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1.
Intact chloroplasts were isolated from protoplasts of the Crassulacean acid metabolism plant Sedum praealtum D.C. Typical rates of CO 2 fixation or CO 2-dependent O 2 evolution ranged from 20 to 30 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour and could be stimulated 30 to 50% by several Calvin cycle intermediates. The pH optimum for CO 2 fixation was 7.0 to 7.6 with considerable activity as low as pH 6.4. Low concentrations of orthophosphate (Pi) (optimum 0.4 millimolar) stimulated photosynthesis while high concentrations (5 millimolar) caused some inhibition. Both CO 2 fixation and CO 2-dependent O 2 evolution exhibited a relatively long lag phase (4 to 6 minutes) which remained constant between 0.4 to 5 millimolar Pi. The lag phase could be decreased by addition of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate or ribose 5-phosphate. Further results are presented which suggest these chloroplasts have a functional phosphate translocator. 相似文献
2.
Because glyoxylate inhibits CO 2 fixation by intact chloroplasts and purified ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, glyoxylate might be expected to exert some regulatory effect on photosynthesis. However, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity and activation in intact chloroplasts from Spinacia oleracea L. leaves were not substantially inhibited by 10 millimolar glyoxylate. In the light, the ribulose bisphosphate pool decreased to half when 10 millimolar glyoxylate was present, whereas this pool doubled in the control. When 10 millimolar glyoxylate or formate was present during photosynthesis, the fructose bisphosphate pool in the chloroplasts doubled. Thus, glyoxylate appeared to inhibit the regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate, but not its utilization. The fixation of CO2 by intact chloroplasts was inhibited by salts of several weak acids, and the inhibition was more severe at pH 6.0 than at pH 8.0. At pH 6.0, glyoxylate inhibited CO2 fixation by 50% at 50 micromolar, and glycolate caused 50% inhibition at 150 micromolar. This inhibition of CO2 fixation seems to be a general effect of salts of weak acids. Radioactive glyoxylate was reduced to glycolate by chloroplasts more rapidly in the light than in the dark. Glyoxylate reductase (NADP+) from intact chloroplast preparations had an apparent Km (glyoxylate) of 140 micromolar and a Vmax of 3 micromoles per minute per milligram chlorophyll. 相似文献
3.
Conditions for optimal CO 2 fixation and malate decarboxylation by isolated bundle sheath chloroplasts from Zea mays were examined. The relative rates of these processes varied according to the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle intermediate provided. Highest rates of malate decarboxylation, measured as pyruvate formation, were seen in the presence of 3-phosphoglycerate, while carbon fixation was highest in the presence of dihydroxyacetone phosphate; only low rates were measured with added ribose-5-phosphate. Chloroplasts exhibited a distinct phosphate requirement and this was optimal at a level of 2 millimolar inorganic phosphate in the presence of 2.5 millimolar 3-phosphoglycerate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, or ribose-5-phosphate. Malate decarboxylation and CO 2 fixation were stimulated by additions of AMP, ADP, or ATP with half-maximal stimulation occurring at external adenylate concentrations of about 0.15 millimolar. High concentrations (>1 millimolar) of AMP were inhibitory. Aspartate included in the incubation medium stimulated malate decarboxylation and CO 2 assimilation. In the presence of aspartate, the apparent Michaelis constant (malate) for malate decarboxylation to pyruvate by chloroplasts decreased from 6 to 0.67 millimolar while the calculated Vmax for this process increased from 1.3 to 3.3 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll. Aspartate itself was not metabolized. It was concluded that the processes mediating the transport of phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate transport on the one hand, and also of malate might differ from those previously described for chloroplasts from C 3 plants. 相似文献
4.
Photosynthesis, stroma-pH, and internal K + and Cl − concentrations of isolated intact chloroplasts from Spinacia oleracea, as well as ion (K +, H +, Cl −) movements across the envelope, were measured over a wide range of external KCl concentrations (1-100 millimolar). Isolated intact chloroplasts are a Donnan system which accumulates cations (K+ or added Tetraphenylphosphonium+) and excludes anions (Cl−) at low ionic strength of the medium. The internally negative dark potential becomes still more negative in the light as estimated by Tetraphenylphosphonium+ distribution. At 100 millimolar external KCl, potentials both in the light and in the dark and also the light-induced uptake of K+ or Na+ and the release of protons all become very small. Light-induced K+ uptake is not abolished by valinomycin suggesting that the K+ uptake is not primarily active. Intact chloroplasts contain higher K+ concentrations (112-157 millimolar) than chloroplasts isolated in standard media. Photosynthetic activity of intact chloroplasts is higher at 100 millimolar external KCl than at 5 to 25 millimolar. The pH optimum of CO2 fixation at high K+ concentrations is broadened towards low pH values. This can be correlated with the observation that high external KCl concentrations at a constant pH of the suspending medium produce an increase of stroma-pH both in the light and in the dark. These results demonstrate a requirement of high external concentrations of monovalent cations for CO2 fixation in intact chloroplasts. 相似文献
5.
Spinach leaf chloroplasts isolated in isotonic media (330 millimolar sorbitol, −1.0 megapascals osmotic potential) had optimum rates of photosynthesis when assayed at −1.0 megapascals. When chloroplasts were isolated in hypertonic media (720 millimolar sorbitol, −2.0 megapascals osmotic potential) the optimum osmotic potential for photosynthesis was shifted to −1.8 megapascals and the chloroplasts had higher rates of CO 2-dependent O 2 evolution than chloroplasts isolated in 330 millimolar sorbitol when both were assayed at high solute concentrations. Transfer of chloroplasts isolated in 330 millimolar sorbitol to 720 millimolar sorbitol resulted in decreased chloroplast volume but this shrinkage was only transient and the chloroplasts subsequently swelled so that within 2 to 3 minutes at 20°C the chloroplast volume had returned to near the original value. Thus, actual steady state chloroplast volume was not decreased in hypertonic media. In isotonic media, there was a slow but significant uptake of sorbitol by chloroplasts (10 to 20 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour at 20°C). Transfer of chloroplasts from 330 millimolar sorbitol to 720 millimolar sorbitol resulted in rapid uptake of sorbitol (up to 280 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour at 20°C) and after 5 minutes the concentration of sorbitol inside the chloroplasts exceeded 500 millimolar. This uptake of sorbitol resulted in a significant underestimation of chloroplast volume unless [14C]sorbitol was added just prior to centrifuging the chloroplasts through silicone oil. Sudden exposure to osmotic stress apparently induced a transient change in the permeability of the chloroplast envelope since addition of [14C]sorbitol 3 minutes after transfer to hypertonic media (when chloroplast volume had returned to normal) did not result in rapid uptake of labeled sorbitol. It is concluded that chloroplasts can osmotically adjust in vitro by uptake of solutes which do not normally penetrate the chloroplast envelope, resulting in a restoration of normal chloroplast volume and partially preventing the inhibition of photosynthesis by high solute concentrations. The results indicate the importance of matching the osmotic potential of isolation media to that of the tissue, particularly in studies of stress physiology. 相似文献
6.
Stromal acidification has been reported to mediate reduced osmotic potential (ψ π) effects on photosynthesis in the isolated spinach chloroplast (Berkowitz, Gibbs 1983 Plant Physiol 72: 1100-1109). To determine if stromal acidification mediates osmotic dehydration inhibition of photosynthesis in vivo, the effects of a weak base (NH 4Cl), which raises stromal pH, on CO 2 fixation of vacuum-infiltrated spinach leaf slices, Chlamydomonas reinhardii cells and Aphanocapsa 6308 cells under isotonic and dehydrating conditions were investigated. Five millimolar NH 4Cl stimulated spinach leaf slice CO 2 fixation by 43% under stress (0.67 molar sorbitol) conditions, and had little effect on fixation under isotonic (0.33 molar sorbitol) conditions. Chlamydomonas cells were found to be more sensitive to reduced ψ π than spinach leaf slices. CO 2 fixation in the cells of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii was 99 and 17 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour, respectively, at 0.1 molar mannitol and 0.28 molar mannitol. Five millimolar NH 4Cl stimulated CO 2 fixation of Chlamydomonas cells by 147% under stress (0.28 molar mannitol) conditions. Aphanocapsa 6308 cells (blue-green alga) were also found to be sensitive to reduced ψ π, and inhibitions in photosynthesis were partially reversed by NH 4Cl. These data indicate that in vivo water stress inhibition of photosynthesis is facilitated by stromal acidification, and that this inhibition can be at least partially reversed in situ. 相似文献
7.
This study examines the capacity of intact spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts to fix 14CO 2 when supplied with Benson-Calvin cycle intermediates in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU). Under these conditions, substantial 14CO 2 fixation occurred in the light but not in the dark when either dihydroxyacetone phosphate, ribulose 5-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, or fructose bisphosphate was added. The highest rate of 14CO 2 fixation (20-40 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour) was obtained with dihydroxyacetone phosphate. In contrast, no 14CO 2 fixation occurred when 3-phosphoglycerate was used. 14CO 2 fixation in the presence of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and DCMU was inhibited by carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, dl-glyceraldehyde, and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate. Low concentrations of O 2 (25-50 micromolar) stimulated 14CO 2 fixation, but the activity decreased with increasing O 2 concentrations. The fixation of 14CO 2 in the presence of DCMU and dihydroxyacetone phosphate was also observed in maize bundle sheath cells. These results provide direct evidence for cyclic photophosphorylation in intact chloroplasts. The activity measured is adequate to support all the extra ATP requirements for maximum rates of photosynthesis in these intact chloroplasts. 相似文献
8.
A procedure is described for isolating photosynthetically active rhodoplasts (“red algal chloroplasts”) from the marine alga Griffithsia monilis. The rhodoplasts exhibited rates of CO 2 fixation and CO 2-dependent O 2 evolution in the order of 200 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll a per hour when illuminated with red or green light and were approximately 80% intact. The response of the rate of photosynthesis to the inorganic phosphate and pyrophosphate concentrations in the medium was qualitatively similar to that previously reported for spinach chloroplasts. Osmotically shocked rhodoplasts evolved O 2 from ferricyanide in red, but not in green, light and were completely uncoupled. Rhodoplast envelope rupture appeared to be accompanied by phycobilisome loss from the thylakoids. 相似文献
9.
Photosynthetic CO 2-fixation in isolated pea ( Pisum sativum L., cv Little Marvel) chloroplasts during induction is markedly inhibited by 0.4 millimolar sulfite. Sulfate at the same concentration has almost no effect. The 14CO 2-fixation pattern indicates that the primary effect of sulfite is inhibition of the reaction catalyzed by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and a stimulation of export of intermediates out of the chloroplasts. Inhibition of light modulation of stromal enzyme activity does not appear to account for the toxicity of SO 2 in this Pisum variety. Arsenite at 0.2 millimolar concentrations inhibits light activation and inhibits photosynthetic CO 2 fixation. The 14CO 2-fixation pattern indicates that the primary effect of arsenite is inhibition of light activation of reductive pentose phosphate pathway enzyme activity. 相似文献
10.
A particulate preparation (MgP) capable of photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation without the addition of stromal protein was obtained by rupturing whole spinach ( Spinacia oleracea var. America) chloroplasts in 15 millimolar MgCl 2 buffered with Tricine at pH 8.5. This CO 2 assimilation was dependent upon light, inorganic phosphate, ferredoxin, ADP, NAD or NADP, and primer. Excepting glycolate, the products of CO 2 fixation by MgP were similar to those found with whole chloroplasts. 相似文献
11.
Cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta from the log phase of growth were broken by rapid extrusion at low pressure through a Yeda press and the chloroplasts were isolated by centrifugation through a Percoll gradient. Osmolarity of the growth media, the suspending media, and the Percoll gradient was kept identical to minimize change in chloroplast volume and mitochondrial entrapment. The isolated intact chloroplasts were obtained in a 30 to 50% yield based on chlorophyll and were stable to washing with buffered medium. Isolated chloroplast yield and purity was dependent on cell culture condition; a cycle of 16 hours light and 8 hours dark with continuous high CO 2 was optimum. Isolated chloroplasts were about 90% intact by microscopic examination, ferricyanide-dependent O 2 evolution, and the distribution of four stromal enzymes. Enzymes associated with glycolate metabolism were not in the chloroplast fraction. The isolated chloroplasts with 10 millimolar bicarbonate evolved 24 micromoles of O 2 and fixed 21 micromoles of CO 2 per hour per milligram of chlorophyll, which rates were about one-third of those by whole cells. The inhibition of oxygen evolution by 10 millimolar phosphate was reversed by P-glycerate. Whole chloroplasts were also isolated from cells adapted to low CO 2 in air for 24 hours. On low CO 2 the cells excreted more gelatinous material, which had to be removed with additional washing of the cells, before it was possible to obtain good chloroplast preparations. 相似文献
12.
Plants synthesize betaine by a two-step oxidation of choline (choline → betaine aldehyde → betaine). Protoplast-derived chloroplasts of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) carry out both reactions, more rapidly in light than in darkness (AD Hanson et al. 1985 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 3678-3682). We investigated the light-stimulated oxidation of choline, using spinach chloroplasts isolated directly from leaves. The rates of choline oxidation obtained (dark and light rates: 10-50 and 100-300 nanomoles per hour per milligram chlorophyll, respectively) were approximately 20-fold higher than for protoplast-derived chloroplasts. Betaine aldehyde was the main product. Choline oxidation in darkness and light was suppressed by hypoxia. Neither uncouplers nor the Calvin cycle inhibitor glyceraldehyde greatly affected choline oxidation in the light, and maximal choline oxidation was attained far below light saturation of CO 2 fixation. The light stimulation of choline oxidation was abolished by the PSII inhibitors DCMU and dibromothymoquinone, and was partially restored by adding reduced diaminodurene, an electron donor to PSI. Both methyl viologen and phenazine methosulfate prevented choline oxidation. Adding dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which can generate NADPH in organello, doubled the dark rate of choline oxidation. These results indicate that choline oxidation in chloroplasts requires oxygen, and reducing power generated from PSI. Enzymic reactions consistent with these requirements are discussed. 相似文献
13.
The effect of external inorganic phosphate (Pi) on starch synthesis in isolated spinach ( Spinacia oleracea American Hybrid No. 424) chloroplasts in the presence of millimolar concentrations of 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) and/or dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DAP) was examined. Whereas CO 2 fixation was relatively constant as the ratio of the external phosphate to the PGA + DAP varied from 1:3 to 3:1, starch synthesis varied from 17% to 2% of the CO 2 fixation rate. With DAP alone, maximal starch synthesis was about 10% of the CO 2 fixation rate. The data demonstrate that the Pi/(PGA + DAP) ratio in the cytoplasm of plant cells could serve to regulate the flow of newly fixed carbon into starch without alterations in the rate of CO 2 fixation. 相似文献
14.
Isolated intact chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas reinhardii were found to catalyze photoreduction of CO 2 in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea when adapted under an atmosphere of H 2 demonstrating the association of a hydrogenase and anaerobic adaptation system with these plastids. The specific activity of photoreduction was approximately one third that detected in cells and protoplasts. Photoreduction was found to have a lower osmoticum optimum relative to aerobically maintained chloroplasts (50 millimolar versus 120 millimolar mannitol). 3-Phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) stimulated photoreduction up to a peak at 0.25 millimolar beyond which inhibition was observed. In the absence of 3-PGA, inorganic phosphate had no effect on photoreduction but in the presence of 3-PGA, inorganic phosphate also stimulated the reaction. Carbonyl cyanide- p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl- p-benzoquinone inhibited photoreduction but inhibition by the former could be partially overcome by exogenously added ATP. The intact plastid can also catalyze photoevolution of H 2 while lysed chloroplast extracts catalyzed the reduction of methyl viologen by H 2. Both reactions occurred at rates approximately one-third of those found in cells. The oxyhydrogen reaction in the presence or absence of CO 2 was not detected. 相似文献
15.
Chloroplasts from CAM- Mesembryanthemum crystallinum can transport phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) across the envelope. The initial velocities of PEP uptake in the dark at 4°C exhibited saturation kinetics with increasing external PEP concentration. PEP uptake had a Vmax of 6.46 (±0.05) micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour and an apparent Kmpep of 0.148 (±0.004) millimolar. The uptake was competitively inhibited by Pi (apparent Ki = 0.19 millimolar), by glycerate 3-phosphate (apparent Ki = 0.13 millimolar), and by dihydroxyacetone phosphate, but malate and pyruvate were without effect. The chloroplasts were able to synthesize PEP when presented with pyruvate. PEP synthesis was light dependent. The prolonged synthesis and export of PEP from the chloroplasts required the presence of Pi or glycerate 3-phosphate in the external medium. It is suggested that the transport of pyruvate and PEP across the chloroplasts envelope is required during the gluconeogenic conversion of carbon from malate to storage carbohydrate in the light. 相似文献
16.
Intact spinach chloroplasts incorporated 35SO 42− into sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol in the dark at rates equivalent to those previously reported for illuminated chloroplasts provided that either ATP itself or an ATP-generating system was added. No additional reductant was necessary for SQDG synthesis by chloroplasts. The optimal concentration of ATP was between 2 and 3 millimolar. Rates of synthesis up to 2.6 nanomoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour were observed. UTP, GTP, and CTP could not substitute for ATP. Incubation of UTP with ATP (1:1) stimulated synthesis of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. No additional stimulation of the reaction was observed upon addition of other nucleoside triphosphates with ATP. For the generation of ATP in the chloroplast, addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate alone did not promote synthesis of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, but in combination with inorganic phosphate and oxaloacetate, rates of synthesis up to 3.2 nanomoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour were observed. Dark synthesis was optimal in the presence of 2 millimolar dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 2 millimolar oxaloacetate, and 1 millimolar KH 2PO 4. 相似文献
17.
Previously, C Baysdorfer and JM Robinson (1985 Plant Physiol 77: 318-320) demonstrated that, in a reconstituted spinach chloroplast system, NADP photoreduction functioning at most maximal rate and reductant demand, was the successful competitor with NO 2− photoreduction for reduced ferredoxin. This resulted in a repression of NO 2− reduction until all NADP available had been almost totally reduced. Further experiments, employing isolated, intact spinach leaf plastids and soybean leaf mesophyll cells, were conducted to examine competition for reductant between CO 2 and NO 2− photoassimilation, in situ. In isolated, intact plastid preparations, regardless of whether the demand for reductant by CO 2 photoassimilation was high (5 millimolar `CO 2') with rates of CO 2 fixation in the range 40 to 90 micromoles CO 2 fixed per hour per milligram chlorophyll, low (0.5 millimolar `CO 2') with rates in the range 5 to 8 micromoles CO 2 per hour per milligram chlorophyll, or zero (no `CO 2'), NO 2− photoreduction displayed equal rates in the range of 8 to 22 micromoles per hour per milligram chlorophyll. In the absence of `CO 2', but in the presence of saturating white light, 3-phosphoglycerate photoreduction at rates of 82 to 127 micromoles per hour per milligram chlorophyll did not repress, and occasionally stimulated concomitant rates of NO 2− reduction which ranged from 23.4 to 38.5. Conversely, in plastid preparations, NO 2− at levels of 50 to 100 micromolar, stimulated plastid CO 2 fixation when `CO 2' was saturating with respect to carboxylation. Further, levels of NO 2− in the range 250 to 2500 micromolar, stimulated soybean leaf mesophyll cell net CO 2 fixation as much as 1.5-fold if `CO 2' was saturating with respect to CO 2 fixation. It appeared likely that, in high light in vivo, CO 2 and NO 2− photoassimilatory processes are not forced to intercompete for reduced ferredoxin in the intact chloroplast. 相似文献
18.
Magnesium was most inhibitory to photosynthetic reactions by intact chloroplasts when the magnesium was added in the dark before illumination. Two millimolar MgCl 2, added in the dark, inhibited CO 2-dependent O 2 evolution by Hordeum vulgare L. and Spinacia oleracea L. (C 3 plants) chloroplasts 70 to 100% and inhibited (pyruvate + oxaloacetate)-dependent O 2 evolution by Digitaria sanguinalis L. (C 4 plant) mesophyll chloroplasts from 80 to 100%. When Mg 2+ was added in the light, O 2 evolution was reduced only slightly. O 2 evolution in the presence of phosphoglycerate was less sensitive to Mg 2+ inhibition than was CO 2-dependent O 2 evolution. Magnesium prevented the light activation of several photosynthetic enzymes. Two millimolar Mg2+ blocked the light activation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase in D. sanguinalis mesophyll chloroplasts, and the light activation of phosphoribulokinase, NADP-linked glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase in barley chloroplasts. The results suggest that Mg2+ inhibits chloroplast photosynthesis by preventing the light activation of certain enzymes. 相似文献
19.
Carefully isolated intact spinach chloroplasts virtually free of contamination of other organelles effectively form β-carotene from NaH 14CO 3 or [U- 14C]-3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) under photosynthetic conditions. The photosynthate pool formed in chloroplasts from 1 to 2 millimolar [U- 14C]-3-PGA or 3 to 6 millimolar NaH 14CO 3 was fully sufficient to supply β-carotene synthesis with intermediates for about 1 hour at maximal rates of about 20 nanomoles 14C incorporated per milligram chlorophyll per hour. Fatty acid synthesis remains, under these circumstances, in linear dependence to substrate concentrations with far lower activity. Isotopic dilution of the β-carotene synthesis by adding unlabeled glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone-P, 3-PGA, 2-PGA, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate, respectively, may be interpreted as a direct substrate flow from photosynthetically fixed CO 2 to isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesizing system. Unlabeled acetate did not dilute β-carotene synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis acted similarly with unlabeled substrates; but it also was diluted by unlabeled acetate. These results indicate a tight linkage of photosynthetic carbon fixation and plastid isoprenoid synthesis. 相似文献
20.
A dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) reductase has been isolated in 50% yield from Dunaliella tertiolecta by rapid chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The activity was located in the chloroplasts. The enzyme was cold labile, but if stored with 2 molar glycerol, most of the activity was restored at 30°C after 20 minutes. The spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) reductase isoforms were not activated by heat treatment. Whereas the spinach chloroplast DHAP reductase isoform was stimulated by leaf thioredoxin, the enzyme from Dunaliella was stimulated by reduced Escherichia coli thioredoxin. The reductase from Dunaliella was insensitive to surfactants, whereas the higher plant reductases were completely inhibited by traces of detergents. The partially purified, cold-inactivated reductase from Dunaliella was reactivated and stimulated by 25 millimolar Mg 2+ or by 250 millimolar salts, such as NaCl or KCl, which inhibited the spinach chloroplast enzyme. Phosphate at 3 to 10 millimolar severely inhibited the algal enzyme, whereas phosphate stimulated the isoform in spinach chloroplasts. Phosphate inhibition of the algal reductase was partially reversed by the addition of NaCl or MgCl 2 and totally by both. In the presence of 10 millimolar phosphate, 25 millimolar MgCl 2, and 100 millimolar NaCl, reduced thioredoxin causes a further twofold stimulation of the algal enzyme. The Dunaliella reductase utilized either NADH or NADPH with the same pH maximum at about 7.0. The apparent Km (NADH) was 74 micromolar and Km (NADPH) was 81 micromolar. Apparent Vmax was 1100 μmoles DHAP reduced per hour per milligram chlorophyll for NADH, but due to NADH inhibition highest measured values were 350 to 400. The DHAP reductase from spinach chloroplasts exhibited little activity with NADPH above pH 7.0. Thus, the spinach chloroplast enzyme appears to use NADH in vivo, whereas the chloroplast enzyme from Dunaliella or the cytosolic isozyme from spinach may utilize either nucleotide. 相似文献
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