2个油菜CMS系统的酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶分析

以甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系(CMS)Polima A及其保持系Polima B、陕2A及其保持系陕2B 4个材料初花期的叶片、叶柄以及花蕾组织为材料,采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳比较它们在酯酶(EST)和过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶酶谱的差异.结果表明,甘蓝型油菜不育系与其对应保持系的叶片、叶柄的EST同工酶谱均无明显差异,但两系花蕾的EST同工酶谱有一定的差异;Polima A与陕2A对应器官的EST同工酶谱均表现出明显差异.不育系与其对应保持系的叶片、叶柄的POD同工酶谱差异不明显,而两系花蕾的POD同工酶谱有明显的差异;两个不育系之间的POD同工酶谱明显不同.花蕾的EST和POD同工酶的条带数目明显多于相应材料的叶片和叶柄,且EST同工酶的条带数目明显多于相应的POD同工酶.因此,甘蓝型油菜CMS系统Polima A和陕2A有着不同的遗传背景.     

几种同工酶与猕猴桃品种对溃疡病抗性关系的研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、同工酶分析技术分别研究了猕猴桃植株体内过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酯酶(EST)同工酶谱带的变化,结果表明:自然感染溃疡病前后,此6种同工酶谱带特征在不同抗感品种中表现出一定的差异.未感染溃疡病菌前,抗(感)品系枝条、叶片POD同工酶均有2条酶带,PPO同工酶有3条酶带,但感病品种酶带颜色深且粗,而抗病品种酶带颜色浅且细,叶片酶带颜色深于枝条;SOD、CAT同工酶谱带均为1条,Rf值分别为0.38、0.28,感性品种较抗耐品种谱带亮度高活性强;自然发病后,抗(感)品系POD、PPO同工酶谱带数都增加,分别为4、3条和5、4条,且抗病品种新酶带出现较感病品种早且酶带粗颜色深活性强,感病品系虽也有新酶带出现,但酶带少活性弱,抗病品系枝条、叶片POD、PPO同工酶新谱带的Rf值分别为0.63、0.67和0.85、0.87;抗感病品种SOD、CAT同工酶都被诱导产生了1条新的同工酶谱带,Rf分别为0.32和0.27,新酶带现色时间迟,且酶带颜色浅活性弱,但抗耐品种较感性品种谱带亮且活性强;EST同工酶于自然发病前后变化不大,与抗病性关系不很明显.     

5种樱桃属植物的POD、CAT和SOD同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直平板凝胶电泳技术对5种樱桃属植物的过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶、过氧化氢酶(CAT)同工酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶的酶谱特征进行分析,结果表明:5种樱桃属植物共电泳出12条POD同工酶酶带、4条CAT同工酶酶带和8条SOD同工酶酶带;其中,POD同工酶酶谱具有5条共同谱带,CAT同工酶4条,SOD同工酶5条。冬季休眠期的樱桃属植物,POD与SOD同工酶谱带的多样性比较丰富,不同植物之间的谱带差异较大;而CAT同工酶谱带差异不明显。     

叶甲科三亚科十三种叶甲酯酶同工酶的研究(鞘翅目,叶甲总科)

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析研究了叶甲科3亚科13种昆虫的酯酶同工酶.结果显示,其聚类结果与传统分类结果基本相一致,说明以酯酶同工酶作为研究手段来进行叶甲类昆虫亚科以下阶元的分类是可行的,同时也说明了它们酯酶同工酶酶谱的差异和其分类地位是一致的;但跳甲亚科和叶甲亚科先聚为一类,再与萤叶甲亚科聚为一类,与前人的研究有差异,作者认为:酯酶同工酶的编码基因可能是快进化单位,在解决亚科以下阶元的系统关系时是很好的分子标记,而对于研究叶甲科、亚科间的系统关系,就不一定很合适.     

木犀科系统研究中过氧化物同工酶的应用

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝电泳分析了木犀科７属５１种（亚种,变种及某些被归并的种）植物叶片过氧化物同工酶。研究结果表明,尽管个别种的种内酶谱有变化,但各个种都有能与其他种相区别的酶谱,各属也具有其特征酶谱,过氧化物同工酶适宜的作为木犀科分类的一个重要指标。根据酶谱认为不分亚科,各族独立为宜,酶谱支持雪柳属和连翘属分别从族及丁香族中独立出来单独建族;支持撤消丁香族,将丁香属并入木犀榄族而靠近女贞属,根据酶谱及     

叶甲亚科五种昆虫的酯酶同工酶研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析研究了叶甲亚科五种昆虫的酯酶同工酶的酶谱,结果表明该法与形态学分类的效果一致。     

干旱胁迫下内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶内几种同工酶的影响

以内生真菌感染(endophyte-infected,EI)与不感染(endophyte-free,EF)的黑麦草(Lolium perenne L．)种子建立实验种群,分别对其施加长时间不同强度的干旱胁迫,通过比较黑麦草体内过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性及其同工酶谱的变化以探讨保护酶系统在内生真菌——植物共生体的抗旱性方面所作的贡献。研究结果表明,水分胁迫和内生真菌对黑麦草3种酶的影响不仅表现在总量上而且表现在同工酶的酶谱及各区带的酶活力上。就总酶活力而言,EI和EF植株中POD、SOD和PPO的活性均随着干旱胁迫强度的增加而增加,进一步将EI和EF植株的酶活力进行比较,发现与EF植株相比,EI植株中POD和PPO的活性相对较低,而SOD的活性相对较高。从同工酶的谱带数量和强弱来看,POD同工酶各区带活力均随干旱胁迫强度的增加而增加,EI植株叶片增加的幅度高于EF叶片,而且EI叶片在重度胁迫下出现了1条新带SOD同工酶各区带活力在EI叶片中有随干旱胁迫增加而增加的趋势,而在EF叶片中有些区带酶活力增强,有些区带酶活力减弱,且EI叶片在中度胁迫下出现了1条新带;PPO同工酶随干旱胁迫的增强,EI和EF叶片均表现为有些区带酶活力增强,有些区带酶活力减弱。总之,内生真菌的感染虽然没有显著提高宿主植物黑麦草POD、SOD和PPO的活性,但使宿主黑麦草对干旱胁迫的反应更为迅速,其中既包括POD、SOD等酶活力的迅速升高,也包括新酶带的产生。     

黑小麦与普通小麦过氧化物酶和蛋白质的比较研究

以小麦作对照．系统研究了2种黑小麦幼苗生长过程中过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化．同时利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳对2种黑小麦的幼苗生长不同时期根、芽的过氧化物酶同工酶及其蛋白质进行了分离分析。结果显示：黑小麦POD酶活性高于小麦。黑小麦POD同工酶谱与小麦差异明显．且在幼苗生长不同时期变化显著。幼根与幼芽中可溶性蛋白的合成动态具有明显差异。     

马来眼子菜化感作用对斜生栅藻同工酶的影响

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,研究了马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmusobliquus)共培养系统中斜生栅藻的过氧化物酶(POD)、超歧化物氧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、细胞色素氧化酶(COD)等同工酶的变化,探讨了沉水植物化感作用对藻类部分酶类的影响。与正常生长状态的对照组相比,马来眼子菜作用下的样品组斜生栅藻POD酶带总数保持稳定,但酶谱组成发生变化;样品组斜生栅藻SOD酶带数量减少而CAT酶带数量增加。综合结果表明,样品组藻体在化感作用下通过改变酶活性、调整同工酶组成等来抵御化感作用带来的活性氧(ROS)伤害。马来眼子菜作用下的样品组藻体COD同工酶的酶谱变化明显,说明化感作用在一定程度上影响了斜生栅藻的生物氧化过程。     

欧李叶片过氧化物酶同工酶与叶果矿质元素含量变化的关系

以同一生境条件下113份燕山山脉野生欧李为试材,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,研究欧李叶片过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶与叶果中6种矿质元素的含量变化及其相关关系,为在酶水平上揭示欧李矿质营养代谢遗传差异提供理论参考。结果表明,欧李叶片过氧化物酶同工酶划分为7种酶谱类型,其中Rf 0.126和Rf 0.716酶带为共有的特征带,不同酶谱类型中单株个体间的相同酶带酶量大小以及叶果中的矿质元素含量存在明显差异,变异程度较大;相关分析结果显示,不同酶谱类型中相关酶带酶量大小与叶果中矿质元素含量变化存在显著或极显著的相关关系,表明欧李叶片过氧化物酶同工酶酶量大小变化在一定程度上反映矿质营养代谢的遗传差异和多样性。     

POD同工酶在酸枣、枣分类中的应用

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）技术,对来自不同产地的８３个酸枣类型（品种）,及３６个枣品种的叶片过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）同工酶扫描数据,进行了主因子分析和聚类分析研究。结果表明,运用距离系统的类平均法（ＵＰＧＭＡ）可将全部试材划分为六大类群和３个特殊型,且聚类结果与地理位置直接相关。此外,依同工酶带的有无,可将全部供试枣品种叶片ＰＯＤ同工酶合并为５种谱型,全部酸枣类型（品种）合并为２２种谱型。大马     

番茄属(Lycopersicon)四个种的过氧化物酶同工酶分析

本文报告了应用连续浓度梯度聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对番茄属Lyco-persicon的四个种:秘鲁番茄L.peruviaunm Mill.,多毛番茄L.hirsutum Humb.et Bonp,醋栗番茄L.pimpinellifolium(Jusl)Mill和普通番茄L.esculentum Mill.的86份材料,15个不同生育时期,不同器官以及同一器官的不同部位的过氧化物酶同工酶的分析结果。结果表明:L.Peruvianum的各个生育期和不同器官的过氧化物酶同工酶谱带叠加共有28条带,L.hirsutum有29条带,L.pimpinellifolium有28条带,L.esculentum有27条带。种间过氧化物酶同工酶谱型差异明显,种内不同生育期叠加总酶谱基本一致。在根、茎和叶中,这四个种的过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱和活性具有相似的生育期变化规律和器官分布规律.在果实发育过程中,种间过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱、活性及变化律规都不相同。本文还就同工酶谱型相似值的意义,野生资源及同工酶分析技术在番茄育种中的应用等问题进行了讨论。     

应用同工酶进行宽皮柑桔分类及其进化研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,分析了50个宽皮柑桔生物型及5个甜橙品种的过氧化物酶、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶、四唑氧化酶、6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶、6-磷酸葡萄糖变位酶、超氧化物歧化酶、苹果酸酶以及酯酶等8种酶系统同工酶。运用数量分类学的原理及方法,对同工酶资料进行了聚类分析。结果表明,宽皮柑桔的起源是多元的,小果类桔属于宽皮柑桔的原始类型,在进化过程中起着较为重要的作用。中国原产宽皮柑桔的代表种以道县野桔、马鼻桔或狗屎柑为佳。柑的来源有两条途径,即桔橙杂种和桔的单元演化;蕉柑是栟柑与甜橙的杂种;温州蜜柑来源于黄岩本地广桔的实生变异。     

7个品种变叶木过氧化物酶同工酶分析

本试验对7个品种变叶木的形态特征进行比较,并利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,对各品种过氧化物酶同工酶进行分析。结果表明,各品种的过氧化物酶同工酶谱不一;7个品种变叶木共有14条谱带,2号谱带最多为11条,5号谱带最少为6条;其谱带分为3个区(A=0~0.18,B=0.18~0.35,C=0.35~0.5);并对7个品种的亲缘关系进行聚类分析。     

Can vegetation be discretely classified in species-poor environments? Testing plant community concepts for vegetation monitoring on sub-Antarctic Marion Island

The updating and rethinking of vegetation classifications is important for ecosystem monitoring in a rapidly changing world, where the distribution of vegetation is changing. The general assumption that discrete and persistent plant communities exist that can be monitored efficiently, is rarely tested before undertaking a classification. Marion Island (MI) is comprised of species-poor vegetation undergoing rapid environmental change. It presents a unique opportunity to test the ability to discretely classify species-poor vegetation with recently developed objective classification techniques and relate it to previous classifications. We classified vascular species data of 476 plots sampled across MI, using Ward hierarchical clustering, divisive analysis clustering, non-hierarchical kmeans and partitioning around medoids. Internal cluster validation was performed using silhouette widths, Dunn index, connectivity of clusters and gap statistic. Indicator species analyses were also conducted on the best performing clustering methods. We evaluated the outputs against previously classified units. Ward clustering performed the best, with the highest average silhouette width and Dunn index, as well as the lowest connectivity. The number of clusters differed amongst the clustering methods, but most validation measures, including for Ward clustering, indicated that two and three clusters are the best fit for the data. However, all classification methods produced weakly separated, highly connected clusters with low compactness and low fidelity and specificity to clusters. There was no particularly robust and effective classification outcome that could group plots into previously suggested vegetation units based on species composition alone. The relatively recent age (c. 450,000 years B.P.), glaciation history (last glacial maximum 34,500 years B.P.) and isolation of the sub-Antarctic islands may have hindered the development of strong vascular plant species assemblages with discrete boundaries. Discrete classification at the community-level using species composition may not be suitable in such species-poor environments. Species-level, rather than community-level, monitoring may thus be more appropriate in species-poor environments, aligning with continuum theory rather than community theory.     

荞麦属种质资源发芽种子过氧化物酶同工酶研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对荞麦属9个种(含大粒组8个和小粒组1个)32个收集系栽培及野生荞麦种子的过氧化物酶同工酶进行了研究。结果表明:过氧化物酶同工酶酶带23条,不同物种的酶带数4到8条。其中,甜荞有7条带,而苦荞为4条。酶带分析及聚类分析表明:大粒组荞麦种的谱带与F.gracilipes等小粒组荞麦种间差异极大,甜荞和苦荞酶带分别与F.megaspartanium和F.pilus相似,并分别与F.megas-partanium和F.pilus聚类最近,支持F.megaspartanium和F.pilus可能分别是甜荞和苦荞祖先种的假说。     

Preliminary Studies on the Relationship between Diterpene Quinone Compounds and Peroxidase Isozyme in the Labiatae

Peroxidase isozyme was determined by polyacrylamide gel column electrophoresis method in 18 species of the Labiatae. Results showed that the band of peroxidase isozyme of those species containing diterpene quinone compounds appeared in the middle of the column with an inclination to the anode. The contents of diterpene quinone compounds in the plant were usually consistant with the band of its peroxidase isozyme. The band of peroxidase isozyme of those species containing essential oil almost did not appear in the column under the same condition.     

Can vegetation be discretely classified in species‐poor environments? Testing plant community concepts for vegetation monitoring on sub‐Antarctic Marion Island

The updating and rethinking of vegetation classifications is important for ecosystem monitoring in a rapidly changing world, where the distribution of vegetation is changing. The general assumption that discrete and persistent plant communities exist that can be monitored efficiently, is rarely tested before undertaking a classification. Marion Island (MI) is comprised of species‐poor vegetation undergoing rapid environmental change. It presents a unique opportunity to test the ability to discretely classify species‐poor vegetation with recently developed objective classification techniques and relate it to previous classifications. We classified vascular species data of 476 plots sampled across MI, using Ward hierarchical clustering, divisive analysis clustering, non‐hierarchical kmeans and partitioning around medoids. Internal cluster validation was performed using silhouette widths, Dunn index, connectivity of clusters and gap statistic. Indicator species analyses were also conducted on the best performing clustering methods. We evaluated the outputs against previously classified units. Ward clustering performed the best, with the highest average silhouette width and Dunn index, as well as the lowest connectivity. The number of clusters differed amongst the clustering methods, but most validation measures, including for Ward clustering, indicated that two and three clusters are the best fit for the data. However, all classification methods produced weakly separated, highly connected clusters with low compactness and low fidelity and specificity to clusters. There was no particularly robust and effective classification outcome that could group plots into previously suggested vegetation units based on species composition alone. The relatively recent age (c. 450,000 years B.P.), glaciation history (last glacial maximum 34,500 years B.P.) and isolation of the sub‐Antarctic islands may have hindered the development of strong vascular plant species assemblages with discrete boundaries. Discrete classification at the community‐level using species composition may not be suitable in such species‐poor environments. Species‐level, rather than community‐level, monitoring may thus be more appropriate in species‐poor environments, aligning with continuum theory rather than community theory.     

Noise-robust soft clustering of gene expression time-course data

Clustering is an important tool in microarray data analysis. This unsupervised learning technique is commonly used to reveal structures hidden in large gene expression data sets. The vast majority of clustering algorithms applied so far produce hard partitions of the data, i.e. each gene is assigned exactly to one cluster. Hard clustering is favourable if clusters are well separated. However, this is generally not the case for microarray time-course data, where gene clusters frequently overlap. Additionally, hard clustering algorithms are often highly sensitive to noise. To overcome the limitations of hard clustering, we applied soft clustering which offers several advantages for researchers. First, it generates accessible internal cluster structures, i.e. it indicates how well corresponding clusters represent genes. This can be used for the more targeted search for regulatory elements. Second, the overall relation between clusters, and thus a global clustering structure, can be defined. Additionally, soft clustering is more noise robust and a priori pre-filtering of genes can be avoided. This prevents the exclusion of biologically relevant genes from the data analysis. Soft clustering was implemented here using the fuzzy c-means algorithm. Procedures to find optimal clustering parameters were developed. A software package for soft clustering has been developed based on the open-source statistical language R. The package called Mfuzz is freely available.     

ISOZYME ANALYSIS OF MATING POPULATIONS OF GONIUM PECTORALE (CHLOROPHYTA)1

Intraspecific variation among 36 strains of the freshwater alga Gonium pectorale Müller (Chlorophyceae) isolated from three geographically different locations in Tibet, Nepal, and Japan was investigated by isozyme analysis. Variation in isozyme patterns of eight enzyme systems (malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, tetrazolium oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, octanol dehydrogenase, xanthine dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, and malic enzyme) of axenic and clonal cultures was revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Unweighted average linkage clustering, based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient, illustrated the high similarity between most strains from Nepal and all strains from the Ryukyu Islands (Japan). However, there was relatively low similarity between strains from Tibet and those from Nepal and Japan. Strains from the Ryukyu Islands (Japan) grouped into two clusters, and most Nepalese strains formed a single cluster, but Tibetan strains were heterogenous.