福氏志贺菌ipaB基因的克隆及其在酵母细胞中的表达

志贺氏菌引起的细菌性痢疾为一种全球性的肠道传染病。据估计,全世界每年感染的人数超过两亿,由该病引起的死亡人数有65万左右[1]。该菌的致病性是由体内含有230kb的毒性大质粒决定的,而大质粒上一个31kb的片段所编码的侵袭质粒抗原(IInvasion plasmid antigen,Ipa)是致病所必需的[2,3]。近年来,国内外有关学者在原核生物中对ipaB基因克隆及功能进行了较广泛的研究[4,5],但在酵母细胞中这方面的研究未见报导。从志贺痢疾杆菌中克隆了ipaB基因,并在酵母细胞中得到了融合表达,为将IpaB应用于双杂交系统研究其在侵袭过程中的分子机制打下了基础。     

克隆与志贺氏菌属侵袭力相关的基因

本文以柯斯质粒pJB8作载体,经体外包装构建了志贺氏菌属弗氏5大质粒(140Md)基因文库,获得重组子4000多个。用已证实与侵袭力相关的17kb基因片段作探针,从基因文库中筛选出66个相应的重组子。对其中部分重组子进行分析,表明这些重组子均包含一个大的重组质粒,它们与17kb探针杂交呈阳性反应。当用EcoR 1酶解这些重组质粒时,均产生大小相当于17kb的DNA片段,它们与17 kb探针杂交,也呈阳性反应。表明这些重组子均含与侵袭相关的基因片段。这为以后构建预防痢疾的口服活菌苗打下了基础。     

福氏志贺菌两种血清分型方法的比较

目的评价福氏志贺菌两种血清分型方法。方法使用传统血清分型方法和多重PCR血清分型方法对255株福氏志贺菌进行血清型分析。结果传统血清分型方法的分型率为98.4%(251/255),多重PCR血清分型方法分型率为96.1%(245/255),两种方法的分型率经卡方检验,差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.644,P>0.05)。有46株菌(18.0%,46/255)通过这两种血清分型得到的结果不一致。结论两种血清分型方法的分型率差异无统计学意义,但部分结果判断有不同。多重PCR更适用于大量样本的检测,传统血清分型方法可以与其互为补充。     

两株刚果红结合突变型志贺菌大质粒全基因组比较研究

对福氏志贺菌(Shigella flexneri)5型及志贺氏志贺菌(Shigella dysenteriae)1型两株与刚果红结合突变菌株的大质粒pSF5及pSD1进行了全基因组测序及分析. pSF5全长136694 bp, 包含165个ORFs, 其中133个功能明确, 32个功能未知. pSD1全长182726 bp, 共有224个ORFs, 其中181个功能明确, 43个功能未知. pSF5中IS序列为53787 bp, pSD1中为49616 bp, 分别占整个基因组的39.3%, 27.2%. 二者中共有22种不同类型的IS出现, 其中ISEc8, ISSbo6在志贺菌大质粒中为首次报道. 与pCP301相比, pSF5和pSD1都发生了大范围基因缺失, 并在多处发生基因片段倒置等现象. pSF5中除与侵袭相关ipa-mxi-spa基因岛完全缺失外, 与O-抗原生物合成密切相关的shf-rfbU-msbB基因也部分缺失, 而在pSD1中上述基因则完整存在, 但pSD1中与侵袭基因表达调控相关的virF基因缺失. 结果表明, 在pSF5和pSD1中与侵袭相关的调控因子及侵袭基因的缺失是导致刚果红结合突变的原因之一, 但是否是唯一的原因还需进一步的验证.     

竹红菌乙素溴化物对HeLa细胞形态结构的光敏损伤

以离体培养的ＨｅＬａ细胞为材料,用激光共聚焦显微镜,多动能图像分析仪,扫描电镜,透射电镜,荧光分光光度计等研究了一种新型的竹红菌乙素修饰物（５—Ｂｒ—ＨＢ）被ＨｅＬａ细胞摄取的时间进程、药物在细胞内的显微定位以及对细胞形态结构的光动力损伤。结果表明：ＨｅＬａ细胞对５—Ｂｒ—ＨＢ摄取在１小时之内细胞内药物浓度随着药液培养时间的增加呈线性增长,３小时后摄取基本达到饱和。ＨｅＬａ细胞在含１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ５—Ｂｒ一ＨＢ培养基中３７℃温育半小时后,敏化剂主要分布在细胞膜和胞浆中。受光动力损伤的细胞膜丧失连续结构,绒毛丧失,细胞表面出现异形突起。加药并光照５分钟组细胞浆内产生大量空泡,线粒体、内质网等细胞器丧失结构完整性,在较高浓度下甚至出现明显的细胞膜破裂和核膜损伤。光动力敏化对核形态产生明显的损伤作用,表现为Ｎ／Ｃ和ＮＡ减小,ＮＦＦ增大。     

福氏志贺菌CTX-M型产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测及耐药性

目的 产超广谱β-内酰胺酶( extended-spectrum β-lactamases,ESBLs)福氏志贺菌的耐药性及其基因型.方法 K-B法检测福氏志贺菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,改良三维试验检测菌株是否产生ESBLs,ESBLs的基因型通过PCR扩增、DNA测序的方法进行.结果 148株福氏志贺菌检测出6株产ESBLs,其基因型为CTX-M-3和CTX-M-14;产ESBLs福氏志贺菌对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟、复方新诺明、四环素均耐药,对头孢西丁、亚胺培南、环丙沙星敏感.结论 应加强对福氏志贺菌的耐药性监测,合理使用抗生素,防止产ESBLs福氏志贺菌的流行和传播.     

志贺菌致病机制的研究进展

一些肠道致病菌能诱导宿主细胞凋亡,促进炎症反应的发生,导致细胞的损伤和细胞的进一步侵袭。志贺菌是痢疾重要的致病因子,诱导巨噬细胞凋亡是志贺菌致病机制的重要的环节。该菌与巨噬细胞接触后分泌侵袭质粒抗原（Ｉｐａ）,Ｉｐａ复合物激活巨噬细胞并使其骨架重排,胞膜皱折或形成粘着斑,然后蚕噬细胞。ＩｐａＢ在巨噬细胞质内与白细胞介素１β（ＩＬ－１β）转化酶（ＩＣＥ）结合,激活的ＩＣＥ裂解活化ＩＬ－１β,并最终启     

Treatment of HeLa cells with bacterial water extracts inhibits Shigella flexneri invasion

Abstract Pathogenesis mediated by Shigella flexneri requires invasion of the gastrointestinal epithelium. It has been previously shown that HeLa cells challenged with S. flexneri show alterations in their phosphotyrosine-containing protein profile. In this report, we demonstrated that bacterial water extracts (WE) abrogated the invasion of HeLa cells by S. flexneri in a dose-dependent manner. A proteinaceous component of S. flexneri was shown to be responsible for this inhibitory activity. Proteins encoded on the 140-MDa plasmid were not responsible for the observed inhibition. WE from other Gram-negative bacteria also inhibited Shigella invasion of HeLa cells. HeLa cells pretreated with WE showed changes in the profile and the intensity of phosphotyrosine-containing protein bands. These data were consistent with a surface protein component in WE which initiated aberrant host cell signaling at the membrane which may account for the inhibition of bacterial entry.     

Assay of IgA to Shigella flexneri during shigellosis

Abstract An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to Shigella flexneri 2a whole bacterium was used to determine IgM, IgG and IgA serum titers in 50 acute-phase shigellosis patients and 37 controls, i.e., hospital patients without known recent infections. Compared to controls, the shigellosis patients displayed statistically raised average serum titers to S. flexneri in all 3 above immunoglobulin classes, most notably IgA, which displayed an average 42-fold increase. Specific IgM and IgG were 5- and 16-fold higher, respectively. All sera displayed statistically raised titers in at least one immunoglobulin class. A Widal agglutination detected a 7-fold increase in serum titers; this was comparable to the IgM ELISA. Statistical analysis showed that the intra-assay error of the ELISA varied from 5 to 14%, depending on the absorbance from which titers were calculated. A second ELISA was performed on the above shigellosis sera to determine titers to purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS): a statistical correlation was found between these and the above values for all 3 immunoglobulin classes. We conclude that the use of S. flexneri whole bacterium as an antigen in an IgA ELISA is a statistically valid and convenient parameter for monitoring shigellosis, comparable to the use of LPS as antigen, and more sensitive than IgM or IgG ELISAs or agglutinations.     

痢疾杆菌侵袭HeLa细胞基因表达谱的研究

采用cDNA微阵列技术检测了HeLa细胞被痢疾杆菌侵袭1h和3h后的基因表达变化,共发现2倍以上差异表达基因752个,上调基因有509个,下调基因有306个,并初步推测HeLa细胞通过激活某些信号通路,诱导表达多个基因,产生整体的细胞效应,以对抗痢疾杆菌的侵袭。对显著差异表达的两个基因TNFR 1B和ERBB2,在痢疾杆菌侵袭HeLa细胞1h和3h后的表达量经荧光实时定量PCR验证,确定这两个基因的确在痢疾杆菌侵袭期间高表达,它们在细胞对痢疾杆菌2457T侵袭反应中起重要的作用。这些结果促进了对痢疾杆菌分子致病机理的认识,也为形成预防和治疗痢疾的策略提供了理论基础。     

Effect of erythromycin on Shigella infection of Caco-2 cells

Erythromycin (EM), one of the macrolides, shows a dose-dependent effect on Shigella flexneri invasion of Caco-2 cells even at concentrations less than the minimum inhibitory concentration (subMIC). LS13, a strain of S. flexneri 1b, invaded Caco-2 cells in vitro. When the strain was treated with subMIC of EM, the invasion efficiency decreased. The carrier rate of the invasion plasmid containing virulence genes was reduced by EM treatment, as determined by the colony pigmentation test on Congo red agar plates. Presence of the invasion plasmid was found to increase susceptibility of the organisms to EM. The growth of virulent organisms carrying the invasion plasmid was inhibited at 25 microg ml(-1) of EM, whereas the growth of organisms without the plasmid was inhibited at 100 microg ml(-1) of EM. This was supported by the finding that the MIC of EM for a virulent isolate of S. flexneri 2a YSH6000 (6.25 microg ml(-1)) and for the mutant strain del-17 (50 microg ml(-1)), carrying the type III apparatus, impaired plasmid. These findings suggested that EM passed through the type III apparatus and suppressed the growth of invasive organisms selectively. This mechanism may account for the clinical effect of EM on shigellosis.     

Regulation of cell-wall morphology and growth encoded by plasmids in Shigella dysenteriae type 1

Shigella dysenteriae type 1, isolated locally, was found to contain six plasmids and these could be eliminated using SDS. A 70-kb plasmid was necessary to maintain the normal cell-wall morphology. Synthesis of nine major membrane proteins (90 to 40 kDa) was severely impaired in all-plasmid cured strains. Electron microscopy revealed a prominent separation between the outer and inner membranes of the cured strains, indicating that plasmid loss led to defects in the cell envelope. The growth rates of the strains having only the 70-kb plasmid and the plasmidless strain were 3- to 30-fold less than in the wild type strain.The authors are with the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Calcutta-700 010, India     

Immune response to rotavirus VP4 expressed in an attenuated strain of Shigella flexneri

An attenuated strain of Shigella flexneri was utilised to express viral protein (VP) 4 of rotavirus and the immunogenicity of the recombinant constructs was studied in BALB/c mice. VP4 was expressed as a fusion with maltose binding protein (MBP) in both the cytoplasm and periplasm, with a much higher level of expression occurring in the former. While all constructs induced a Shigella-specific response in mice, only the construct expressing MBP-VP4 in the cytoplasm of Shigella stimulated an immune response specific to rotavirus. This study demonstrates that Shigella can be used to deliver rotavirus antigens and induces an immune response directed towards both rotavirus and Shigella.     

Adhesion and invasion of a mutant Shigella flexneri to an eukaryotic cell line in absence of the 220-kb virulence plasmid

A Shigella flexneri strain, cured of the large 220-kb virulence plasmid, expresses adhering and invading ability in confluent monolayers of HeLa cells similar to its parent strain. Invasion by both the parent and the cured strains resulted in alteration of the monomeric actin (G) in the total actin pool of HeLa cells. Other indicators of invasive characteristics of virulent Shigella strains such as production of keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pig eye in vivo, Congo red binding and expression of contact hemolysin however, indicated loss of invasive properties in the plasmid cured strain. Further, pretreatment of bacterial cells with para-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), a specific chemical inhibitor of phospholipase A, adversely affected adhesion to and invasion of HeLa cells in vitro, irrespective of the presence of the 220-kb plasmid indicating the possible involvement of the enzyme phospholipase A in the invasion process. Adherence of both the strains to guinea pig colonic epithelial cells (CECs) in vitro was reduced significantly on pretreatment of bacteria or CECs with p-BPB. Expression of exocellular enzymes viz. protease, elastase, phospholipase A and phospholipase C were not related to the large plasmid.     

痢疾杆菌染色体中噬菌体插入序列的分析

噬菌体作为细菌的病毒通过参与细菌的代谢过程完成自身的繁殖和复制.自80多年前噬菌体被发现以来,噬菌体因其遗传物质和结构组成十分简单并且与宿主细胞相互作用非常密切一直被作为研究生命基本规律的良好的模型系统.     

密度感应系统对弗氏志贺菌生长竞争能力的影响

密度感应系统调节细菌应答反应的发生,这些应答反应与细胞密度有关。通过对比大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和志贺氏菌(Shigella spp.)的序列发现,志贺菌属密度感应系统操纵子普遍存在丢失或突变。为研究其密度感应系统的功能,文章利用哈氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)BB170作为指示菌,检测弗氏志贺菌(Shigella flexneri)密度感应系统信号分子AI-2,证明其可以分泌有活性的AI-2;其次,采用Golden Gate克隆法将大肠杆菌MG1655的密度感应系统基因克隆至弗氏志贺菌301中,获得密度感应系统回复株301。通过菌落计数表明,在混合培养条件下,密度感应系统基因回复株301比野生株301存在生长优势;通过双向电泳初步比较分析表明,密度感应系统基因可以在志贺菌中表达,并鉴定到了其他一些与应激反应相关的差异表达蛋白, 如Hsp60、GroEL、SodB。     

PLK1基因沉默抑制HeLa细胞凋亡

以高表达Polo样激酶1（Polo-like kinase 1,PLK1）的宫颈癌细胞系HeLa细胞为模型,观察针对PLK1基因的短发夹状RNA（short hairpin RNA,shRNA）对其凋亡和增殖的影响.设计并合成了针对PLK1的shRNA,将其导入构建的携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）的RNAi（RNA interference）表达载体中.通过 RT-PCR和Western 印迹分别检测HeLa细胞PLK1基因和蛋白水平的表达,以流式细胞仪和PI-Hochest双染法测细胞凋亡,MTT法检测细胞的增殖水平.成功构建了携带EGFP的RNAi表达载体pEGFP-H1.转染shRNA后,HeLa细胞PLK1的表达降低至30%.与对照组和空载体转染组相比,shRNA转染组的HeLa细胞凋亡率明显增加,其增殖活性则明显降低.本课题构建的RNAi表达载体便于观察靶基因的转染情况,且不影响H1启动子的体内转录.PLK1的基因沉默能明显增加HeLa细胞的凋亡,抑制该细胞的增殖,有可能为未来肿瘤的治疗找到新的靶点和有效途径.