光照对鄂东南2种落叶阔叶树种幼苗生长、光合特性和生物量分配的影响

通过设置4个光照梯度(25%、12%、6%和3%自然光)模拟鄂东南低山丘陵地区落叶阔叶林林下的光环境,研究了2种耐荫性不同的树种幼苗--麻栎(Quercus acutissima)和化香(Platycarya strobilacea)不同光强下的存活率、光合特性、生长和生物量分配,探讨了低光环境中耐荫性不同的树种幼苗维持自身碳平衡的机制和权衡\"存活-生长\"选择的生活史策略。结果表明:(1)低光下的2个树种幼苗的生长、光合特性和生物量分配具有显著性差异。(2)各个光照梯度下麻栎幼苗都生长良好,存活率保持在35%以上,而化香幼苗遭遇高的死亡率,80d后3%和6%自然光下的幼苗全部死亡;低光环境中麻栎幼苗比化香幼苗具有更大的表观光量子(AQY)和最大净光合效率(Pmax),更低的光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸效率(Rd),即耐荫性较强的麻栎幼苗比耐荫性较弱的化香幼苗具有更高的低光碳同化率和碳捕获能力。(3)2个树种幼苗的成活率与RGR呈负相关关系,各个光照梯度下耐荫性较弱的化香幼苗的相对生长率(RGR)显著高于耐荫性较强的麻栎幼苗,而两个树种幼苗的净同化率(NAR)无明显差异。相对于麻栎幼苗较高的根生物量比(RMR),化香幼苗将更多的生物量分配给叶部,因而具有较高的叶生物量比(LMR)、叶面积比(LAR)和比叶面积(SLA)。不同耐荫性的幼苗生长及生物量分配方式的差异是植物\"存活-生长\"权衡后的结果,耐荫性弱的化香幼苗具有较高的生长潜力和较弱的自我保护能力,而耐荫性强的麻栎幼苗具有更高的低光碳储量,能够维持更好的低光碳平衡,具有竞争优势。     

Relative growth rate, biomass allocation pattern and water use efficiency of three wheat cultivars during early ontogeny as dependent on water availability

We have investigated the water use efficiency of whole plants and selected leaves and allocation patterns of three wheat cultivars (Mexipak, Nesser and Katya) to explore how variation in these traits can contribute to the ability to grow in dry environments. The cultivars exhibited considerable differences in biomass allocation and water use efficiency. Cultivars with higher growth rates of roots and higher proportions of biomass in roots (Nesser and Katya) also had higher leaf growth rates, higher proportions of their biomass as leaves and higher leaf area ratios. These same cultivars had lower rates of transpiration per unit leaf area or unit root weight and higher biomass production per unit water use. They also had higher ratios of photosynthesis to transpiration, and lower ratios of intercellular to external CO₂ partial pressure. The latter resulted from large differences in stomatal conductance associated with relatively small differences in rates of photosynthesis. There was little variation between cultivars in response to drought, and differences in allocation pattern and plant water use efficiency between cultivars as found under well-watered conditions persisted under dry conditions. At the end of the non-watered treatment, relative growth rates and transpiration rates decreased to similar values for all cultivars. High ratios of photosynthesis to transpiration, and accordingly high biomass production per unit of transpiration, is regarded as a favourable trait for dry environments, since more efficient use of water postpones the decrease in plant water status.     

Effects of Elevated Temperature on Growth and Gas Exchange in Dominant Plant Species from Maowusu Sandland,China

We compared the effect of elevated temperature on morphological development, biomass accumulation and allocation, and gas exchange of three dominant plants (Caragana intermedia Kuanget H.C. Fu, Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz., and Artemisia ordosica Krasch.) growing in Chinese Maowusu sandland. Plants were grown in two temperature chambers (25/20, 28/23 °C, day/night) during 60 d. Tree height, number of leaves, and leaf area were increased in C. intermedia and H. mongolicum seedlings, while in A. ordosica temperature only affected tree height. Elevated temperature increased biomass and reduced the root : shoot ratio in C. intermedia and H. mongolicum seedlings, but not in A. ordosica seedlings. The net photosynthetic rate (P _N) and transpiration rate (E) were increased at days 40 and 60 in C. intermedia and H. mongolicum seedlings, while in A. ordosica seedlings no significant effects on E were observed, and P _N was increased only at day 60. Water use efficiency (WUE) was reduced at days 40 and 60 in H. mongolicum seedlings, and at day 60 in C. intermedia seedlings. No temperature effect on WUE was observed in A. ordosica seedlings. These different responses indicate that climate change could alter plant communities in Maowusu sandland.     

氮磷添加对金露梅叶片化学计量及光合特征的影响

通过三种养分添加处理,氮添加(5、10和15 g??m-2)、磷添加(梯度同氮添加)、氮磷同时添加[(5 g N＋5 g P)??m-2、(10 g N＋10 g P)??m-2、(15 g N＋15 g P)??m-2],对照(无养分添加),探讨养分添加对金露梅叶片性状氮含量(Nmas )、磷含量(Pmas )、氮磷比(N∶P)、比叶重(LMA)、净光合速率(Pn )和光合氮利用效率(PNUE)的影响,以及各性状之间的相互关系.结果表明：在处理水平上,除N或P显著提高金露梅叶片的N∶P外,氮、磷添加对叶片其它性状无显著影响;不同氮、磷处理下添加水平对金露梅叶片的Nmas、N∶P、Pn和PNUE均有显著影响,随着养分水平提高,各性状的变化模式各不相同,叶片Pmas无明显变化,而叶片LMA虽有降低的趋势但不显著.回归分析表明,叶片Pmas与Nmas之间呈显著正相关(R2＝0．347,P＜0．001),叶片Nmas 与N∶P之间也呈显著正相关(R2＝0．018,P＜0．05),而叶片Pmas与N∶P呈显著负相关(R2＝0．505,P＜0．001);叶片LMA与Pn之间显著负相关(R2＝0．02,P＜0．05),而与PNUE之间显著正相关(R2＝0．077,P＜0．001).这表明在一定范围内,环境变化可以改变金露梅叶片的养分保持能力、光合能力以及养分利用效率.     

海拔梯度变化对武夷山黄山松林土壤磷组分和有效性的影响

土壤磷（P）是植物生长必需的养分元素,也是亚热带森林生产力的主要限制元素。目前,关于不同海拔土壤P组分和P有效性的变化规律尚无统一定论,其原因主要是忽略了植被类型变化导致的P组分和P有效性对海拔的响应更为复杂。因此,以武夷山不同海拔黄山松林为研究对象,通过测定土壤环境因素、理化性质、微生物生物量（SMB）、酸性磷酸单酯酶（ACP）和磷酸双酯酶（PD）活性以及土壤P组分,探究土壤P组分和P有效性的变化及其影响因素。结果表明,随海拔降低,速效P含量显著增加,而易分解P、中等易分解P、难利用P和总磷含量显著减少。冗余分析结果表明,微生物生物量磷和微生物生物量氮是影响土壤P组分和P有效性变化的关键因素。研究表明,随海拔降低,黄山松林土壤微生物通过提高ACP、PD活性和降低SMB含量的能量分配策略,促进更多较难分解P组分的矿化,从而提高速效P含量,以满足微生物对P的需求。因此,在低海拔地区,微生物通过能量分配策略获取更多有效P,可能有利于提高武夷山黄山松林土壤速效P的供应,但从长期来看,可能使P矿化速率提高和P损耗增加,导致P库的储备不足,不利于土壤P素养分的可持续供应。     

Partitioning of nitrogen and biomass at a range of N-addition rates and their consequences for growth and gas exchange in two perennial grasses from inland dunes

This paper describes the effects of nitrgen supply on the partitioning of biomass and nitrogen of Agrostis vinealis (L.) Schreber and Corynephorus canescens (L.) Beauv., two perennial grasses of dry, nutrient-poor inland dunes, and their consequences for growth and gas exchange. At a given plant nitrogen concentration (PNC) the two species allocate the same relative amount of dry matter and nitrogen to their leaves. However, A. vinealis allocates more dry matter and nitrogen to its roots and less to its above-ground support tissue than C. canescens . Both the leaf weight ratio and leaf nitrogen ratio increase with increasing PNC. Despite species-specific differences in growth form and leaf morphology, the leaf area ratio and specific leaf area of the two species are similar, both at high and low PNC. At intermediate nitrogen supply, and thus intemediate PNC, however, A. vinealis has a higher leaf area ratio and specific leaf area than C. canescens .
The two species exhibit a similar positive relationship when either the rate of net photosynthesis or the rate of shoot respiration are compared to the leaf nitrogen concentration, all expressed per unit leaf weight. The rate of net photosynthesis per unit Jeafnitrogen (PNUE) of the two species increases with decreasing leaf nitrogen concentration per unit leaf weight. C. canescens has a higher PNUE at low, and a lower PNUE at high leaf nitrogen concentration per unit leaf weight than A. vinealis . At non-limiting nitrogen supply, A. vinealis has a higher nitrogen productivity and net assimilation rate and a similar PNC and leaf area ratio as compared to C. canescens , which explains the higher relative growth rate (RGR_max) of A. vinealis. At growth-limiting nitrogen supply C. canescens achieves a similar relative growth rate at a lower PNC than A. vinealis.     

毛乌素沙地典型固沙植物黑沙蒿和赖草叶片氮分配对最大净光合速率的影响

探究气候变化背景下物种的适应机制是植物生理生态领域研究热点, 研究半干旱区优势物种叶片氮分配对植物光合能力的影响, 有利于理解气候变化背景下荒漠植物的适应能力。该研究于2021年5-10月, 以宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地的主要建群种黑沙蒿(俗名: 油蒿, Artemisia ordosica)和赖草(Leymus secalinus)为研究对象, 通过测定黑沙蒿和赖草的光响应曲线、CO₂响应曲线和叶性状参数, 计算叶片不同组分中的氮分配比例, 结合同步观测的环境数据, 探究两种固沙植物叶片氮分配相关参数对最大净光合速率(A_max)的影响。结果显示: 在观测期内, 黑沙蒿和赖草的单位质量叶片氮含量(N_mass)均值都为0.02 g·g^-1, 黑沙蒿A_max和叶氮在光合系统中的分配比例(P_p)均值分别为22.44 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和42.9%, 赖草A_max和P_p观测期内均值分别为11.99 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和27.5%, 相比黑沙蒿较低。在土壤水分亏缺的生长季中期, 黑沙蒿A_max和P_p降低, 而赖草的A_max和P_p并没有明显变化。相比于赖草, 黑沙蒿A_max受叶片氮分配的影响更大, P_p和叶氮在羧化系统中的分配比例(P_c)分别是影响黑沙蒿和赖草A_max季节变异的主要叶片氮分配参数。在干旱胁迫期间, 黑沙蒿和赖草叶片N_mass均降低, 黑沙蒿叶片氮分配比例对土壤水分变化的敏感性较大, 其光合氮利用效率(PNUE)降低, 且投资更多的氮到非光合机构中来抵抗干旱, 而赖草的叶片氮分配比例和PNUE的变化相对稳定, 其A_max并没有显著下降。总之, 黑沙蒿叶片对光合系统投入的氮比例相对较高, 其光合能力在观测期内仍大于赖草。该研究表明, 不同沙地物种对其生境的适应性存在差异, 在未来干旱增加的条件下, 该区域植被可能趋于以沙地灌木黑沙蒿为主的植被群落。     

Interaction of phosphorus fertilizer form and soil medium on Douglas-fir seedling phosphorus content,growth and photosynthesis

Douglas-fir seedlings were grown in containers in peat-vermiculite or mineral soil each amended with different levels of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) or a granulated North Carolina phosphate rock (RP). Media dilute acid-fluoride extractable phosphorus (DAP), seedling photosynthesis, weights, and tissue P concentrations were measured at 65±3 and 105±3 days. DAP was highly correlated with soluble fertilizer P (but not total P) added at the beginning of the experiment. Considerable soluble P was lost from peat-vermiculite but not from the mineral soil. Seedling total P content was proportional to the amount of soluble P per container at both harvests, but was greater for a given level of soluble P in the organicversus the mineral medium. Added soluble P increased foliar P concentrations, plant P content, and dry weight. Net carbon uptake was highly correlated with added levels of soluble P, foliar P concentrations, and with total P content. The internal efficiency of P from the RP source was less than P from CSP with respect to P contentversus growth, net CO₂ uptake, and net photosynthesis rates. At the end of the experiment, seedling P content plus DAP remaining in the media for the higher fertilizer rates accounted for 75% of the originally added soluble P in the mineral soils, but only 15% of the originally added soluble P in the organic media.     

分层供水施磷对春小麦光合性能及水分利用率的影响

利用自制的植物生长装置研究了春小麦在不同土壤湿度和碳素水平的组合方式对作物光合及水分利用的影响。结果表明。在上干下湿的水分条件,表层施磷处理其光合曲线呈单峰,而整体湿润下不管磷的施用部位,其光合曲线呈双峰。这种变异多是非气孔限制下环境因子与植株体作用而致。     

Varietal differences in the toxicity of sodium ions in rice leaves

The water relations and growth responses of an extreme halophyte, Salicornia virginica , and a common glycophyte, Raphanus sativus , were comparatively examined in a hydroponic growth experiment employing a broad range of salinities. Root conductivity (in growth solutions and distilled water), expressed sap osmolality, water use efficiency, relative growth rate, and salt uptake were the primary responses monitored. Salicornia responded to increasing salinity by decreasing root conductivity (in the growth solutions) and increasing salt uptake, while water use efficiency and growth rates were minimally affected. The inhibitory effects of salinity upon root conductivity were reversible in distilled water, and, importantly, the highest recovery rates were from plants grown in the moderate and high salinities. Salicornia displayed an enhanced ability to absorb water in distilled water following growth in solutions with elevated salinities. In contrast, Raphanus responded to comparatively small increases in growth solution salinity by drastically decreasing growth rates as well as root conductivity (in the growth solutions), while salt uptake and water use efficiency increased under the moderate salinity level. In Raphanus the inhibitory effects of increased salinity upon root conductivity were only partially reversible in distilled water, and the highest recovery rates were from plants grown in the low salinity Thus, once salinity stress was withdrawn, Raphanus exhibited a suppressed ability to move water through the roots. The results are discussed in the light of selected, commonly proposed mechanisms of salinity-induced growth inhibition.     

杨树无性系光合特征的研究

对新培育的金科系列的4个杨树无性系（3^#、6^#、8^#、9^#）的光合特征及净光合速率、水分利用效率与主要影响因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明：不同月份4个无性系的净光合速率的日进程一般在10:00左右达到峰值,然后逐渐降低;蒸腾速率日进程不尽一致;气孔导度在7:00～9:00出现峰值后,缓慢下降。在6～8月,4个无性系的净光合速率的总平均值(μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)排序为：无性系9^#（8.53）>6^#>（7.21）3^#（6.47）>8^#（4.98）;蒸腾速率的总平均值(mmol H₂O·m^-2·s^-1)排序为：无性系9^#（3.74）>3^#（2.76）>6^#（1.76）>8^#（1.47）;水分利用效率的总平均值(mmol CO₂·mol^-1 H₂O)排序为：无性系8^#（4.77）>6^#（4.35）>3^#（2.99）>9^#（2.40）。4个无性系的净光合速率与水分利用效率的排序并不一致。9^#属于高光合、高蒸腾、低水分利用效率类型,8^#属低光合、低蒸腾、高水分利用效率类型。在6月份6^#无性系的净光合速率和水分利用效率与温度、湿度显著相关,3^#、8^#、9^#无性系与光合有效辐射和气孔导度密切相关。     

准噶尔荒漠3种短命植物气体交换特征的日变化

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,在晴天条件下对准噶尔荒漠3种典型短命植物东方旱麦草(Eremopyrum orientale)、卷果涩芥(Malcolmia scorpioides)和四齿芥(Tetracme quadricormis)的气体交换特征的日变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:①东方旱麦草和卷果涩芥的净光合速率(简称Pn,后同)的日变化呈\"双峰\"型,14:00(采用时间均为北京时间,后同)左右存在明显的光合\"午休\"现象,四齿芥Pn的日变化呈\"单峰\"型,峰值出现在12:00与前两者的第一峰值出现时刻相同.3种植物蒸腾速率(简称E,后同)的日变化均呈\"单峰\"型,但不同植物的峰谷值出现时刻不同.水分利用效率(WUE)日变化,四齿芥呈\"单峰\"型,东方旱麦草和卷果涩芥呈\"双峰\"型,峰值分别出现在8:00～10:00之间,后两者第二峰值分别出现在16:00和18:00.②根据Pn、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Ls)的变化方向,推测3种短命植物的光合\"午休\",东方旱麦草和卷果涩芥主要受非气孔因素限制,而四齿芥主要受气孔因素限制.③卷果涩芥和四齿芥两种十字花科草本日平均Pn、E 和WUE 均高于禾本科东方旱麦草,尤其卷果涩芥是一种高光合、高蒸腾、高水分利用率的物种.④相关分析结果表明,对Pn影响最显著的环境因子是光合有效辐射(PAR),对E影响最显著的因子3种植物各不相同.     

Growth and biomass partitioning of Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. and Festuca ovina (L.) at different relative addition rates of nitrogen

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., is characteristic of productive habitats, and Festuca ovina of unproductive ones. The two species were grown at steady-state growth with either free access to all nutrients or severe nitrogen limitation. The maximum relative growth rate of the two species was similar-about 0.20 day^-1. Root:shoot partitioning at nitrogen limitation differed between the species. A. sylvestris allocated less biomass to fine-roots than at free access and F. ovina allocated more.     

Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Pearl Millet under Water Stress and Different Potassium Supply

Influence of supra-optimal concentrations of K on growth, water relations, and photosynthetic capacity in pearl millet under severe water deficit conditions was assessed in a glasshouse. Nineteen-days-old plants of two lines, ICMV-94133 and WCA-78, of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. were subjected for 30 d to 235.0, 352.5, and 470.0 mg(K) kg^–1(soil) and two water regimes (100 and 30 % field capacity). Increasing K supply did not alleviate the effect of water deficit on the growth of two lines of pearl millet since additional amount of K in the growth medium had no effect on shoot dry mass, relative growth rate, plant leaf area, net assimilation rate, or leaf area ratio, although there was significant effect of drought stress on these variables. Soil moisture had a significant effect on net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency of both pearl millet lines, but there was no significant effect of varying K supply on these variables. In WCA-78 an ameliorative effect of increasing supply of K on P _N was observed under water deficit. Chlorophyll (Chl) a and b contents increased significantly in both lines with increase in K supply under well watered conditions, but under water deficit they increased only in ICMV-94133. Chl a/b ratios were reduced significantly in WCA-78 with increasing K supply under both watering regimes, but by contrast, in ICMV-94133 this variable was decreased only under water stress. Leaf water potential and osmotic potential of both lines decreased significantly with the imposition of drought. Leaf pressure potential in both lines increased with increase in K supply under water stress. Contents of total free amino acids in the leaves of both pearl millet lines increased significantly with increase in K supply under water stress. Potassium supply had no effect on leaf soluble sugars or soluble proteins. Considerable osmotic adjustment occurred in pearl millet plants experiencing water deficit under high K supply.