三峡成库后香溪河库湾底栖动物群落演变及库湾纵向分区格局动态

水库生态系统演替是水库生态学研究及水库管理过程中都比较关注的问题。三峡水库自2003年6月成库以来,有关水库生态系统演替的研究却鲜见报道。以三峡水库香溪河库湾底栖动物为研究对象,分析了自2003年8月—2010年7月3个不同蓄水阶段底栖动物群落的演变状况,并对库湾纵向分区格局的动态变化进行了探讨。结果表明,水库蓄水后,摇蚊科和颤蚓科成为第一批定殖者,并以摇蚊科为主;随后,颤蚓科中的霍甫水丝蚓逐渐成为优势类群;直到2004年4月仙女虫科的肥满仙女虫与霍甫水丝蚓共同主导群落。一期蓄水后约1a,底栖动物密度和物种数呈现出明显的增长趋势,空间上呈现出"中间高、两头低"的格局。库湾总体密度于2006年4月达到最高值,高达24146个/m2。二期蓄水导致底栖动物总密度显著降低,而三期蓄水后则变化相对较小。随着时间的增长,库湾底栖动物偶见种出现的频率逐渐降低,群落逐渐趋于稳定。基于TWINSPAN(two-way indicator species analysis)的分析,一期蓄水后期,香溪河库湾纵向上底栖动物群落结构呈现出稳定的分区格局,库湾中部区域呈现出相同的群落类型,无季节变化;而自二期蓄水开始,库湾纵向上大部分样点的群落类型发生改变,表明二期蓄水的干扰较强;之后呈现出季节性波动,此种格局与水位的季节波动相关联,表明三峡水库底栖动物逐渐适应水库周期性的调度,群落结构呈现稳定的季节性周期波动。     

鹤地水库浮游植物群落的结构与动态

鹤地水库位于雷州半岛北部(21°42'～22°22'N,109°54'～110°25'E),是一座中营养化的大型水库.为了研究其浮游植物群落的结构与变化特点,在水库设置5个采样点,并于2003年2、7、9、12月对其采样.鹤地水库浮游植物生物量变化为O.156～2.548 mg L~(-1),主要由蓝藻和硅藻组成.5个采样点的浮游植物生物量具有明显的季节变化,且变化趋势相同,即丰水期的生物量高于枯水期,主要是由于丰水期水温较高以及入库河水带入的营养盐.5个采样点的浮游植物生物量从主要入库河流至大坝区呈下降趋势,与磷浓度的降低直接相关.浮游植物优势种主要以热带代表性种类为主,且有明显的季节变化,枯水期主要为硅藻的根管藻(Rhizosolenia sp.)、小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)以及模糊直链藻(Melosira ambigua)等.丰水期为蓝藻的拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)、湖泊假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena limnetica)等,浮游植物优势种类的变化主要受磷浓度的影响.浮游植物前8个优势种的生物量占浮游植物群落生物量的850%～92%,显著低于温带地区浮游植物群落结构稳定的湖泊.     

Temporal Coherence of Chlorophyll a during a Spring Phytoplankton Bloom in Xiangxi Bay of Three‐Gorges Reservoir,China

Algal bloom phenomenon was defined as “the rapid growth of one or more phytoplankton species which leads to a rapid increase in the biomass of phytoplankton”, yet most estimates of temporal coherence are based on yearly or monthly sampling frequencies and little is known of how synchrony varies among phytoplankton or of the causes of temporal coherence during spring algal bloom. In this study, data of chlorophyll a and related environmental parameters were weekly gathered at 15 sampling sites in Xiangxi Bay of Three‐Gorges Reservoir (TGR, China) to evaluate patterns of temporal coherence for phytoplankton during spring bloom and test if spatial heterogeneity of nutrient and inorganic suspended particles within a single ecosystem influences synchrony of spring phytoplankton dynamics. There is a clear spatial and temporal variation in chlorophyll a across Xiangxi Bay. The degree of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a between pairs of sites located in Xiangxi Bay ranged from –0.367 to 0.952 with mean and median values of 0.349 and 0.321, respectively. Low levels of temporal coherence were often detected among the three stretches of the bay (Down reach, middle reach and upper reach), while high levels of temporal coherence were often found within the same reach of the bay. The relative difference of DIN between pair sites was the strong predictor of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a in down and middle reach of the bay, while the relative difference in Anorganic Suspended Solids was the important factor regulating temporal coherence in middle and upper reach. Contrary to many studies, these results illustrate that, in a small geographic area (a single reservoir bay of approximately 25 km), spatial heterogeneity influence synchrony of phytoplankton dynamics during spring bloom and local processes may override the effects of regional processes or dispersal. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

生境片段化对千岛湖马尾松林内土壤种子库的影响

土壤种子库是森林群落更新的主要来源之一,对森林的演替和恢复等具有重要意义。生境片段化现象正日益严重地影响着森林群落,并可影响森林土壤种子库。研究了千岛湖地区的大陆及岛屿次生马尾松林内土壤种子库的组成及其影响因素(e.g.,岛屿面积,形状指数,隔离度和距岛屿边缘距离等)。根据大陆和岛屿的面积及边缘梯度,采用大数量小样方法,分别在土壤种子库最大化(初冬,2015年12月)和最小化(晚春,2016年4月)时期对马尾松林内土壤进行了机械取样。对土壤样品进行萌发实验,检测了两个时期的土壤种子库上层(0—2 cm)和下层(2—5 cm)种子组成,并通过广义线性混合效应模型等手段分析其影响因素。结果显示:(1)所有316个土壤样本中,萌发出幼苗1422株,隶属于29科、40属、41种。其中,木本植物幼苗占13种1024株,草本占28种398株。(2)Jaccard指数和相关性分析均显示初冬、晚春时期的土壤种子库组成具有很高的相似性;土壤种子库上、下层组成的相似性也很高。(3)广义线性混合效应模型分析显示,在大陆和岛屿上,土壤种子库下层种子含量低于上层;而大陆样地土壤种子库中的木本植物种子数较岛屿样地高。岛屿上,土壤种子库中的种子数随土层的加深而降低;随边缘梯度升高也下降,尤其是草本植物的种子。对于岛屿上的木本植物,不耐阴种的种子数量远大于耐阴种,尤其是土壤下层。表明千岛湖地区马尾松林内土壤种子库组成受到生境片段化的影响,进而可能作用于该类型森林群落的演替。     

Disturbance‐induced changes in a high‐alpine cushionfield community,south‐central New Zealand

Long‐term effects of two nearby disturbances, mechanical blading 34 years ago and an approximately century‐old sheep graveyard, in high‐alpine cushionfield share certain vegetation features despite their contrasting soil nutrient status. Secondary succession following blading has continued beyond that recorded over the first 24 years with continued trends towards the adjacent undisturbed cushionfield: increased cover of several cushion species and the lichen Cetraria islandica ssp. antarctica. Several mid‐seral species remain prominent while bare soil and stone pavement continue to decrease. Additional shelter, facilitated by tall snow tussocks planted locally at near‐natural density on part of the bladed site, allowed establishment of some larger, thin‐leaved species. Soil factors remain little affected by the mechanical disturbance compared with the general enrichment persisting at the graveyard. Here three small indigenous grasses, which dominated 50 years earlier (Trisetum spicatum, Agrostis muelleriana, Poa colensoi), remain prominent among the relatively diverse community (50 species, including several calciphilic lichens on the degrading bones). By contrast, frequency of the cushionfield dominant, Dracophyllum muscoides and the lichen Alectoria nigricans, are negatively correlated with the presence of bones. The post‐disturbance temporal community changes are assessed in the context of the initial productivity of the habitat, competitive exclusion and the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.     

浙江天童森林公园植物群落演替对土壤物理性质的影响

对浙江宁波天童森林公园内的裸地、灌丛、马尾松林、马尾松木荷林、木荷林、栲树木荷林和栲树林等演替阶段土壤物理性质进行了比较分析。结果表明,尽管由于样地坡度和母质等因素的影响,演替群落土壤呈现趋砂性特征,但植物群落进展演替能明显降低土壤容重,阔叶林群落减少的幅度更显著;同时,演替能提高土壤空隙度;土壤含水量、土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量在演替过程中的增长趋势明显;土壤固相率减少,气相率增大。因此,植物群落进展演替能明显降低土壤紧实性,改善土壤通气性及持水性能,呈现出与土壤质地效应相反的变化趋势,促进了土壤肥力的发挥。而土壤物理性质的改善,也有利于群落物种更替和演替进程     

热带调水水库春季浮游植物群落的结构与动态

于2005年1-6月,对南亚热带调水水库—大镜山水库的水文、营养盐(N、P)和浮游植物进行了调查研究。共检测到浮游植物76种;浮游植物总的细胞数量在4.925×106-63.65×106cellsL-1之间,浮游植物的总生物量在1.632-20.420mgL-1之间。假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena sp.)是主要优势藻,但是早春(1-3月)假鱼腥藻和肘状针杆藻(Synedraulna)共同成为优势藻。浮游植物细胞的丰度晚春(4-6月)比早春的要高,但是生物量却比早春的低。在水文过程与其它水库有一定差别的典型调水水库,水温是引起浮游植物种类组成变化的主要原因。浮游植物组成与动态是受入库营养盐和水动力学的变化所影响的。     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林演替过程的凋落物现存量

凋落物现存量是土壤表层的死有机物质,由尚未分解、半分解和已分解的凋落物组成,它是森林生态系统腐屑食物链的起点,有机碳和营养元素的储库,为生态系统的运转过程提供物质和能量［３,９］;同时,它也能创造幼苗定居环境的异质性［８］。因此,研究演替过程凋落物现...     

大伙房水库细菌群落结构及其环境驱动因子研究

为了解大伙房水库生态功能特性和有效改善其水环境质量,2015年5月至2016年4月,在大伙房水库布点采集水样,应用高通量测序技术结合典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)方法,在为期1年的时间内,研究了该水库4个季节细菌的群落结构及其多样性差异与水体环境因子之间的变化...     

广西大青山次生林的群落特征及主要乔木种群的空间分布格局

本文依托广西友谊关森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站在大青山设置的1 ha长期监测样地, 分析了森林群落的物种组成、区系特征及乔木种群的径级结构, 并用点格局分析方法的O-ring统计对主要乔木植物种群的空间分布格局及其空间关联性进行了研究, 旨在深入探讨该区域次生林的物种多样性特点及其维持机制, 分析影响优势树种空间分布格局的可能因素。大青山次生林共调查到植物109种, 其中乔木58种、灌木29种、草本22种, 樟科为样地内物种最丰富的科, 区系组成以泛热带成分为主; 乔木树种的径级结构接近倒“J”形, 主要种群的个体集中分布于中小径级范围(1-5 cm), 林分结构合理, 更新良好。从物种多度、胸高断面积和重要值来看, 大叶栎(Quercus griffithii)和锈毛梭子果(Eberhardtia aurata)是群落中的共优种, 其个体数占总个体数的30.8%, 鸭公树(Neolitsea chuii)、广东琼楠(Beilschmiedia fordii)和尖连蕊茶(Camellia cuspidata)为群落的主要伴生树种。用完全随机模型不排除生境异质性的条件下, 主要种群多数呈聚集分布; 用异质性随机模型排除生境异质性的条件下, 主要种群的聚集程度显著下降, 仅在小尺度上呈聚集分布; 主要树种均在一定尺度上表现为两两间正相关, 且在0-50 m的大部分尺度上显示出相互独立的特点, 没有表现出负相关。     

Three‐dimensional intravital imaging in bone research

Intravital imaging has emerged as a novel and efficient tool for visualization of in situ dynamics of cellular behaviors and cell‐microenvironment interactions in live animals, based on desirable microscopy techniques featuring high resolutions, deep imaging and low phototoxicity. Intravital imaging, especially based on multi‐photon microscopy, has been used in bone research for dynamics visualization of a variety of physiological and pathological events at the cellular level, such as bone remodeling, hematopoiesis, immune responses and cancer development, thus, providing guidance for elucidating novel cellular mechanisms in bone biology as well as guidance for new therapies. This review is aimed at interpreting development and advantages of intravital imaging in bone research, and related representative discoveries concerning bone matrices, vessels, and various cells types involved in bone physiologies and pathologies. Finally, current limitations, further refinement, and extended application of intravital imaging in bone research are concluded.      

Spatial Distribution of Macroinvertebrate Community along a Longitudinal Gradient in a Eutrophic Reservoir‐Bay during Different Impoundment Stages,China

The longitudinal patterns of the macroinvertebrate community in the Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) were investigated during the second (2nd) and third (3rd) impoundment stages (October 2006–July 2010), to test the effects of increased water level fluctuations (WLF) on the macroinvertebrates. By comparing to the former reports of the first (1st) impoundment stage (inter‐annual WLF 4 m), we found that oligochaetes dominated in three different stages in the Xiangxi Bay. However, the total abundance of macroinvertebrates showed a dramatical decline from the 1st to 2nd stage (inter‐annual WLF 11 m), but changed slightly from the 2nd to 3rd stage (inter‐annual WLF 30 m). This indicated that higher WLF in the 2nd stage had already greatly reduced the macroinvertebrates abundance, thereby the disturbance in the 3rd stage could only slightly affect the already reduced abundance. Three longitudinal zones (the mainstream zone, the lacustrine zone and the transitional zone) were found based on the macroinvertebrate density, biomass, and taxa richness, combined with the geographical location of each site. Significant differences in density and biomass of macroinvertebrate were found among different zones (P < 0.05), yet no significant difference was found in taxa richness (P > 0.05). Two‐way indicator species analysis showed that the community type in most sites varied in different seasons from the 2nd stage, exhibiting a dynamic zonation pattern, which differed with the stable pattern of the 1st stage. This seasonal feature was coupled to the seasonal changes of the WLF. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

DNA metabarcoding reveals that 200‐μm‐size‐fractionated filtering is unable to discriminate between planktonic microbial and large eukaryotes

Microeukaryotic plankton (0.2–200 μm) are critical components of aquatic ecosystems and key players in global ecological processes. High‐throughput sequencing is currently revolutionizing their study on an unprecedented scale. However, it is currently unclear whether we can accurately, effectively and quantitatively depict the microeukaryotic plankton communities using traditional size‐fractionated filtering combined with molecular methods. To address this, we analysed the eukaryotic plankton communities both with, and without, prefiltering with a 200 μm pore‐size sieve –by using SSU rDNA‐based high‐throughput sequencing on 16 samples with three replicates in each sample from two subtropical reservoirs sampled from January to October in 2013. We found that ~25% reads were classified as metazoan in both size groups. The species richness, alpha and beta diversity of plankton community and relative abundance of reads in 99.2% eukaryotic OTUs showed no significant changes after prefiltering with a 200 μm pore‐size sieve. We further found that both >0.2 μm and 0.2–200 μm eukaryotic plankton communities, especially the abundant plankton subcommunities, exhibited very similar, and synchronous, spatiotemporal patterns and processes associated with almost identical environmental drivers. The lack of an effect on community structure from prefiltering suggests that environmental DNA from larger metazoa is introduced into the smaller size class. Therefore, size‐fractionated filtering with 200 μm is insufficient to discriminate between the eukaryotic plankton size groups in metabarcoding approaches. Our results also highlight the importance of sequencing depth, and strict quality filtering of reads, when designing studies to characterize microeukaryotic plankton communities.     

Community biomass of abandoned farmland and its effects on soil nutrition in the Loess hilly region of Northern Shaanxi, China

In order to have a basic knowledge of revegetation, one needs to deepen his understanding of the interactive effects of vegetation and soil. In this article, aboveground biomass, soil nutrients and moisture of 36 old-fields with different abandonment ages (from 2 to 45 years after abandonment), aboveground biomass of 4 typical old-fields, and growth characteristics of 7 predominant old-field species were measured. Changing pace, trend and relationship of community aboveground biomass and soil nutrition during the secondary succession were evaluated; effects of soil nutrition on community aboveground biomass were analyzed using multivariable analysis and pathway analysis, and effects of aboveground biomass on soil nutrition were further discussed. The results show that: (1) Soil nutrients, including organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, active phosphorus and active potassium, have the same changing pace and trends as the aboveground biomass. In the process of secondary succession, both the soil nutrition and the community aboveground biomass decreased in the earlier abandonment stage of succession and then increased subsequently. (2) On the basis of the correlation of soil nutrients and abandonment ages, effects of vegetation on 0–20 cm organic matter, active phosphorus, 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm nitrate nitrogen nutrition are significant, while on the basis of the correlation of soil nutrition and aboveground biomass, no significant effects were observed. Hereinbefore, aboveground biomass accounts for only a part of vegetation-soil nutrition effects. The effects of biomass on organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, active potassium and phosphorous are positive, whereas for ammonium nitrogen it is negative. (3) Abandonment ages, total nitrogen, total potassium, active potassium and soil moisture fluctuation have direct positive effects on the aboveground biomass of old-field communities; abandonment and soil moisture fluctuation have lager effects. Each ingredient of soil nutrition has relatively small effect, among which total nitrogen has larger effects than total and active potassium. The changes in aboveground biomass of old-field communities during succession are caused mainly by the changes in coverage and ecological characteristics of community species (the relatively larger direct effects of abandonment ages), and secondly by the soil moisture fluctuation (the relative smaller indirect effect of abandonment ages through soil moisture). (4) As a dependent variable, belowground biomass approaches power function of soil depth and declines in deeper layer. The root/shoot ratio of communities tends to increase in later succession stages, which also has an increasing tendency. These may influence the accumulation of biomass and decomposition of organic matter, and the vegetation-soil effects may be different.     

Community biomass of abandoned farmland and its effects on soil nutrition in the Loess hilly region of Northern Shaanxi, China

In order to have a basic knowledge of revegetation, one needs to deepen his understanding of the interactive effects of vegetation and soil. In this article, aboveground biomass, soil nutrients and moisture of 36 old-fields with different abandonment ages (from 2 to 45 years after abandonment), aboveground biomass of 4 typical old-fields, and growth characteristics of 7 predominant old-field species were measured. Changing pace, trend and relationship of community aboveground biomass and soil nutrition during the secondary succession were evaluated; effects of soil nutrition on community aboveground biomass were analyzed using multivariable analysis and pathway analysis, and effects of aboveground biomass on soil nutrition were further discussed. The results show that: (1) Soil nutrients, including organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, active phosphorus and active potassium, have the same changing pace and trends as the aboveground biomass. In the process of secondary succession, both the soil nutrition and the community aboveground biomass decreased in the earlier abandonment stage of succession and then increased subsequently. (2) On the basis of the correlation of soil nutrients and abandonment ages, effects of vegetation on 0–20 cm organic matter, active phosphorus, 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm nitrate nitrogen nutrition are significant, while on the basis of the correlation of soil nutrition and aboveground biomass, no significant effects were observed. Hereinbefore, aboveground biomass accounts for only a part of vegetation-soil nutrition effects. The effects of biomass on organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, active potassium and phosphorous are positive, whereas for ammonium nitrogen it is negative. (3) Abandonment ages, total nitrogen, total potassium, active potassium and soil moisture fluctuation have direct positive effects on the aboveground biomass of old-field communities; abandonment and soil moisture fluctuation have lager effects. Each ingredient of soil nutrition has relatively small effect, among which total nitrogen has larger effects than total and active potassium. The changes in aboveground biomass of old-field communities during succession are caused mainly by the changes in coverage and ecological characteristics of community species (the relatively larger direct effects of abandonment ages), and secondly by the soil moisture fluctuation (the relative smaller indirect effect of abandonment ages through soil moisture). (4) As a dependent variable, belowground biomass approaches power function of soil depth and declines in deeper layer. The root/shoot ratio of communities tends to increase in later succession stages, which also has an increasing tendency. These may influence the accumulation of biomass and decomposition of organic matter, and the vegetation-soil effects may be different.     

The Structure of a Macroinvertebrate Community in a Northern German Lake Outlet (Lake Belau,Schleswig-Holstein) with Special Emphasis on Abundance,Biomass and Secondary Production

The structure of macroinvertebrate communities was studied at I I sampling sites of the outlet of Lake Belau in the lowlands of northern Germany. To describe the structures of macrobenthic animal communities three different units were examined: abundance, biomass, and secondary production. 112 taxa were collected from the entire stream. The numbers of species ranged from 31 (fine sand) to 70 (submerged macrophytes). For the stream, average macroinvertebrate density was 18.400 ind. M⁻¹. Density was highest at the macrophytes amounting to 35,630 individuals per m², and lowest in the pure sand with only 3,900 ind. M⁻². Average biomass (dry mass) was 194 g DM m⁻² varying from 9.8 (peat) to 381 g DM m⁻² (gravel with mollusk shells near the upstream lake). For the stream, average annual production was 129 g DM m⁻² varying from 15 (peat) to 286 g DM m⁻² (macrophytes). The highest values for each unit were found in stream sections with gravel and submerged macrophytes. Lower values occured in sections that contained peat and sand. Usually, a single structure of the macroinvertebrate community was dominated by less than ten taxa, which varied at each sampling site depending on the units observed.     

Water Stratification Affects the Microeukaryotic Community in a Subtropical Deep Reservoir

Producers, consumers, and decomposers are the three key functional groups that form the basis of all ecosystems. But, little is known about how these functional groups coexist with each other in aquatic environments, particularly in subtropical reservoirs. In this study, we describe the nature of microeukaryotic communities in a subtropical deep reservoir during the strongly stratified period. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis gel band sequencing, pyrosequencing, and light microscopy were used together to facilitate an in‐depth investigation of the community structure of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fungi. Our results showed that thermal and oxygen stratification shaped the composition of the phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fungi populations in the reservoir. Stratification was evident among ecological functional groups in autumn: producers and consumers were overwhelmingly dominant in the epilimnion characterized by high temperatures and oxygen levels, whereas decomposers were inclined to inhabit the hypolimnion. These results contribute to our understanding of the relationship of ecosystem functional groups in the man‐made aquatic systems and have important practical implications for reservoir management. Results suggest that the strategies for the control of eutrophication and harmful algal bloom prevention should focus on a fuller understanding of the consequences of both thermal stratification and vertical distribution of microplankton.     

Macroinvertebrate community structure,secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics in urban streams affected by non‐point‐source pollution

1. Despite non‐point‐source (NPS) pollution being perhaps the most ubiquitous stressor affecting urban streams, there is a lack of research assessing how urban NPS pollution affects stream ecosystems. We used a natural experimental design approach to assess how stream macroinvertebrate community structure, secondary production and trophic structure are influenced by urban NPS pollution in six streams. 2. Differences in macroinvertebrate community structure and secondary production among sites were highly correlated with stream‐water specific conductivity and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations. Macroinvertebrate richness, the Shannon diversity index and the Shannon evenness index were all negatively correlated with specific conductivity. These patterns were driven by differences in the richness and production of EPT and other intolerant taxa. Production of the five most productive taxa, tolerant taxa, non‐insect taxa and primary consumers were all positively correlated with stream‐water DIP. 3. Despite the positive correlation between primary consumer production and DIP, there was no correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and either total or primary consumer macroinvertebrate production. This was observed because DIP was positively correlated with the production of non‐insect macroinvertebrate taxa assumed to be relatively unavailable for macroinvertebrate predator consumption. After removing production of these taxa, we observed a strong positive correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and production of available prey. 4. Our results suggest that urban NPS pollution not only affects macroinvertebrate community structure, but also alters secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics. Differences in taxon production in our study indicate the potential for altered energy flow through stream food webs and potential effects on subsidies of aquatic insect prey to riparian food webs.