原蚖在中国的发现和夕蚖属两新种记述(原尾目:始蚖科,夕蚖科)

原蚖属(Proturentomon)(始蚖科)过去共记载9种,其中6种分布于欧洲中部和南部,2种在非洲,1种在美洲和澳洲,唯独在亚洲各国从未见这一属的出现。1982年从山西和河北等地采到一批原尾虫,经鉴定其中一部分标本系原蚖属的一新种,这不汉是我国的首次记录,也是亚洲地区的第一次发现。在上述地区和云南西双版纳还分别找到了夕蚖属(夕蚖科)的两个新种,现一并记述如下。模式标本均保存于中国科学院上海昆虫研究所。     

海南岛肯蚖属的四新种(原尾目:檗蚖科)

1984年岁末至次年初,刘祖尧和金根桃二位同志,自海南岛的五指山、尖峰岭和吊罗山等地,采集到原尾虫标本400多只,经鉴定共计有24种,其中肯蚖属的种类较为丰富,共有8种。除日本肯蚖〔Kenyentulus japonicus(Imadate 1961)〕河南肯蚖(K.henanensis Yin 1983),景洪肯蚖(K.jinghongensis Yin 1983)和小肯蚖(K.     

中国陕西省新异蚖属一新种记述(原尾纲,古蚖目,古蚖科)

记述了采自陕西省翠华山的新异蚖属1新种,即陕新异蚖Neanisentomonshaanicum sp.nov.。新种主要特征为:前足跗节感器b′-1和c′缺失,感器d极长大;腹部第Ⅴ～Ⅵ节背板缺少前排刚毛A3,毛序为8/16,第Ⅶ节背板缺少前排刚毛A1和A3,毛序为6/16;雌性外生殖器具有明显的鸭头状的头片。该新种可以通过前足跗节感器d的长度和雌性外生殖器等特征与已知种类区分。文中同时列出了新异蚖属的世界种类检索表。     

中国原尾虫的研究——始蚖科的三新种及幼虫期的记述

本文记述始蚖科的三新种及各幼虫期的毛列和毛序的变化。这三个种分隶于富蚖属和康蚖属,此二属在我国尚无记载。模式标本保存于上海昆虫研究所。     

中国原尾虫的研究云南省的十二种古蚖

1973年冬季上海昆虫所派出五位同志去云南省采集标本,其中金根桃同志在昆明和西双版纳等地区,采到600多只原尾虫,经初步鉴定,共发现有三十多种,由于受篇幅所限拟分成4—5篇论文陆续报道。这里将古蚖属的十二个种类,其中包括九个新种和两个新记录,首先整理出来,记述如下; 1.云南古蚖 Eosentomon yunnanicum Yin 新种 (图1—9) 体长1,400—1,700微米。头长130—160微米,宽96—118微米,口器突出,唇基内骨不显著。假眼圆形而有中隔,在中隔两旁有时还可见一对平行的线纹;此外,在假眼     

肯蚖属(原尾自、檗蚖科)的五新种和一新记录

肯蚖属(Kenyentulus)是Tuxen1981年新分立出来的一个属,原归格蚖属(Gracilentulus),现已知共有7种,K.kenyanus(Conde1948)分布于东非、塞舌尔、印度南部和巴西等地;K.condei(Prabhoo 1975)在印度南部;K.japonicus(Imadate1961)和K.sakimori(Imad.1977)均分布于日本;而其余三种K.malaysiensis(Imad.1965),K.ohyamai(Imad.1965)和K.sanjianus(Imad.1965)则分布于东南亚一带。     

云南古蚖属四新种(原尾纲：古蚖目)

本文报道了在云南新发现的 4种古蚖:热海古蚖Eosentomonrehaiense、腾冲古蚖E tengchongense、大孔古蚖E megastigma和古永古蚖E guyongense。它们的腹板Ⅳ～Ⅶ节毛序都是 6 /9型的。     

甘肃中南部原尾虫物种多样性及区系分析

在甘肃中南部设置12个样区,对该地区原尾虫的物种多样性进行了研究。发现原尾虫11种,隶属于2目6科7属。其中包括1个甘肃新记录属、4个甘肃新记录种和1个未定名种。古蚖科Eosentomidae、檗蚖科Berberentulidae为优势类群。华山蚖Huashanentulus huashanensis为广布种;檗蚖科Berberentulidae有2属3种;古蚖科Eosentomidae有3属7种,占甘肃原尾虫总数的44％;始蚖科Protentomidae有1属1种;夕蚖科Hesperentomidae有1属2种;日本蚖科Nipponentomidae有1种,中华雅娃蚖Yavanna sinensis是甘肃的新记录种;蚖科Hesperentomidae有1属2种,包括1个华山蚖属未定名种Huashanentulus sp.,只分布在临夏太子山自然保护区。对甘肃原尾虫区系进行了分析,结果显示：古北界种类占总数的20％,东洋界物种占53.3％,广布种类占总数的26.7％。     

拟异蚖和古蚖精子的超微形态和精子形成的研究(原尾目:古蚖科)

余山拟异蚖和3种古蚖的精子均为扁圆形,未见顶体,线粒体集中在一侧;核呈环形、边位、中部由膜状体分布其间.领结古蚖的早期精细胞为球形,染色质凝集成团,继而核中裂并沿细胞赤道逐渐围绕成环,染色质呈细沙状,胞间有“桥”相通.核膜一端开始内陷,出现黑点.待发育到中期精细胞,这些黑点逐渐形成奇特的管状核膜陷体;染色质变成短线形,随后排成4—5行.线粒体颗粒状,细胞间仍有“桥”连通.晚期精细胞的染色质凝集成粗带,最后形成光滑质密的核,而多余的核物质,一段一段从精子一端脱离,形成一串孢囊状体夹在精子之间,待精子成熟游离时,这些孢状体分散开来.从观察结果表明拟异蚖精子与古蚖的非常相近.     

中国青海省夕蚖属二新种记述(原尾纲,夕蚖科)

记述了采自青海省的夕蚖属2新种,即西宁夕蚖Hesperentomon ciningense sp.nov.和南山夕蚖Hesperentomon nanshanensis sp.nov.,两新种腹部第Ⅱ～Ⅵ节背板后排具有6对刚毛,毛序为8/12,第Ⅳ～Ⅵ节腹板缺失后排中刚毛Pc,毛序为4/8.西宁夕蚖和南山夕蚖相似,二者可以通过颚腺、雌性外生殖器、前足跗节的长度、感器形状以及腹部第Ⅹ节的毛序加以区分.新种模式标本保存在上海昆虫博物馆.     

PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF CONDEEUM GROUP (PROTURA: PROTENTOMIDAE)

Abstract  Using the Hennig 86 phylogenetic analysis program to analyse the taxa in genera related to Condeellum , the phylogenetic relationships among the species are schemed on the basis of potential synapomorphies of the adults, represented by 16 characters. The character evolution and the route of dispersal are also discussed. The cladistic biogeographic analysis is performed. The basal taxon Condeellum exhibits an Indo-Pacific distribution and the sister group Neocondeellum species exhibit a collective Oriental and Holarctic distribution. The distribution patterns and the vicariance events occurred in those areas are hypothesized.     

Integrating phylogenetic community structure with species distribution models: an example with plants of rock barrens

Approaches using phylogenetic pattern in ecological communities to deduce processes of community assembly have been criticised as disconnected from foundations in ecological mechanism, especially with respect to lack of data about abiotic and biotic niches. These criticisms can be addressed with analyses of organismal traits that underlie environmental filtering, competitive exclusion, and other candidate processes; however, the difficulty of assembling large trait databases means that such studies remain uncommon. We suggest a synthesis of phylogenetic community structure analysis and species distribution modeling that we believe can allow inference about community processes without prohibitive data requirements. We illustrate this method for angiosperm communities of rock barrens in eastern Canada. First, we analyzed phylogenetic community structure of four rock‐barren sites at three nested spatial scales (quadrat to region). For the nine most common species in our barrens, we used regional occurrence records to build species distribution models identifying environmental drivers of the nine species’ distributions. Coefficients of these models represent implicit trait data that summarize each species’ response to the environmental drivers in the model. We then tested for phylogenetic signal in these traits, to ask whether ecological forces acting on them could be generating phylogenetic community structure. We found strong phylogenetic clustering at the quadrat level, while patterns at larger scales were complex. Our distribution model suggested drought stress as the dominant driver for distributions of all the species, consistent with local correlations with soil depth, and the species’ responses to drought showed strong phylogenetic signal. The convergence of results from phylogenetic community structure and species distribution modeling suggests that barren communities are structured at the quadrat level by environmental filtering effects of moisture stress, to which species have phylogenetically patterned responses.     

Phylogenetic balance and ecological evenness

The frequency distribution of numbers of species in taxonomic groups, where many species belong to a few very diverse higher taxa, is mirrored by that of species in most communities, where many individuals belong to a few very abundant species. Various hypotheses mechanistically link a species' community abundance with the diversity of the higher level taxon (genus, family, order) to which it belongs, but empirical data are equivocal about general trends in the relation between rank-taxon diversity and mean abundance. One reason for this inconclusive result may be the effect of the semisubjective nature of rank-based classification. We assessed the relationship between clade diversity and mean species abundance for two diverse tropical tree communities, using both traditional rank-based analysis and two new phylogenetic analyses (based on the ratio of individuals to taxa at each node in the phylogeny). Both rank-based and phylogenetic analyses using taxonomic ranks above the species level as terminal taxa detected a trend associating common species with species-rich families. In contrast, phylogenetic analyses using species as terminal taxa could not distinguish the observed distribution of species abundances from a random distribution with respect to clade diversity. The difference between these results might be due to (1) the absence of a real phylogeny-wide relationship between clade abundance and diversity, (2) the influence of poor phylogenetic resolution within families in our phylogenies, or (3) insufficient sensitivity of our metrics to subtle tree-wide effects. Further development and application of phylogeny-based methods for testing abundance-diversity relationships is needed.     

CONDUCTING PHYLOGENETIC COMPARATIVE STUDIES WHEN THE PHYLOGENY IS NOT KNOWN

A method is proposed to conduct phylogenetic analyses of comparative or interspecific data when the true phylogeny is not known. Standard models of speciation and/or extinction or other methods are used to generate a sample from the set of all possible phylogenies for the measured species. The comparative data are then analyzed on each of the possible trees to obtain a distribution of possible evolutionary statistics for these data. The mean of this distribution is proposed as a reasonable estimate of the true evolutionary statistic of interest. Ways of obtaining confidence intervals and of developing hypothesis tests for this mean statistic are also proposed. The method can be used with any comparative method or phylogenetic analysis technique when phylogenetic relationships among species are not known or when branch lengths for a phylogeny in units of expected character change (as required by most methods) are not available. Computer programs to conduct the analyses are available on request.     

欧亚大陆东部毛茛科植物多样性格局及主导因子

毛茛科是真双子叶植物的基部类群之一, 包含多种药用植物, 具有较高的保护价值, 但关于毛茛科物种多样性和谱系多样性大尺度格局及其影响因子的研究还比较匮乏, 特别是以较高分辨率分布数据为基础的物种多样性格局研究尚未见报道。本文旨在: (1)建立欧亚大陆东部毛茛科植物分布数据库, 估算不同生活型物种多样性和谱系多样性格局, 并探究格局的形成机制。(2)分析毛茛科物种多样性和谱系多样性的相关关系, 确定多样性热点地区, 为毛茛科保护规划提供依据。根据中国、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、蒙古和俄罗斯等国家的区域和地方植物志, 建立了“欧亚大陆东部地区毛茛科物种分布数据库”。该数据库包含了欧亚大陆东部地区1,688种毛茛科物种的分布数据, 空间分辨率为100 km × 100 km。在此基础上, 估算了毛茛科全部及不同生活型的物种多样性和谱系多样性格局, 并利用广义线性模型和等级方差分离方法分析了毛茛科物种和谱系多样性格局与环境因子的关系。最后比较了物种多样性和谱系多样性的相关关系, 确定了毛茛科的古热点地区。结果显示: (1)欧亚大陆东部毛茛科植物物种和谱系多样性均呈明显的纬度格局, 且在山区具有较高的多样性。(2)毛茛科植物物种和谱系多样性受现代气候、地形异质性和末次冰期以来的气候变化的共同影响, 但不同影响因子的相对贡献率在物种和谱系多样性及不同生活型之间差异显著。(3)中高纬度地区的谱系多样性高于给定物种数的预期, 是毛茛科的古热点地区, 在毛茛科保护规划中应受到重视。     

THE QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PHYLOGENETIC CONSTRAINTS IN COMPARATIVE ANALYSES: SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN BODY WEIGHT AMONG PRIMATES

We have presented a formal model for the quantitative analysis of phylogenetic and specific effects on the distribution of trait values among species. Total trait values are divided into phylogenetic values, inherited from an ancestral species, and specific values, the result of independent evolution. This allows a quantitative assessment of the strength of the phylogenetic inertia, or burden, displayed by a character in a lineage, so that questions concerning the relative importance of phylogenetic constraints in evolution can be answered. The separation of phylogenetic from specific effects proposed here also allows phylogenetic factors to be explicitly included in cross-species comparative analyses of adaptation. This solves a long-standing problem in evolutionary comparative studies. Only species' specific values can provide information concerning the independent evolution of characters in a set of related species. Therefore, only correlations among specific values for traits may be used as evidence for adaptation in cross-species comparative analyses. The phylogenetic autocorrelation model was applied to a comparative analysis of the determinants of sexual dimorphism in weight among 44 primate species. In addition to sexual dimorphism in weight, mating system, habitat, diet, and size (weight itself) were included in the analysis. All of the traits, except diet, were substantially influenced by phylogenetic inertia. The comparative analysis of the determinants of sexual dimorphism in weight indicates that 50% of the variation among primate species is due to phylogeny. Size, or scaling, could account for a total of 36% of the variance, making it almost as important as phylogeny in determining the level of dimorphism displayed by a species. Habitat, mating system, and diet follow, accounting for minor amounts of variation. Thus, in attempting to explain why a particular modern primate species is very dimorphic compared to other primates, we would say first because its ancestor was more dimorphic than average, second because it is a relatively large species, and third because it is terrestrial, polygynous, and folivorous.     

Habitat filtering influences the phylogenetic structure of avian communities across a coastal gradient in southern Brazil

The evolution of a particular trait or combination of traits within lineages may affect subsequent evolutionary outcomes, leading closely related species to exhibit higher phenotypic similarity than expected under a simple Brownian‐motion evolutionary model. Niche theory postulates that phenotypes determine species distribution across environmental gradients, leading to a phylogenetic signature in the community assembly. Thus, the incorporation of species phylogeny in the analysis of community ecology structure allows one to link broader environmental, spatial and temporal factors to local, small‐scale ecological processes, thus enabling understanding of community assembly patterns in a broader context. We used the net relatedness index to assess phylogenetic structure within avian communities across a harshness gradient in coastal habitats in southern Brazil. We also evaluated phylogenetic beta diversity, to test whether closely related species exploit habitats with similar environmental conditions. In order to do so, we scaled up phylogenetic information from the species to site level using phylogenetic fuzzy weighting. We found a pattern of phylogenetic clustering in less‐vegetated habitats, namely sandy beach and dunes, which are subject to harsher conditions because of proximity to the ocean. Basal lineages were associated with the more structurally homogeneous sandy beach, while late‐divergence clades occurred in more complex habitats, which were positively related to vegetation cover and height. The observed pattern of phylogenetic clustering suggested the importance of harsh conditions in constraining the distribution of avian lineages. Furthermore, contrasting environmental features between habitats influenced phylogenetic variation, demonstrating the prevalence of phylogenetic habitat filtering. From an applied point of view, such as planning and management of biological reserves, we showed that the full array of habitat patches embedded within coastal ecological gradients must be included in order to preserve distinct evolutionary lineages.     

啮齿动物分子系统地理学研究进展

系统地理学是研究种间及种内不同种群的形成、现有分布格局的历史原因和演化过程的一门学科。基于分子水平,能够更准确地界定物种分布格局,促进分子系统地理学的形成和发展。近年来,分子系统地理研究的开展,促进了对啮齿动物物种分布格局形成机制的理解。对啮齿动物的种内及种上分类阶元的系统演化关系、起源中心与演化历程、影响系统地理格局的因素、鼠害防控和保护生物学等分子系统地理学方面的研究进行了综述。并提出了啮齿动物分子系统地理学未来发展的四点展望:1)综合性系统地理学研究;2)区域系统地理学研究;3)物种演化的全面系统研究;4)新型分子标记和分析方法的发展。     

The phylogenetic interpretation of biological surveys

The ecological attributes of two species may be similar through convergent evolution or common ancestry. The extent of similarity by descent can be evaluated by comparing them with their most closely‐related outgroup in a given phylogeny. I describe a method of nested sister‐group analysis for estimating ecological similarity based on landscape features or on co‐distribution. The phylogeny is dissected into triplets, each comprising two sister taxa and their outgroup. For a triplet at any phylogenetic level, the similarity of sister groups with respect to some given character can be compared with their joint similarity to the outgroup to give a single test of similarity by descent. Each comparison is independent, and the full set of triplets provides a complete accounting of phylogenetic variation at all levels. This procedure was applied to 188 moderately abundant species of dicots in two independent surveys from adjoining districts of midland England, supplemented by physical surveys of landscape attributes obtained from digitized maps of the same districts. The co‐distribution of sister species was consistently more positive than the co‐distribution of random species pairs, demonstrating the existence of a phylogenetic signal at some level. When sister species are compared with their most closely‐related outgroup, however, neither landscape attributes nor co‐distribution showed any overall similarity arising from common ancestry, in the sense that ecological attributes are not generally conserved after lineage splitting. Instead, the distribution of similarity is strikingly similar to random data. The lack of ecological similarity between closely‐related groups was attributed to rapid character change at or shortly after the splitting of lineages, coupled with a lack of correlation between successive lineage splits.     

Phylogeny and biogeography of highly diverged freshwater fish species (Leuciscinae,Cyprinidae, Teleostei) inferred from mitochondrial genome analysis

The distribution of freshwater taxa is a good biogeographic model to study pattern and process of vicariance and dispersal. The subfamily Leuciscinae (Cyprinidae, Teleostei) consists of many species distributed widely in Eurasia and North America. Leuciscinae have been divided into two phyletic groups, leuciscin and phoxinin. The phylogenetic relationships between major clades within the subfamily are poorly understood, largely because of the overwhelming diversity of the group. The origin of the Far Eastern phoxinin is an interesting question regarding the evolutionary history of Leuciscinae. Here we present phylogenetic analysis of 31 species of Leuciscinae and outgroups based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences to clarify the phylogenetic relationships and to infer the evolutionary history of the subfamily.