,而模拟计划的HI低于标准计划（P＜0.05）。模拟计划的脊髓Dmax高于标准计划（P＜0.05）,而标准计划与模拟计划的双肺V20、Dmean,心脏V40差异比较无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。结论：CBCT引导放疗摆位误差对中上段食管癌患者影响较小,提高PTV受照射剂量及治疗准确程度,对脊髓有保护效果。摆位误差对心、肺的剂量分布无明显影响。     

子宫癌体内外融合放射治疗体位固定法的探讨

目的探讨子宫癌腔内放疗+体外补量放疗(体内外融合放射治疗)的理想体位固定法。方法对2017年12月～2018年12月在我院行子宫癌腔内(后装)放射治疗+体外补量图像引导放射治疗(IGRT)患者40例,根据固定方法的不同进行分组,其中使用泡沫真空垫体模固定体位20例为A组,无体模固定裸体位20例为B组,分别采用锥形束CT(CBCT)扫描采集图像与计划CT图像匹对,数据重建,得出摆位误差,并进行统计分析。结果三方向的平移误差经配对样本检验,两组在X(左右方向)、Y(头脚方向)、Z(前后方向)三方向上比较差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 B组的方法应用于临床无体模固定阻碍,方便患者上下治疗床,方便医生施源器置入操作,省时省力,值得临床推广应用。     

食管癌调强放射治疗的初期疗效及急性放射性肺损伤的影响因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨食管癌调强放射治疗的初期疗效及急性放射性肺损伤的影响因素。方法：选取2015年1月-2019年1月在我院进行调强放射治疗的食管癌患者322例,评价食管癌调强放射治疗后一个月的疗效;按照是否发生急性放射性肺损伤（RILI）分为急性RILI组和无急性RILI组,采用多因素Logistic回归分析分析急性RILI的影响因素。结果：调强放射治疗的完全缓解和部分缓解的患者占98.45%;322例患者中90例（27.95%）出现急性RILI,其中36例（11.18%）出现2级及以上的急性RILI;急性RILI组和无急性RILI组间卡氏（KPS）评分、淋巴结转移、基础肺疾病、V5、V10、V20、V30和全肺平均剂量（MLD）差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,KPS评分<80分、有淋巴结转移、有基础肺疾病,V5≥60%、V10≥40%、V20≥28%、V30≥20%和MLD≥10Gy是食管癌调强放射治疗后急性放射性肺损伤的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：使用调强放射治疗技术治疗食管癌的初期疗效较好,治疗过程中,应充分考虑病患的临床特征,优化放疗方案和靶区,减少急性RILI的发生,提高食管癌患者放疗后的生存质量。     

巨块型肝癌的放射治疗临床效果探讨（附190例报告）

目的：探讨和分析三维适形放疗和逆向调强放疗在巨块型肝癌的治疗上的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析了本院自2004年1月至2010年12月间收治的190例巨块型肝癌放射治疗患者的临床资料,根据治疗方式的不同分为三维适形放射治疗（Three—di-mensionalconformalradiationtherapy,3D．CRT）组95例以及逆向调强放疗组（Intensity-modulatedradiotherapy,IMRT）95例。并对放疗后患者肿瘤的直径以及1、3年内的生存率进行对比分析。结果：两种治疗方式对巨块型肝癌具有一定的治疗效果,其中常规三维适形放射治疗能够让肿瘤缩小5-10％,1年和3年后的存活率为78．9％（75／95）、12．6％（12／95）;而逆向调强放疗能够让肿瘤缩小15％以上,1年和3年后的存活率为85．3％（81／95）、16．8％（16／95）。结论：三维适形放射和逆向调强放疗技术均可有效的缩小肿瘤,提高患者的1、3年生存率,而逆向调强放疗更具临床优势。     

三维适形放疗治疗32例食管癌γ-刀放疗后复发的近期疗效分析

目的:研究三维适形放疗治疗32例食管癌γ-刀放疗后复发的可行性,观察其近期疗效与安全性.方法:对32例食管癌γ-刀放疗后复发患者实施三维适形放疗,评价急性放疗反应及近期疗效.结果:28例患者顺利完成放疗计划,初次放疗与再次放疗中位间隔时间7月,再次放疗中位剂量57.6Gy,近期完全缓解率9％,部分缓解率69％,稳定9％,进展13％,总治疗总有效率为78％.患者急性放射性食管炎发生率1-2级16％(5/32),3-4级31％(10/32);急性放射性肺炎发生率1-2级16％(5/32),3-4级9％(3/32);骨髓抑制的发生率为47％,1-2级37.5％(12/32),3-4级9.5％(3/32),急性心脏损伤发生率3％,1-2级3％(1/32),3-4级0％(0/32).结论:三维适形放疗治疗γ-刀放疗后复发食管癌的近期疗效较好,患者可耐受,晚期并发症及疗效有待进一步观察.     

肺癌影像引导放疗人工图像配准方法分析

目的分析千伏锥形束CT（KVCBCT）引导肺癌放疗人工图像配准法的重复性。方法选择16例在我院行根治性放疗的非小细胞肺癌患者,每周行KVCBCT在线引导体位校正一次,获取患者KVCBCT影像。图像配准选择肺尖和椎体作为参考标记,在矢状位、冠状位和横断位等中心层面上配准患者KVCBCT影像和计划设计cT影像。比较同一名医生相隔一周两次配准,不同医生之间配准和医生与技术员之间配准结果的差异,用于评价KVCBCT引导肺癌放疗人工图像配准法的重复性。结果同一位医生相隔一周两次配准同一幅KVCBCT影像与计划设计cT影像,配准结果在患者左右（LR）、头脚（sI）和前后（AP）三个方向上,差值大于3mm所占的比例分别为：0,13％和6％。不同医生之间的配准结果在LR、SI和AP三个方向上,差值大于3mm所占的比例分别为：11％,19％和14％。医生与技术员的配准结果在LR、SI和AP三个方向上差值大于3mm所占的比例,分别为：16％,27％和27％。结论KVCBCT引导肺癌放疗人工图像配准法的重复性有待进一步提高。尤其表现为不同医生,医生与技术员之间应用该方法的重复性较差。KVCBCT引导肺癌放疗的图像配准方法需要进一步研究。     

鼻咽癌图像引导放射治疗IGRT中两种匹配模式对摆位误差的影响研究

目的:观察在鼻咽癌图像引导放射治疗中采用骨和灰度两种图像匹配模式对摆位误差的影响。方法:在保证客观和尽可能操作规范和标准的条件下,对同一鼻咽癌患者12次治疗重复摆位后用CBCT采集的图像信息,分别采用骨和灰度两种模式与参考图像匹配,观察两种方法对摆位误差的影响。结果:对两种匹配方式的摆位误差分别进行比较,t检验结果显示P值均大于0.05,无统计学意义。结论:鼻咽癌图像引导放射治疗IGRT中采用骨匹配模式进行图像匹配是一种更优选择。     

图像引导下精确放疗治疗宫颈癌的价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨与分析图像引导下精确放疗治疗宫颈癌的价值。方法：2016年1月至2017年12月选择在本院进行诊治的宫颈癌患者120例,根据治疗方法的不同把患者分为观察组80例与对照组40例。对照组给予常规放疗方法,观察组给予图像引导下精确放疗,记录与随访两组的预后情况。结果：治疗后观察组的总有效率为85.0 %,显著高于对照组的60.0%(P<0.05)。观察组治疗期间的放射性直肠损伤、放射性膀胱损伤、消化道反应、血液系统反应等毒副反应发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组治疗后的IgG与IgA值都显著高于治疗前(P<0.05),也高于对照组(P<0.05),对照组治疗前后对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Kapplan-meier法分析显示观察组的无疾病进展生存时间和总生存时间都显著长于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：图像引导下精确放疗治疗宫颈癌能促进患者免疫功能的恢复,提高治疗效果与减少毒副反应的发生,从而延长患者的生存时间。     

宫颈癌调强放射治疗的剂量验证分析

目的:通过总结比较Eclipse和Xio两个治疗计划系统对宫颈癌调强放疗剂量验证的结果,分析评价宫颈癌调强放疗在临床应用上剂量的准确性。方法:分别用固体水模和二维电离室矩阵Mapcheck、FC65-G指形电离室在定位螺旋CT上进行扫描,断层数据通过网络传输到Eclipse和Xio两个治疗计划系统中建立验证模体。选取2013年1月至5月在本院24例宫颈癌调强治疗患者,在两个TPS(Treatment Planning Systems)上将宫颈癌调强放疗计划移植到模体上,用IBA公司的DOSE1、FC65-G指形电离室模体和Nuclear公司的二维电离室矩阵Mapcheck模体在加速器下进行点剂量和面剂量的采集。结果:Eclipse系统的12位患者随机选取24个照射野3 mm 3%面剂量的γ通过率均值为98.8%,Xio系统的12位患者随机选取24个照射野3mm3%面剂量γ通过率均值为97.7%,二者比较差别有统计学意义(P0.01)。Eclipse系统的12位患者84个照射野点剂量的误差的均值为1.2417%,Xio系统的12位患者84个照射野点剂量的误差均值为2.4892%,二者比较差别具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:Eclipse和Xio两个治疗计划系统都可以应用于宫颈癌临床调强放疗,但Eclipse系统的准确性优于Xio系统。     

Feasibility of image quality improvement for high-speed CBCT imaging using deep convolutional neural network for image-guided radiotherapy in prostate cancer

PurposeHigh-speed cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan for image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) can reduce both the scan time and the exposure dose. However, it causes noise and artifacts in the reconstructed images due to the lower number of acquired projection data. The purpose of this study is to improve the image quality of high-speed CBCT using a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN).MethodsCBCT images of 36 prostate cancer patients were selected. The CBCT images acquired at normal scan speed were defined as CBCT_100%. Simulated high-speed CBCT images acquired at twofold and fourfold scan speed were created, which were defined as CBCT_50% and CBCT_25%, respectively. The image quality of the CBCT_50% was treated as the requirement for IGRT in this study because previous studies reported that its image is sufficient with respect to IGRT. The DCNN model was trained to learn direct mapping from CBCT_25% to the corresponding CBCT_100%. The performance of the DCNN model was evaluated using the sixfold cross-validation method. CBCT images generated by DCNN (CBCT_25%+DCNN) were evaluated for voxel value accuracy and image quality.ResultsThe DCNN model can process CBCT_25% of a new patient within 0.06 s/slice. The CBCT_25%+DCNN was comparable to the CBCT_50% in terms of both voxel value accuracy and image quality.ConclusionsWe developed a DCNN model to remove noise and artifacts from high-speed CBCT. We emphasize that it is possible to reduce exposure to one quarter and to increase the CBCT scan speed by a factor of four.     

Prostate cancer radiation therapy: A physician’s perspective

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men and a major cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Ionizing radiation has played a substantial role in the curative treatment of this disease. The historical evolution of radiotherapy techniques through 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) has allowed more accurate and precise treatments toward significant improvements in the therapeutic ratio. The addition of androgen deprivation therapy has significantly improved overall survival becoming the standard therapy for intermediate- and high-risk disease. Many randomized controlled trials have shown improved local control with dose escalation, and hypofractionated RT has been consolidated with proven efficacy and safe clinical results. However, several questions remain open in the radiotherapeutic management of prostate cancer patients and hopefully ongoing studies will shed light on these uncertainties. More individualized approaches are essential through better prognostic and novel predictive biomarkers of prostate radiotherapy response. Clinicians should critically interpret the evolving technologies in prostate cancer radiotherapy with important optimism but balancing the costs and the actual magnitude of clinical benefit. This article provides an overview of the basic aspects of radiotherapy treatment in localized prostate cancer from a physician’s perspective.     

The clinical feasibility and performance of an orthogonal X-ray imaging system for image-guided radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal cancer patients: Comparison with cone-beam CT

The demand for greater accuracy of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has driven the development of more advanced verification systems for image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). The purpose of this study is to investigate setup discrepancies measured between an orthogonal X-ray guidance system (XGS-10) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of Varian in the IMRT of patients with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). The setup errors measured by XGS-10 and CBCT at the treatment unit with respect to the planning CTs were recorded for 30 patients with NPC. The differences in residual setup errors between XGS-10 system and CBCT were computed and quantitatively analyzed. The time of image acquisition and image registration was recorded. The radiation doses delivered by CBCT and XGS-10 were measured using PTW0.6CC ionization chambers and a water phantom. The differences between setup errors measured by the XGS-10 system and CBCT were generally <1.5 mm for translations, indicating a reasonably good agreement between the two systems for patients with NPC in the translation directions of A-P (P = 0.856), L-R (P = 0.856) and S-I (P = 0.765). Moreover, compared with CBCT, XGS-10 took much shorter image acquisition and registration time (P <0.001) and delivered only a small fraction of extra radiation dose to the patients (P <0.001). These results indicate that XGS-10 offers high localization accuracy similar to CBCT and additional benefits including prompt imaging process, low imaging radiation exposure, real time monitoring, which therefore represents a potential attractive alternative to CBCT for clinical use.     

保乳手术联合放射治疗84例乳腺癌患者临床疗效观察

目的:观察保乳手术联合放射治疗乳腺癌患者临床疗效。方法:选取我院收治的乳腺癌患者84例,均采取保乳手术联合放射治疗,观察临床疗效。结果:所有患者手术均获得成功,84例乳腺癌患者均在出院后进行随访,平均随访时间(2.1±0.4)年,各项检查未发现复发迹象。在放疗的期间内,乳房出现刺痛、发痒的不适患者20例,皮肤色素沉着、红斑的患者37例,在治疗后发生湿性脱皮患者10例,放射性食管炎患者8例;在放疗结束1个月,出现反射性肺炎患者2例。手术及放疗后,患者乳房的美容效果中优秀患者49例,良好患者29例,较差患者6例;行肿瘤扩大切除术患者优秀率高于行象限切除术患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:保乳手术联合放疗可保证治疗效果,同时降低并发症的发生,有利于美观,是一种优秀的乳腺癌治疗方法。     

Feasibility of Tomotherapy-Based Image-Guided Radiotherapy to Reduce Aspiration Risk in Patients with Non-Laryngeal and Non-Pharyngeal Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose

The study aims to assess the feasibility of Tomotherapy-based image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) to reduce the aspiration risk in patients with non-laryngeal and non-hypopharyngeal cancer. A retrospective review of 48 patients undergoing radiation for non-laryngeal and non-hypopharyngeal head and neck cancers was conducted. All patients had a modified barium swallow (MBS) prior to treatment, which was repeated one month following radiotherapy. Mean middle and inferior pharyngeal dose was recorded and correlated with the MBS results to determine aspiration risk.

Results

Mean pharyngeal dose was 23.2 Gy for the whole group. Two patients (4.2%) developed trace aspiration following radiotherapy which resolved with swallowing therapy. At a median follow-up of 19 months (1–48 months), all patients were able to resume normal oral feeding without aspiration.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

IGRT may reduce the aspiration risk by decreasing the mean pharyngeal dose in the presence of large cervical lymph nodes. Further prospective studies with IGRT should be performed in patients with non-laryngeal and non-hypopharyngeal head and neck cancers to verify this hypothesis.     

Imaging dose from cone beam computed tomography in radiation therapy

Imaging dose in radiation therapy has traditionally been ignored due to its low magnitude and frequency in comparison to therapeutic dose used to treat patients. The advent of modern, volumetric, imaging modalities, often as an integral part of linear accelerators, has facilitated the implementation of image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), which is often accomplished by daily imaging of patients. Daily imaging results in additional dose delivered to patient that warrants new attention be given to imaging dose. This review summarizes the imaging dose delivered to patients as the result of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging performed in radiation therapy using current methods and equipment. This review also summarizes methods to calculate the imaging dose, including the use of Monte Carlo (MC) and treatment planning systems (TPS). Peripheral dose from CBCT imaging, dose reduction methods, the use of effective dose in describing imaging dose, and the measurement of CT dose index (CTDI) in CBCT systems are also reviewed.     

Feasibility of Tomotherapy-Based Image-Guided Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Oropharyngeal Cancer

Purpose

The study aims to assess the feasibility of tomotherapy-based image-guided (IGRT) radiotherapy for locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer. A retrospective review of 33 patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced oropharyngeal cancers was conducted. Radiotherapy planning, treatment toxicity and loco-regional control were assessed.

Results

At a median follow-up of 32 months (6–47 months), no patient developed loco-regional recurrence. Two patients (6%) developed distant metastases. Grade 3–4 acute toxicity was respectively 72% and 25% for mucositis and gastrointestinal toxicity. Two patients (6%) had long-term dependence on tube feedings. Dose-volume histogram demonstrated excellent target volume coverage and low radiation dose to the organs at risk for complications.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

IGRT provides excellent loco-regional control but acute toxicity remains significant and needs to be addressed in future prospective trials. The feasibility of Tomotherapy to decrease radiation dose to the normal tissues merits further investigations.     

三维适形放疗技术的治疗原发性肝癌的影响因素分析

目的:探讨影响三维适形放疗(3-Dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3DCRT)治疗原发性肝癌的影响因素.方法:收集2008年1月到2010年12月间58例我院原发性肝癌病人,先通过CT扫描定位勾画靶区,经实时验证参数后实施适形放射治疗.观察疗效.并运用Cox回归模型对肿瘤大小、肿瘤分期、肝功能和甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平和照射剂量因素进行分析.结果:完全缓解(CR)13例,部分缓解(PR)35例,总有效(CR+PR)率为82.76％,1、2、3年生存率分别为69.5％、43.10％、27.57％.肿瘤大小、肿瘤分期、甲胎蛋白水平和照射剂量可影响3DCRT效果(P小于0.05),肝功能对3DCRT效果(P小于0.05).结论:肿瘤分期、肝功能和甲胎蛋白(AFT)水平,分割方式、照射剂量和效应可影响三维适形放疗治疗原发性肝癌的效果.