北柴胡胚和胚乳的发育及对其种子萌发的影响

利用常规石蜡制片技术对北柴胡胚和胚乳的发育及对其种子萌发的影响进行了观察。结果表明北柴胡胚的发育属于茄型,基细胞进行一次横分裂后不再分裂,因而胚柄不发达,且很早解体。胚乳的发育属于核型,初生胚孔核的分裂远远早于受精卵的分裂。对果实采收时期胚发育状况进行统计发现,在被测采收期果实中有20％的果实的胚处于球形胚阶段,70％处于心形胚,只有10％处于鱼雷胚,说明北柴胡种子采收时胚处于不同的发育阶段,存在形态后熟现象,这是北柴胡种子萌发难、萌发率低且出苗不整齐的主要因素。     

The structure of the seed in some Western Australian species of the genus Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae)

The internal structure of the seed was studied for four Western Australian species of the genus Hibbertia (Fam.: Dilleniaceae). The principal mechanical layer of the seed coat is the endotesta. The large cells of the endotesta are heavily cutinized in potentially viable seeds of all examined species. However, results for H. hypericoides show that the cells of the endotesta are distinctly less cutinized in non-viable seeds. The tegmen consists of only one layer which is spirally thickened. Remains of the nucellus enclose the endosperm. The endosperm is rich in both starch and lipids, and the embryo is underdeveloped and minute.     

脱落酸和赤霉素调控种子休眠与萌发研究进展

种子的休眠与萌发是高等植物生长发育进程中非常重要的环节,是维系物种繁衍的重要过程。而激素在这一过程中扮演着非常重要的角色。而在这个过程中脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)和赤霉素(gibberellin GA)发挥着尤其重要的作用。本文综述了当前对复杂分子网络的理解,这些分子网络涉及脱落酸和赤霉素在调节种子休眠和萌发中的关键作用,其中含AP2结构域的转录因子起着关键作用。     

A preliminary study of the seed anatomy of Zingiberaceae

Seeds in Zingiberaceae comprise an aril, seed coat, perispenn, endosperm, embryo, and micropylar and chalazal region. The seed coat is derived from the outer integument, and can be divided into cxotesta, mcsotesta and endotesta; the mesotesta is further subdivided into hypodcrmis, translucent cell layer and pigmented cell layer. The micropylar region includes a micropylar collar and operculum; in some taxa it also includes a caruncle-like structure or a stalk-like structure. A chalazal pigmented cell group (CPG), endotcstal gap, diaphragm and the course of raphe bundle in the chalazal region may be of systematic significance in some species. There are two types of endotesta in the family: parenchymatous (in tribes Hedychieae, Zingibereae and Globbeae) and sclerenchymatous (in Alpineae). The exception is Pommereschea lacknen , which is placed in Alpineae but has the parenchymatous type of endotesta. For this and other reasons this taxon should be transferred to another tribe. On the basis of seed characters, Hedychieae, Zingibereae and Globbeae are apparently closely related, although Hedychieae and Zingibereae differ from Globbeae which has a multiple-layered exotestal epidermis. Seeds of most Zingibereae have a peculiar carunclelike structure at the base of the seed which forms the expanding part beyond the micropylar collar. Zingiberaceae and Costaceae are connected through tribe Alpineae with a sclerenchymatous type of endotesta.     

Effects of ethylene and some other environmental factors on different stages of germination in red root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) seeds*

Abstract. Ethylene was found to promote two distinct processes during germination of redroot pigweed (Amarantus retroflexus L.) seeds: embryo expansion that splits the seed coat (incomplete germination), and radicle penetration through the more elastic endosperm (complete germination). The two events can be separated in time by subjecting seeds to low water potential or low CO₂ levels, which arrest germination of some seeds at the incomplete stage. Ethylene applications to incompletely germinated seeds promote complete germination, with a response threshold near 0.02 cm³ m^?3 and saturation near 0.5 cm³ m^?3. Higher ethylene concentrations (0.5 to 50 cm³ m^?3) given during the first day of seed imbibition also increase the percentage of seeds which initiate embryo expansion and split the seed coat. Light and elevated CO₂ also promote radicle penetration of the endosperm in seeds incubated under water stress. The results support the view that the germination pause at the incomplete stage is an adaptation to environmental stresses that can be overcome with exogenous ethylene or certain other stimuli.     

濒危植物百山祖冷杉种子发育特征及其胚培养

百山祖冷杉(Abies beshanzuensis)种子萌发率低,发育特性尚不明确,极大地限制了种群在原生境的自然更新。该研究以百山祖冷杉不同发育时期的雌球果为材料,通过研究球果中种子的胚与胚乳数量、重量和显微结构特性,及测定种子发育关键时期胚乳的初生代谢物,探究种子发育特征及影响种子发育的主要因素。结果表明,7月是百...     

Ethylene in seed dormancy and germination

The role of ethylene in the release of primary and secondary dormancy and the germination of non-dormant seeds under normal and stressed conditions is considered. In many species, exogenous ethylene, or ethephon – an ethylene-releasing compound - stimulates seed germination that may be inhibited because of embryo or coat dormancy, adverse environmental conditions or inhibitors (e.g. abscisic acid, jasmonate). Ethylene can either act alone, or synergistically or additively with other factors. The immediate precursor of ethylene biosynthesis, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), may also improve seed germination, but usually less effectively. Dormant or non-dormant inhibited seeds have a lower ethylene production ability, and ACC and ACC oxidase activity than non-dormant, uninhibited seeds. Aminoethoxyvinyl-glycine (AVG) partially or markedly inhibits ethylene biosynthesis in dormant or non-dormant seeds, but does not affect seed germination. Ethylene binding is required in seeds of many species for dormancy release or germination under optimal or adverse conditions. There are examples where induction of seed germination by some stimulators requires ethylene action. However, the mechanism of ethylene action is almost unknown.
The evidence presented here shows that ethylene performs a relatively vital role in dormancy release and seed germination of most plant species studied.