基因芯片在食品检测中的应用

基因芯片技术是近十几年来生命科学领域的一大发展,其应用越来越广泛。就该技术在转基因食品、食品中的微生物、食品原料、食品中营养成分检测中的应用做一全面的回顾,因其快速、准确、高通量的特点,今后必将成为食品检测的主要方法,促进食品检测的发展,提高食品的安全性,保证人类的健康。     

BIOLUMINESCENCE AND THE FOOD INDUSTRY

Bioluminescence has gained acceptance as a rapid technique for quickly assessing the cleanliness of food contact surfaces, and a variety of commercial systems are available. However, with advances in reagents and instrumentation and knowledge of the genetics of the light reaction, the potential of bioluminescence as a tool in food microbiology is only now beginning to be realized. This short review outlines the areas where this technology may have application in the future.     

食品微生物生长预测模型研究新进展

为了更好的了解食品微生物学预测模型的基本内容,探讨数学模型在预测微生物学中的作用,达到提高食品卫生检测效率,保证食品质量安全的目的,本文以文献综述形式,简要概述了预测微生物学一级、二级和三级模型的含义与内容。并在此基础上,着重介绍了全球范围内已经成功推广使用的多种三级模型,阐述了它们的研究背景、研究进展、使用方法,分析了各种模型存在的优缺点,可为实际应用中选择合适的模型提供参考。在比较使用不同种类模型后,发现Baranyi＆Roberts、响应面和ComBase模型在各级模型中具有更好的使用价值。     

食品微生物生长预测模型研究新进展

为了更好的了解食品微生物学预测模型的基本内容, 探讨数学模型在预测微生物学中的作用, 达到提高食品卫生检测效率, 保证食品质量安全的目的, 本文以文献综述形式, 简要概述了预测微生物学一级、二级和三级模型的含义与内容。并在此基础上, 着重介绍了全球范围内已经成功推广使用的多种三级模型, 阐述了它们的研究背景、研究进展、使用方法, 分析了各种模型存在的优缺点, 可为实际应用中选择合适的模型提供参考。在比较使用不同种类模型后, 发现Baranyi & Roberts、响应面和ComBase模型在各级模型中具有更好的使用价值。     

RAPD AS A RAPID METHOD FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE TESTING IN THE FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY

The application of RAPD as a rapid tool for quality assurance testing in the food microbiology laboratory is discussed in this paper, using Vibrio cholerae as a specific case study. Nine V. cholerae strains isolated during a one month period from environmental, seafood and shellfish samples were typed using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Using this technique, distinct DNA fingerprint patterns were generated for all 9 strains tested. A particular 80% GC-content RAPD primer, VC80-10, was evaluated for its possible use in the differentiation among V. cholerae strains. Although the results presented are only very preliminary observations, it is shown that it is possible to use RAPD as an additional tool for quality assurance testing in the food microbiology laboratory, albeit only in a rather limited capacity.     

Flow cytometry applications in the food industry

Flow cytometry has become a valuable tool in food microbiology. By analysing large numbers of cells individually using light-scattering and fluorescence measurements, this technique reveals both cellular characteristics and the levels of cellular components. Flow cytometry has been developed to rapidly enumerate microorganisms; to distinguish between viable, metabolically active and dead cells, which is of great importance in food development and food spoilage; and to detect specific pathogenic microorganisms by conjugating antibodies with fluorochromes, which is of great use in the food industry. In addition, high-speed multiparametric data acquisition, analysis and cell sorting, which allow other characteristics of individual cells to be studied, have increased the interest of food microbiologists in this technique. This mini-review gives an overview of the principles of flow cytometry and examples of the application of this technique in the food industry.     

Screening of the human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene promoter polymorphisms by PCR-DGGE analysis.

We have designed a new PCR-DGGE technique that enables detection of base changes in the TNF-alpha gene promoter. Screening of 130 samples from Spanish children has shown that this technique accurately detects the altered band patterns induced by the presence of the polymorphisms at positions -376, -308, -238 and -163 of the promoter sequence. Although further analysis are needed to fully characterise the alterations detected, we believe that this PCR-DGGE technique is a rapid and sensitive first approach to the genetic characterisation of the TNF-alpha promoter.     

High-Throughput Sequencing and Metagenomics: Moving Forward in the Culture-Independent Analysis of Food Microbial Ecology

Following recent trends in environmental microbiology, food microbiology has benefited from the advances in molecular biology and adopted novel strategies to detect, identify, and monitor microbes in food. An in-depth study of the microbial diversity in food can now be achieved by using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) approaches after direct nucleic acid extraction from the sample to be studied. In this review, the workflow of applying culture-independent HTS to food matrices is described. The current scenario and future perspectives of HTS uses to study food microbiota are presented, and the decision-making process leading to the best choice of working conditions to fulfill the specific needs of food research is described.     

Electrical/electrochemical impedance for rapid detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria

The realization of rapid, sensitive, and specific methods to detect foodborne pathogenic bacteria is central to implementing effective practice to ensure food safety and security. As a principle of transduction, the impedance technique has been applied in the field of microbiology as a means to detect and/or quantify foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The integration of impedance with biological recognition technology for detection of bacteria has led to the development of impedance biosensors that are finding wide-spread use in the recent years. This paper reviews the progress and applications of impedance microbiology for foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection, particularly the new aspects that have been added to this subject in the past few years, including the use of interdigitated microelectrodes, the development of chip-based impedance microbiology, and the use of equivalent circuits for analysis of the impedance systems. This paper also reviews the significant developments of impedance biosensors for bacteria detection in the past 5 years, focusing on microfabricated microelectrodes-based and microfluidic-based Faradaic electrochemical impedance biosensors, non-Faradaic impedance biosensors, and the integration of impedance biosensors with other techniques such as dielectrophoresis and electropermeabilization.     

The use of multiplex PCR to detect and differentiate food- and beverage-associated microorganisms: a review

Regarding food safety, rapid detection of microbial species is crucial to develop effective preventive and/or adjustment measures. Classical methods for determining the presence of certain species are time-consuming and labor-intensive, hence, molecular methods, which offer speed, sensitivity and specificity, have been developed to address this problem. Multiplex PCR (MPCR) is widely applied in the various fields of microbiology for the rapid differentiation of microbial species without compromising accuracy. This paper describes the method and reports on the state-of-the-art application of this technique to the identification of microorganisms vehiculated with foods and beverages. The identification of both pathogens and probiotics and the species important for food fermentation or deterioration will be discussed. Applications of MPCR in combination with other techniques are also reviewed. Potentials, pitfalls, limitations and future prospects are summarised.     

应用型本科院校食品微生物学双语教学的探讨

双语教学有利于促进教育与国际接轨,对于促进学科与学术前沿融合具有重要的意义,作为我国高等教育的新生力量——应用型本科院校,有必要实施食品微生物学双语教学。分析了应用型本科院校食品微生物学实施双语教学的必要性,并对其可行性提出了自己的见解。     

Adaptations in bacterial catabolic enzyme activity and community structure in membrane-coupled bioreactors fed simple synthetic wastewater

Membrane-coupled bioreactors (MBRs) offer substantial benefits compared to conventional reactor designs for biological wastewater treatment. MBR treatment efficiency, however, has not been optimized because the effects of the MBR on process microbiology are poorly understood. In this study, the structure and function of the microbial communities growing in MBRs fed simple synthetic wastewater were investigated. In four starch-fed MBRs, the bacterial community substantially increased its alpha-glucosidase affinity (>1000-fold), while the leucine aminopeptidase and heptanoate esterase affinities increased slightly (<40-fold) or remained relatively constant. Concomitant to these physiological adaptations, shifts in the bacterial community structure in two of the starch-fed MBRs were detected by PCR-DGGE. Four of the bacterial populations detected by PCR-DGGE were isolated and exhibited specific growth rates in batch culture ranging from 0.009 to 0.22 h(-1). Our results suggest that bacterial communities growing under increasingly stringent nutrient limitation adapt their enzyme activities primarily for the nutrients provided, but that there is also a more subtle response not linked to the substrates included in the feed medium. Our research also demonstrates that MBRs can support relatively complex bacterial communities even on simple feed media.     

Application of FISH technology for microbiological analysis: current state and prospects

In order to identify and quantify the microorganisms present in a certain ecosystem, it has become necessary to develop molecular methods avoiding cultivation, which allows to characterize only the countable part of the microorganisms in the sample, therefore losing the information related to the microbial component which presents a vitality condition, although it cannot duplicate in culture medium. In this context, one of the most used techniques is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with ribosomal RNA targeted oligonucleotide probes. Owing to its speed and sensitivity, this technique is considered a powerful tool for phylogenetic, ecological, diagnostic and environmental studies in microbiology. Through the use of species-specific probes, it is possible to identify different microorganisms in complex microbial communities, thus providing a solid support to the understanding of inter-species interaction. The knowledge of the composition and distribution of microorganisms in natural habitats can be interesting for ecological reasons in microbial ecology, and for safety and technological aspects in food microbiology. Methodological aspects, use of different probes and applications of FISH to microbial ecosystems are presented in this review.     

Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of bacterial community structure in the food,intestines, and feces of earthworms

The bacterial communities in the food, intestines, and feces of earthworms were investigated by PCR-denaturing Gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In this study, PCR-DGGE was optimized by testing 6 universal primer sets for microbial 16S rRNA in 6 pure culture strains of intestinal microbes in earthworms. One primer set effectively amplified 16S rRNA from bacterial populations that were found in the food, intestines, and feces of earthworms. Compared with the reference markers from the pure culture strains, the resulting DGGE profiles contained 28 unique DNA fragments. The dominant microorganisms in the food, intestines, and feces of earthworms included Rhodobacterales bacterium, Fusobacteria, Ferrimonas marina, Aeromonas popoffii, and soil bacteria. Other straisn, such as Acinetobacter, Clostridium, and Veillonella, as well as rumen bacteria and uncultured bacteria also were present. These results demonstrated that PCR-DGGE analysis can be used to elucidate bacterial diversity and identify unculturable microorganisms.     

食品工程类专业微生物学教学改革与实践

《微生物学》是食品科学类专业重要的专业基础课,课程组结合学校粮油食品学科传统特色专业,对食品微生物学教学内容、多媒体课件运用及实验教学等进行了改革。结果显示,改革后的课程教学组织方式有利于加强学生对理论知识的理解和应用,有利于提高学生的动手能力、创新能力和科学思维能力。     

基于专业人才能力提升的食品微生物检验学CDIO教学模式创新

为提升食品微生物检验学专业人才能力,培养行业发展需要的有竞争力的人才,以构思-设计-实施-操作(Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate,CDIO)教育理念为核心,对食品微生物检验学课程进行教学模式创新研究。结合行业实际需求以及高等教育人才培养目标,对食品微生物检验学教学理念思路转变、教学模式方法革新、实践教学引进科研项目、教学基地融入实践过程等方面进行了教学改革,并对考核评估体系进行了模式创新。实践证明,食品微生物检验学教学改革和考核模式创新收到了良好的教育效果,培养了符合社会发展的专业知识水平与综合能力素质双优的专业人才。以期为同行提供有效的专业改革理念,给同类高等教育工程技术人才培养和专业教学改革提供借鉴。     

食品微生物学实验教学过程中培养学生创新能力的实践与探索

对食品微生物学实验教学中的基础性实验、综合应用性实验、设计性实验等各层次的教学内容、教学手段、考核方式等进行改革和探索,创建适合培养广东海洋大学食品科学与工程、食品质量与安全专业学生的食品微生物学实验教学体系,对实验教学中遇到的难题提出了解决方法和思路,对提高学生动手能力,培养学生创新能力提供一些举措和思路。     

创新性综合实验在食品科学专业人才培养中应用

以培养学生综合素质为指导思想,针对传统实验教学中的不足,在食品微生物实验中建立新的实验教学体系,验证性实验改为连续综合性实验,逐步引入创新设计性实验。微生物学实验改革使学生的综合能力得到了良好的训练,同时提供了实践的平台,学生可以将自己的创意通过创新性综合实验付诸实施,培养了创新意识和综合实验能力,收到良好的教学效果。     

微生物学全英文教学的意义、问题以及促研促教的实践探索北大核心CSCD

微生物涉及人类生活的方方面面,微生物学是各类高校为生命科学、医学、药学、农业、林业、食品等有关专业开设的本科生必修专业基础课。在国际化和一流学科发展趋势下,全英文授课具有重要意义并越来越受到重视。本文旨在探讨在如今面向人类生命健康、强调学科交叉的时代,如何结合本学校专业优势,开展微生物学英文教学的课程改革,将微生物学与医药、农业、环境、健康等充分结合,力争做到以学促研、以学促教,打造出具有本学校特色的微生物学全英文课程,将有关实践探索与微生物学教学工作者进行交流。     

Oligonucleotide microarrays in microbial diagnostics

Oligonucleotide microarrays offer a fast, high-throughput alternative for the parallel detection of microbes from virtually any sample. The application potential spreads across most sectors of life sciences, including environmental microbiology and microbial ecology; human, veterinary, food and plant diagnostics; water quality control; industrial microbiology, and so on. The past two years have witnessed a rapid increase of research in this field. Many alternative techniques were developed and validated as seen in 'proof-of-concept' articles. Publications reporting on the application of oligonucleotide microarray technology for microbial diagnostics in microbiology driven projects have just started to appear. Current and future technical and bioinformatics developments will inevitably improve the potential of this technology further.