Influence of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) flavone on dermal wound healing in rats

The present investigation was undertaken to determine the efficacy of topical administration of flavone of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) on cutaneous wound healing in rats. Four full-thickness excision wounds were created on the back of rat and 1.0% w/v flavone prepared in propylene glycol was applied topically. Control animals received the vehicle alone in an identical manner. The healing of the wound was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialization, hydroxyproline, hexosamine, antioxidants estimation and histopathology of the granulation tissue. The sea buckthorn flavone promoted the wound healing activity as indicated by improved rate of wound contraction, decreased time taken for epithelialization (16.3 days versus 24.8 days in controls) and significant increase in hydroxyproline (26.0%) and hexosamine (30.0%) content. These findings were also confirmed by histopathological examinations. In addition, it was observed that sea buckthorn flavone possesses potent antioxidant properties as evidenced by significant increase in reduced glutathione (55.0%), vitamin C (70.0%) and catalase (20.0%) activities in wound granulation tissue. The flavone treatment also resulted in significant decrease in lipid peroxide levels (39.0%). The results suggest that the sea buckthorn flavone promotes wound healing activity.     

NMR metabolomics of berry quality in sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.)

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.) is a woody perennial shrub or small tree whose berries are rich in bioactive compounds with powerful nutritional and medicinal properties. Untargeted ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to characterize the metabolic profile of berry quality. There was strong separation in the NMR signal intensity of bioactive compounds between pulp and seeds, such as amino acids [gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartate, glutamate, theanine, and proline], organic acids (citrate, succinate, malate, acetate, quinate, and heriguard), and carbohydrates (sucrose, fructose, glucose, and melibiose). Sea buckthorn cultivars could be clearly separated into two groups using principal component analysis (PCA) based on NMR spectroscopy of bioactive compounds in the pulp and seeds. Several metabolic compounds such as sugar, organic acids, and amino acids could serve as biomarkers for prediction of berry quality and for classification of germplasm collections. This dataset provides potential information concerning the mechanisms of berry quality formation and contributes to increasing the breeding efficiency of sea buckthorn quality improvement.     

Protective effect of ethanolic and water extracts of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) against the toxic effects of mustard gas

Ethanolic extract of H. rhamnoides L. leaf (HL-EOH), water and ethanolic extract of H. rhamnoides fruit (HF-W and HF-EOH), and H. rhamnoides flavone from fruit (HR-flavone) were evaluated against percutaneously administered sulphur mustard (SM), a chemical warfare agent. The animals administered with SM (9.7, 19.3 and 38.7 mg/kg) died at various days depending upon the dose and there was a significant reduction in the body weight. The H. rhamnoides extracts (1 g/kg; 3 doses; po) significantly protected the lethality, with a protective index of 2.4, 1.7, 1.7 and 2.2 for HL-EOH, HF-W, HF-EOH and HR-flavone respectively. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutalthione (GSSG) levels were reduced, and malondialdehyde (MDA) was elevated after percutaneous administration of SM. Oral administration of HL-EOH and HR-flavone significantly protected the body weight loss. Recovery in the levels of GSH, GSSG and MDA were also observed following oral administration of HL-EOH and HR-flavone. All the extracts were non-toxic and the LD50 was more than 5 g/kg. The present study shows that percutaneous administration of SM induces oxidative stress and ethanolic extract of leaf of H. rhamnoides and H. rhamnoides flavone from fruit can significantly protect it.     

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) vegetative parts as an unconventional source of lipophilic antioxidants

The profile of lipophilic antioxidants in different vegetative parts (leaves, shoots, buds and berries) was studied in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) male and female plants collected in the end of spring. Five lipophilic compounds, i.e. three tocopherol homologues (α, β and γ), plastochromanol-8 and β-carotene, were identified in each vegetative part of male and female sea buckthorn plants at the following concentrations: 7.25–35.41, 0.21–2.43, 0.41–1.51, 0.19–1.79 and 4.43–24.57 mg/100 g dry weight basis. Additionally, significant amounts of α-tocotrienol (1.99 mg/100 g dry weight basis) were detected in buds. The α-tocopherol and β-carotene were predominant lipophilic antioxidants in each vegetative part, accounting for 78.3–97.0% of identified compounds. The greatest amounts of lipophilic antioxidants were found in leaves, especially of female plants. Nevertheless, apart from leaves, also shoots of plants of both sexes seem to be a good source of α-tocopherol and β-carotene.     

Biotechnological interventions in sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.): current status and future prospects

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae L., Elaeagnaceae) is an economically and ecologically important medicinal plant comprising of species which are winter hardy, dioecious, wind-pollinated multipurpose shrubs bearing yellow or orange berries with nitrogen-fixing ability. It grows widely in cold regions of Indian Himalayas, China, Russia, Europe and many other countries. It is commonly known as ‘cold desert gold’ due to its high potential as a bio-resource for land reclamation, reducing soil erosion and its multifarious uses. The wild populations are being used for harvesting economic benefits with negligible plantation efforts. Although this plant has many excellent traits, it is still in an early phase of domestication. This woody plant is prone to many pests and diseases which destroy the plants and halt its commercial production. Limited progress has been made for improvement of sea buckthorn through breeding programs due to long juvenile period and lack of QTL linkage map, which makes screening of mapping populations a time-consuming and labor-intensive task. Conventional propagation methods, i.e. seeds, softwood and hardwood cuttings, and suckers are in place but are cumbersome and season dependent. Therefore, application of modern tools of biotechnology needs to be standardized for harnessing maximum benefits from this nutraceutical plant. Improvement of this genus through genetic transformation requires an efficient regeneration system, which is yet to be standardized. Taxonomic status of the genus is controversial and requires more inputs. Taxonomic delineation of species and subspecies and also the breeding programs can be more robustly addressed using molecular markers. This review summarizes the progress made and suggests some future directions of research for this important fruit species.     

Phytochemistry and pharmacology of sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides; syn. Hippophae rhamnoides): progress from 2010 to 2021

Phytochemistry Reviews - Sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides; syn. Hippophae rhamnoides) is a thorny shrub or a small tree belonging to the Elaeagnaceae family, native to Eurasia. Sea buckthorn...     

Immunomodulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) against chromium (VI) induced immunosuppression

The present study reports the immunomodulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf extract on cellular and humoral immune response by studying delayed-type hypersensitivity response, IL-2, IL-4 and γ-IFN levels and antibody titres in chromium-induced immunosuppressed animals. Oral feeding of chromium (30 mg/kg bw) significantly inhibited antibody production and S-RBC induced delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Administration of leaf extract (100 mg/kg bw) along with chromium significantly inhibited chromium-induced immunosuppression. To understand the immunomodulatory mechanism of leaf extract, in vitro studies were carried out using rat lymphocytes. Addition of chromium resulted in a significant decrease in lymphocyte size and increased ROS generation. The leaf extract of seabuckthorn significantly inhibited chromium-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and maintained the cell size identical to that of control cells. Chromium treatment markedly inhibited the mitochondrial transmembrane potential by larger lymphocytes in particular, while the leaf extract restored the same significantly. Chromium also inhibited significantly concanavalin A (ConA) induced IL-2, IL-4 and γ-IFN production in rat lymphocytes. The leaf extract (100 μg/ml) alone stimulated IL-2 and γ-IFN production even in the absence of ConA and also inhibited chromium-induced decline in IL-2 and γ-IFN production but it did not change IL-4 production. These observations suggest that the leaf extract of seabuckthorn has significant immunomodulatory activity and specifically activates the cell-mediated immune response. (Mol Cell Biochem 278: 101–109, 2005)     

Antioxidant capacity of crude extracts containing carotenoids from the berries of various cultivars of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)

Comparative analysis of antioxidant capacity was performed using FRAP and DPPH methods on extracts containing carotenoids acquired from fruits of Sea buckthorn. The examination included nine varieties of Sea buckthorn growing in the comparative cultivation. Conducted analysis allowed to compare the antioxidant capacity with carotenoids content measured with spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. Three of the examined cultivars indicating high antioxidant activity in both, FRAP and DPPH methods, also revealed highest ('Aromatnaya') and high ('Botanicheskaya', 'Arumnyj') total carotenoids content in HPLC analysis.     

Inositols and methylinositols in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) berries

Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) berries, especially of ssp. sinensis, contain significant quantities of an unknown, water-soluble compound, evidently a cyclitol derivative. The compound was isolated by HPLC and analyzed by GC–MS [trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative, selected ion monitoring (SIM) and total ion chromatogram (TIC) analyses], by ¹H and ¹³C NMR and by optical activity measurements. The results together with analyses of reference compound verified the unambiguous structure (?)-2-O-methyl-l-chiro-inositol (l-quebrachitol). In addition, chiro-inositol and myo-inositol existing in trace amounts were identified based on reference compounds, chromatographic data and mass spectra of the TMS derivatives. Methyl-myo-inositol was tentatively identified based on chromatography and mass spectrometry. Inositols and methyl inositols are bioactive compounds essential for regulating physiological processes of plants and humans. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of chiro-inositol and myo-inositol in sea buckthorn and l-quebrachitol in edible berries. The identification of the inositols and l-quebrachitol in sea buckthorn may bring new insights into the sensory properties and also mechanisms behind the health effects of the berry.     

Inhibitory effects of vitamin E on UVB-induced apoptosis of chicken embryonic fibroblasts

Apoptosis research has been focused on several model species in the past decades, whereas studies concerned with non-mammalian vertebrate, particularly birds, have rarely been involved. In accord with requirements to expand the biodiversity of apoptotic research, a chicken embryonic fibroblasts model involving UVB (ultraviolet B) as the death stimulus was established through primary explantation and serial passage. Myriads of antioxidants can inhibit UVB-induced apoptosis by virtue of scavenging reactive oxygen species. To improve our understanding of the possible anti-apoptotic effects and mechanisms of Vitamin E against UVB-induced apoptosis in chicken embryonic fibroblasts, cells treated with Vitamin E after UVB irradiation were stained with AO/EB and Fluo-3/AM to visualize chromatin distribution and calcium homoeostasis, respectively. They were also analysed by flow cytometry to detect mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and cell cycle progression and apoptotic rates were recorded. RT-PCR was used to analyse the expression of some apoptosis-related genes. Typical apoptotic events, including cell shrinkage, blebbing and nuclear condensation, occurred after radiation. In the presence of Vitamin E following irradiation, apoptotic cells were reduced. Ca2+ release was temporarily prevented, and cell cycle arrest at S/G2 checkpoint had almost completely reverted to normal. fas decreased, while procaspase-3 remained nearly unchanged with and without Vitamin E, and bcl2/bax ratio was up-regulated, indicating possible anti-apoptotic mechanisms through the mitochondrial pathway. This new investigation of an apoptosis model involving chicken embryonic fibroblasts expands the database of knowledge across a wider spectrum of vertebrate species.     

Sea buckthorn berries Hippophae rhamnoides L. predict size and composition of a great tit population Parus major L

In seasonal environments variation in food abundance in the non‐breeding season is thought to affect songbird population dynamics. In a unique tit‐sea buckthorn berry system we can estimate the berry abundance and both the tit consumption and population dynamics. Six hundred nest boxes were available to great and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus for breeding in spring and roosting in winter. We followed the dynamics including the recapture histories of individually marked great tits from 2008 to 2014. In each year we estimated 1) the winter sea buckthorn berry availability, 2) an index of berry consumption in December based on the colour of the faeces of roosting birds, 3) the number of breeding great and blue tits, 4) both recapture probability and the return rate of the great tits and 5) immigration rates. December berry abundance positively predicted the number of breeding pairs of both species in the subsequent season and great tit return rates in the second half of the winter. There was support for a sex specific berry effect on the adult return rate in the great tit: female return rate was associated less strongly to berry abundance than male return rate. This skewed the sex ratio of the local breeders in the following breeding season. Intriguingly, annual berry consumption in December was not related to berry abundance, and individuals consuming more berries tended to have slightly lower return rates. Reproductive rate was not related to berry abundance. There was hardly support for a relation between immigration rates of first year breeders and berry abundance. Taken together these results imply that berry stock not only affected population size but also the population composition through sex specific exchange with the surroundings. Since population density covaried with berry abundance, density dependent effects provide an alternative explanation for the patterns observed.     

Comparison of metabolites in juice,seed and peel of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. sinensis)

Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Sea buckthorn, a functional food, can provide several nutritious substances useful for human health. As we know, its peels and seeds are removed as...     

Bioactive Components in Methyl tert-Butyl Ether Extract of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Green Waste

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - Lipophilic constituents of sea buckthorn leafy shoots, which is a large-scale waste product of sea buckthorn oil production and rejuvenating pruning of...     

Multifunctional antistress effects of standardized aqueous extracts from Hippophae rhamnoides L.

This study aims to screen and identify the multi-mechanism antistress effects of an extract of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (HR) leaves on corticosterone (CORT)-induced injury, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and serotonin 6 (5-hydroxytryptamine 6, 5-HT₆) receptor activity tests (in vitro), electric foot shock and forced swimming tests (FSTs) (in vivo), and tests for hippocampal CORT and monoamine levels (ex vivo), in search of active principles and underlying mechanisms of action. We confirmed that the water extract of HR (HRW) and various ethanol extracts of HR confer protective effects against CORT-induced impairments in SH-SY5Y cells and antagonistic effects on NMDA receptors and the 5-HT₆ receptor by using primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons and a stable 5-HT₆ receptor-expressing cell line, respectively. In addition, we confirmed the antistress effects of HRW in an electric foot shock stress model in mice and explored the underlying mechanisms of its action. We observed that HRW treatment significantly reversed the reduction in immobility times and increased climbing times in FSTs induced by electric foot shocks in the stress model. The levels of CORT, dopamine, and norepinephrine were increased, and the level of serotonin in the hippocampus was decreased in the electric foot shock stress model. The standardized HRW effectively restored abnormal CORT and monoamine levels in the hippocampus that were induced by stress. The results of the present study demonstrate that the standardized HRW produces novel multifunctional antistress effects.     

Evaluation of antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of Hippophae rhamnoides (L.) on oxidative stress induced cytotoxicity in human neural cell line IMR32

Aim and objectiveHippophae rhamnoides is an edible, nutrient rich plant found in the northern regions of India. It belongs to the family Elaeagnaceae and is well known for its traditional pharmacological activities. The present study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of H. rhamnoides.MethodologyThe hydroalcoholic extract of H. rhamnoides was evaluated for free radical scavenging activity using DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging and ferric thiocyanate assays. In vitro neuroprotective activity was assessed on human neuroblastoma cell line-IMR32 against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) induced cytotoxicity. The neuroprotective effect was determined by measuring the cell viability through tetrazolium dye MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) reducing assay and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Also the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity was assessed using dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay by flowcytometer.ResultsThe results of the study demonstrated that H. rhamnoides extract possesses potential free radical scavenging activity. The IC₅₀ value for DPPH and OH radical scavenging assay was 70.92 μg/ml and 0.463 mg/ml, also the extract was also found to have considerable level of lipid peroxidation activity. The neuroprotective effect of H. rhamnoides was confirmed by its cell viability enhancing capacity against hydrogen peroxide induced cell cytotoxicity. The extract acted on IMR32 cells in a dose dependent manner as observed through PI and MTT assays. The percentage intracellular ROS activity was reduced by 60–70% in treated cells compared to H₂O₂ control.ConclusionThus the outcome of the study suggests that H. rhamnoides acts as a neuroprotectant against oxidative stress induced neurodegeneration.     

最优化制备沙棘膏工艺研究

沙棘果为制备沙棘膏的原料,以沙棘膏中总黄酮含量为考察影响工艺因素的指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定最优化制取沙棘膏工艺为:料液比1∶20(g/mL),温度75℃,提取溶剂为80%乙醇,综合考虑成本因素,提取时间4 h。按照该工艺沙棘膏中总黄酮的得率为15.64%。