氯化胆碱对低温弱光下黄瓜幼苗叶片细胞膜和光合机构的保护作用

1.07mmol／L氯化胆碱处理降低了低温弱光（6℃．PFD100μmol m^-2s^-1）下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂组分中主要是磷脂酰甘油（PG）的饱和脂肪酸含量,增加了膜脂不饱和度：减缓了膜透性的下降、MDA的产生速率、叶绿素的降解及PSII最大量子效率（Fv/Fm）、捕光效率（Fv＇／Fm＇）、光化学猝灭系数（qp）、实际光化学效率（ФPSII）和抗氧化酶POD、APX及CAT活性的下降;提高了非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）和脯氨酸的含量。以上结果表明氯化胆碱处理保护了低温弱光对黄瓜叶片细胞膜和光合机构的伤害。     

不同光质对烟草叶片生长及光合作用的影响

通过对烟草植株覆盖白、红、黄、蓝、紫色滤膜获得不同光质,研究了光质对烟叶生长及光合作用的影响。结果表明,与白膜处理相比,红膜与蓝膜处理下的烟草叶片较厚,比叶面积较小,叶绿素a/b比值、净光合速率、可变荧光强度（Fv）和最大荧光强度（Fm）的比值Fv/Fm（PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率）、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光饱和点和CO2饱和点均较高。黄膜处理下的叶片较白膜处理的更薄,净光合速率、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、光饱和点、CO2饱和点均较低。紫膜处理的叶片比叶面积比白膜处理的小,净光合速率和Fv/Fm比白膜的大。实验结果表明红光、蓝光和紫光促进了烟叶的生长,这种促进作用是与其高光合效率紧密相连的;而黄光对烟叶的生长有一定程度的抑制作用。     

6-BA预处理对低温弱光胁迫下辣椒幼苗叶绿素a荧光参数和膜脂过氧化的

研究6-BA预处理对低温（15℃/5℃）弱光（100μmol·m^-2·s^-1）下辣椒品种‘湘研16号’幼苗叶片中叶绿素a荧光参数和膜脂过氧化影响。结果表明,0．08mmol·L^-16-BA减缓低温弱光下辣椒幼苗光系统II（PSII）最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSH实际光化学效率（ΦPSII）和PSII反应中心光能捕获效率（Fv’/Fm’）的下降以及叶片膜透性和丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量的增加,但是提高了超氧化物歧化酶（superoxidedismutase,SCD）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase,APX）的活性。     

硫对成熟期烤烟叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通通过液培试验,研究了硫浓度(0.01-32 mmol/L)对成熟期烤烟叶片叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,成熟期烤烟叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量随硫浓度的升高而逐渐增加,但各处理差异未达到显著水平。在2-32 mmol/L处理之间,烤烟叶片的有效量子产量（EQY）、最大量子产量（Fv/Fm）、光合电子传递速率（ETR）随硫浓度增加而降低,非光化学猝灭（NPQ）、非光化学过程中的基本量子产量（Fo/Fm）、PSⅡ水裂解端失活程度（Fo/Fv）和PSⅡ反应中心关闭程度（1-qP）随硫浓度增加而升高,2 mmol/L处理的质体醌库（Fv/2）低于4 mmol/L处理外,但其它处理的均随硫浓度升高而降低。0.01 mmol/L处理烤烟叶片的EQY、Fv/Fm和ETR低于2-8 mmol/L处理,但高于16 mmol/L和32 mmol/L处理,其NPQ、Fo/Fm、Fo/Fv和1-qP变化趋势则与之相反;0.01 mmol/L处理的Fv/2低于4 mmol/L处理的,但高于2 mmol/L及8-32 mmol/L处理;低硫处理烤烟EQY、Fv/Fm和ETR的降低可能不是由Fv/2引起的,而是由于1-qP升高引起的。但16 mmol/L和32 mmol/L处理Fv/Fm 、ETR、EQY降低可能是1-qP与 Fv/2共同作用的结果。     

干旱-复水对桂西北喀斯特地区青冈栎叶片光合能力、叶绿素荧光和显微结构的影响

为了探讨喀斯特地区适生种青冈栎幼苗对“干旱－复水”环境的适应机制,以当年生青冈栎实生苗为材料,通过盆栽控水试验,研究了4 种土壤干旱胁迫强度[对照（–0.1 MPa）、轻度干旱（–0.5 MPa））、中度干旱（–0.9 MPa）和重度干旱（–1.5 MPa）]及复水处理对叶片的水分状况、光合、叶绿素荧光和解剖结构参数的影响。结果表明：（1）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片相对含水率、水势、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2浓度（Ci）均显著降低,而气孔限制值（Ls）显著增加;轻度胁迫下各光合参数以及轻中度胁迫下瞬时水分利用效率（WUE）均不受显著影响。复水后,各干旱处理叶片水分参数、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、WUE均比复水前提高,Ls比复水前降低;轻度胁迫复水后叶片水分和光合参数均优于对照,中度胁迫仅Ls未恢复到对照,重度胁迫复水后叶片水分和光合参数均未恢复。（2）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片初始荧光（Fo）显著增加,而最大荧光（Fm）、最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）和潜在光化学效率（Fv/Fo）均显著下降,且在轻度胁迫下均与对照显著差异。复水后,各干旱胁迫Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo比复水前提高,而Fo均略低于复水前,轻度胁迫复水后各叶绿素荧光参数均恢复到或优于对照,中度和重度胁迫复水后Fo未恢复到对照,且重度胁迫复水后Fv /Fm仅为0.75。（3）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片厚度、上下表皮厚度、气孔密度、主脉导管直径均显著增加,叶片气孔器长度、宽度、开口面积、海绵组织厚度均显著降低,而栅栏组织厚度、栅海比和主脉厚度均表现为中度＞轻度＞对照＞重度。复水后,仅各干旱胁迫处理的气孔开口面积和主脉厚度比复水前显著提高;轻度胁迫复水后叶片结构参数也均恢复到或优于对照,中度胁迫复水后气孔开口面积仍显著低于对照,重度胁迫复水后气孔开口未能恢复打开,主脉厚度也低于对照。因此,青冈栎幼苗有耐旱性和旱后恢复能力,适合作为喀斯特地区的生态恢复树种,但在青冈栎幼苗抚育阶段应免受中度以上干旱胁迫（–0.9 MPa）,以利于其旱后恢复生长。     

温度对绿豆离体叶片光合作用的影响

绿豆离体叶片分别经25、30、35、40、45、50、55℃处理60 min后,发现净光合速率和光系统Ⅱ的最大量子效率(Fv/Fm)当温度分别高于35和40℃时明显下降;细胞间隙CO2浓度的变化趋势与净光合速率的基本相反.因此认为,Fv/Fm比净光合速率(Pn)更能耐受高温;气孔因素不是各种温度处理中净光合速率升高或降低的主要原因.     

转TPSP融合基因小麦的耐旱相关特性

在获得转TPSP基因小麦纯合株系的基础上,对3个转基因株系的耐旱相关生理特性进行了分析。脯氨酸含量测定显示,干旱胁迫过程中小麦叶片中脯氨酸含量逐渐增加,且3个转基因株系叶片中脯氨酸的积累速度和积累量均显著高于非转基因对照;叶绿素荧光参数测定显示,3个转基因株系的Fv/Fm值在胁迫过程中均略高于非转基因对照,转基因株系4-4-4的Fv/Fo值显著高于非转基因对照,表明转基因株系在水分胁迫条件下光合系统II（PSII）的光合效率有所增强;转基因小麦耐旱性鉴定显示：模拟干旱胁迫100h时对照小麦叶片几乎全部萎蔫,而3个转基因株系均表现出较强的耐旱性;复水24h后转基因株系4-9-1、4-4-4和30-1-2的叶片黄化率分别为25.2%、23.3%和27.6%,显著低于非转基因对照（48.8%）。上述研究结果表明转TPSP基因小麦具有较强的耐旱能力,为转基因材料进一步应用于小麦抗旱育种提供了依据。     

短暂低温对佛手光合生理的影响

佛手(Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis Swingle)是一种对冷胁迫较为敏感的观果植物,在生产中普遍存在着冷害影响植物生长的现象.通过模拟浙中地区冬季设施种植中常见的短暂低温弱光条件,研究了佛手叶片的光合生理变化.研究表明,15℃低温即显著降低佛手光合速率、气孔导度,显著提高胞间CO2浓度;引起Fv/Fm显著性下降及初始荧光Fo显著上升的拐点温度为10℃,但延长处理时间至72h情况下,15℃亦显著降低Fv/Fm;低温处理还降低佛手光合羧化效率、最大光合速率,并导致光抑制现象发生时对应光强降低;低温条件下佛手叶片质膜透性及MDA含量高于对照,SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化酶的活性则呈下降趋势;由此可见,短暂低温弱光胁迫首先是降低核酮糖1, 5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)等碳固定关键酶活性,引起氧自由基积聚,进而引发光抑制及光合速率的下降.     

8种阔叶树种叶片气体交换特征和叶绿素荧光特性比较

在自然条件下,测定了8种阔叶树种叶片的气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数并对其进行比较.结果表明,8种阔叶树种紫玉兰、广玉兰、玉兰、美人梅、铁杆梅、腊梅、红碧桃和紫薇的叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（gs）、瞬时水分利用效率（WUE）和潜在水分利用效率（WUEi）的种间差异达极显著水平（p〈0.01）,指示了不同树种间的光合能力及水分利用能力差别较大.8种阔叶树种叶片的初始荧光（Fo）、可变荧光（Fv）、最大荧光（Fm）和PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（ФPSⅡ）的种间差异极为显著（p〈0.01）,PSⅡ最大光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）、可变荧光与初始荧光之比（Fv/Fo）和非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）的种间差异也达显著水平（p〈0.05）,说明各树种叶片的PSⅡ原初光能转换效率和潜在活性、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率以及PSⅡ的潜在热耗散能力差别较大,而实际光下最大荧光（F′m）和PSⅡ光能捕获效率（F′v/F′m）的种间差异不显著.3种木兰科植物的Pn、Tr、WUE和WUEi平均值均高于3种蔷薇科植物,说明木兰科植物的光合能力较强,对吸收的光能和水分的利用较高.蔷薇科植物的Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ФPSⅡ、F′v/F′m和光化学猝灭系数（qp）平均值均高于木兰科植物,而木兰科植物NPQ较高,表明其PSⅡ的潜在热耗散能力较强,可有效地避免过剩光能对光合机构的损伤.研究还表明3种木兰科植物和3种蔷薇科植物之间的叶绿素荧光参数差异不大,说明同一科属植物叶片的光合能力较为相近.相关分析表明,8种阔叶树种叶片的Pn与Tr、Tr与gs、Fv/Fm与Fv/Fo、ФPSⅡ与F′v/F′m、qp与NPQ均呈极显著正相关（p〈0.01）,Pn与gs呈显著正相关（p〈0.05）,而Tr、gs与WUE、WUEi,Pn与ФPSⅡ,ФPSⅡ与NPQ,F′v/F′m 与 qp、NPQ均呈极显著负相关（p〈0.01）.     

夜间低温胁迫对两种生长光强下藤黄幼苗叶片荧光特征和活性氧代谢的影响

对两种不同生长光强下（自然光的8％和50％）西双版纳热带雨林木本植物藤黄（Garcinia han-buryi）幼苗经夜间低温（4℃）处理后荧光特性和活性氧代谢的研究结果表明,低温使藤黄叶片光合机构PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ非环式电子传递的量子效率（ФPSⅡ）、非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）下降,原初荧光（F0）上升。低温胁迫消除后,生长在50％光强下藤黄叶片的Fv/Fm和F0在3d后仍不能完全恢复,而生长在8％光强下藤黄叶片的Fv/Fm和F0基本恢复,说明低温使生长在8％光强下藤黄的光合机构PSⅡ反应中心受到可逆失活,而生长在50％光强下藤黄的光合机构受到氧化伤害。随着低温胁迫时间的延长,两种生长光强藤黄叶片活性氧保护酶（SOD,CAT,APX）的活性虽升高,但O2^-的生成速率、H2O2和MDA含量积累增加。而在恢复阶段,生长在8％光强比生长在50％光强下藤黄叶片的活性氧含量下降得快,进一步说明生长在高光强的植物比生长在低光强的植物受低温伤害大。     

高温培养条件下爪哇伪枝藻的生理特性和超微结构特征

荒漠生物结皮广泛分布于干旱区环境,高温是影响生物结皮中藻类生存的重要环境因子。在实验室培养条件下,以生物结皮形成和发育中的重要优势种爪哇伪枝藻(Scytonema javanicum Born et Flah)为材料,研究高温胁迫对伪枝藻生理生化特性和细胞结构的影响。设置了25℃(对照)、35℃、40℃和45℃等不同高温处理,测定了短期(6h)和长期(15d)高温条件下,S.javanicum的光合活性、光合色素、多糖含量和丙二醛含量以及细胞超微结构的变化。结果表明,S.javanicum最大光化学量子产量Fv/Fm和PSII有效光化学量子产量ΦPSII在35℃下表现出最大值。40℃高温明显抑制藻体叶绿素a合成,35℃处理促进了叶绿素a合成(高于对照值),而40℃处理明显促进了藻体类胡萝卜素合成,高于对照处理和35℃处理。随温度升高,S.javanicum丙二醛、胞内可溶性糖和胞外多糖含量呈现出逐渐增大的趋势。透射电镜切片显示,40℃高温明显破坏了藻体细胞超微结构,如原生质体出现絮状形态和空泡化,35℃处理则有利于细胞形态结构的保持和稳定。以上结果初步证实了S.javanicum能够较好地耐受适当的高温(35℃)。研究对于了解S.javanicum对高温环境的耐受程度及对高温的适应性具有一定的理论意义,并对利用荒漠蓝藻治理荒漠化具有实际指导价值。     

Biophysical studies of photosystem II-related recovery processes after a heat pulse in barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Leaves of 7-day-old barley seedlings were subjected to heat pulses at 50 degrees C for 20 or 40s to inhibit partially or fully the oxygen evolution without inducing visible symptoms. By means of biophysical techniques, we investigated the time course and mechanism of photosystem II (PSII) recovery. After the heat treatment, the samples were characterized by typical heat stress symptoms: loss of oxygen evolution activity, strong decrease of Fv/Fm, induction of the K-step in the fluorescence induction transient, emergence of the AT-thermoluminescence-band and a dramatic increase in membrane permeability. In the first 4h in the light following the heat pulse, the AT-band and the K-step disappeared in parallel, indicating the loss of this restricted activity of PSII. This phase was followed by a recovery period, during which PSII-activity was gradually restored in the light. In darkness, no recovery, except for the membrane permeability, was observed. A model is presented that accounts for (i) the damage induced by the heat pulse on the membrane architecture and on the PSII donor side, (ii) the light-dependent removal of the impaired reaction centers from the disorganized membrane, and (iii) the subsequent light-independent restoration of the membrane permeability and the de novo synthesis of the PSII reaction centers in the light.     

Comprehensive insights into the influence of supplemental green light on the photosynthesis of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Although green light is not considered to contribute to the photosynthesis of plants, the photosynthesis of ginger, a dual-purpose vegetable used as a medicine and food, is affected by the green wave band. In this study, the supplementary green band of sunlight (SG) increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (Y(II)) compared with the sunlight treatment (S). The Pn and Fv/Fm of the SG treatment were higher than those of the white light (W) treatment, while the Pn and Fv/Fm of the green light (G) treatment alone were lower than those of the W treatment. Further analysis found that the minimal fluorescence (Fo) of the S treatment increased, especially at noon, while the Fo of the SG treatment decreased. Similarly, the Fo of the W treatment increased significantly, while the Fo of the white–green mixed light (WG) treatment decreased. The relative fluorescence values of the K-J-I bands in the SG and WG treatments were lower than those in the S and W treatments, respectively. The photochemical quenching (qP) of the WG treatment was higher than that of the W treatment, while the primary thermal losses corresponded to the sum of nonregulated heat dissipation and fluorescence emission (Y(NO)) of the WG treatment was lower than that of the W treatment. The SG treatment reduced the accumulation of plastoglobules but increased the accumulation of starch granules and leaf thickness. Moreover, the green band supplemented with white light significantly increased the biomass of the aboveground plant parts and promoted the active growth of the aboveground parts. Supplementing green light plays a regulatory role in ginger based on the following four points. First, it effectively promotes the transfer of electrons between the acceptor side of photosystem II; second, it optimizes ginger photosynthesis; third, it alleviates strong light stress by reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species; and fourth, it promotes heat dissipation and reduces the rapid burst of active oxygen in the chloroplast caused by excess energy. In summary, green light can significantly optimize the photosynthetic characteristics of ginger.

     

土壤水分对湿地松幼苗光合特征的影响

通过设置常规供水(CK)、轻度干旱(T1)、水饱和(T2)、水淹(T3)4个处理组,研究湿地松当年实生幼苗在不同土壤水分条件下的光合生理响应及叶绿素荧光特性。结果表明:不同水分处理对湿地松幼苗的叶片气体交换参数、水分利用效率(WUE)、光合色素、叶绿素荧光参数等指标有不同的影响;其中,T3的光合色素含量最低;T2、T3组的湿地松幼苗表现出较低的净光合速率(Pn)、电子传递速率(ETR)和PSⅡ光化学的量子效应(ΦPSⅡ),但与其他耐水淹植物相比,T3条件下的湿地松幼苗仍具有较高的Pn,说明湿地松幼苗具有较强的耐水淹能力;在T1条件下,湿地松幼苗具有较高的WUE和较低的蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)以对抗干旱的逆境,其Pn、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、ETR和ΦPSII均有所下降,但仍能维持在相对正常的水平。研究证明,湿地松幼苗具有一定的耐淹耐旱特性,可运用于三峡库区消落带的植被重建。     

Photosynthesis, photochemistry and antioxidative defence in response to two drought severities and with re-watering in Allocasuarina luehmannii

Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and water potentials, together with ascorbate and glutathione concentrations, were studied during moderate and severe drought stress and in response to re-watering in Allocasuarina luehmannii seedlings. Moderate drought stress (MS) decreased stomatal conductance (g_s) and net CO₂ assimilation rates (A) to ∼40% and ∼60% of control values, respectively, and caused decreases in internal CO₂ concentration (C_i) and maximum light use efficiency of light-acclimated photosystem II (PSII) centres (Fv'/Fm'). Severe drought stress (SS) decreased g_s and A to ∼5% and ∼15% of the control values, respectively, and caused increases in C_i and PSII excitation pressure (1 − qP), as well as decreases in water potentials, effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and Fv'/Fm'. Ascorbate and glutathione concentrations remained unaffected by drought treatments, but ascorbate became more oxidised under severe stress. MS seedlings recovered within 1 day (C_i, Fv'/Fm') to 1 week (A, g_s) of re-watering. In comparison, SS seedlings had longer-lasting after-stress effects, with recovery of many variables (g_s, water potentials, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, Fv'/Fm') taking between 1 and 3 weeks from re-watering. We found no indication that interaction with antioxidants played a significant role in recovery. In conclusion, A. luehmannii seedlings appear to function normally under moderate drought, but do not seem to have particular metabolic tolerance mechanisms to endure severe drought, which may have implications for its persistence under climate change at the drier margins of its distribution.     

Reversible photoinactivation of photosystem II during desiccation of barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum vulgare</Emphasis> L. cv. Albori) leaves in the light

We investigated the inherent protective mechanisms against stress and damage to photosystem II (PSII) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Albori). Leaves were desiccated at 30% relative humidity, under either low or high light (photon flux densities of 100 or 300 μmol m^-2 s^-1, respectively). During the treatment period, relative water content dropped to 35 to 45%, depending on light intensity. However, the photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) decreased only about 10%. This relatively stable response was due to the rapid, reversible increase in Fm (maximum fluorescence) during 20 min of dark-adaptation. During desiccation in the light, however, PSII was photo-inactivated by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), with the excess excitation energy absorbed by the chlorophyll being dissipated as heat energy. This decline in NPQ in the first 2 min of treatment was caused by a relaxation in the energy-dependent quenching during dark-adaptation, but could be delayed significantly by a phosphatase inhibitor, NaF. In addition, the relaxation of other NPQ components related to state transition and phosphorylation of thylakoid phosphoproteins were blocked by NaF.     

三种相思植物对短期大气污染的响应

3种2－3年生相思盆栽于代表不同污染程度的交通繁忙区、工业生产区和相对清洁区,4个月后进行植物叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光特征参数的测定。结果表明,生长在污染区的相思植物的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（gs）和光系统Ⅱ原初光化学效率（Fv／Fm）均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度因植物种类和污染类型的不同而有差异,不同实验点上大腺相思叶片蒸腾速率（E）和水分利用效率（WUE）则维持相对稳定,多花和流苏相思的WUE均以污染环境下较低,根据Pn、gs和Fv/Fm的变化以及实验点上其它植物对应测定值比,推测3种相思植物对大气污染都表现出中等强度的抗性,且多花相思和流苏相思相对好于大腺相思。     

A comparative study on the protective role of trehalose and LEA proteins against abiotic stresses in transgenic Chinese cabbage (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica campestris</Emphasis>) overexpressing<Emphasis Type="Italic">CaLEA</Emphasis> or<Emphasis Type="Italic">otsA</Emphasis>

Trehalose and LEA proteins, representative low MW chemicals that are synthesized under dehydration, are known to protect plants from drought stress. To compare their effectiveness on enhancing tolerance against various abiotic stresses, we generated transgenic Chinese cabbage plants overexpressingE. ctdi trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (otsA) or hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) LEA protein gene(CaLEA). Both transgenic plants exhibited altered phenotype including stunted growth and aberrant root development When subjected to drought, salt or heat stress, these plants showed remarkably improved tolerance against those stresses compared with nontransformants. After dehydration treatment, leaf turgidity and fresh weight was better maintained in both transgenic plants. GaUEA-plants performed somewhat better under dehydrated condition. When treated with 250 mM NaCI, both otsA-plants and CaLEA-plants remained equally healthier than nontransformants in maintaining leaf turgidity and delaying necrosis. Furthermore, leaf Chi content and Fv/Fm was maintained considerably higher in both transgenic plants than nontransformants. After heat-treatment at 45°C, both transgenic plants appeared much less damaged in external shape and PSII function, but LEA proteins were more protective. Our results indicate that although both trehalose and LEA proteins are effective in protecting plants against various abiotic stresses, LEA proteins seem to be more promising in generating stress-tolerant transgenic plants.     

Evaluation of physiological screening tests for breeding drought resistant triticale (x <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticosecale</Emphasis> wittmack)

Effects of soil drought on crop yield of 4 strains and 7 cultivars of spring triticale was investigated under field condition. The Drought Susceptibility Index (DSI) was evaluated in a two year experiment by the determination of grain loss in conditions of two soil moisture levels (drought-D and irrigated-IR). In the experiment response to drought was evaluated by different screening tests (leaf gaseous exchange, leaf water potential, chlorophyll content and fluorescence, leaf injury by drought and by simulated drought and heat temperature and water loss by excited leaf. The DSI values and the results of screening tests showed the genetic variation in the degree of drought tolerance. The values of DSI enabled the ranking of the tested triticale genotypes with respect to their drought tolerance and allow to divide them into three groups of drought susceptibility. Large differences among studied forms were observed also in changes of leaf water potential, fluorescence and leaf injury. For plants in vegetative stage of growth the tested breeding forms were easily separated into groups of different drought tolerance. Changes of ψ, Fv/Fm and LI as a screening tests were the most suitable techniques for estimation of degree of drought tolerance for triticale. Laboratory screening tests (leaf injury by simulated drought (LI_DS) and high temperature (LI_HT) and water loss (WL) of excited leaf conducted for nonstressed plants in most cases were significantly correlated with DSI. The statistically significant correlation between leaf water potential (ψ) was observed only with leaf fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Changes of Fv/Fm were significantly correlated with ψ, LI and LI_HT for 50 °C. Index of leaf injury (LI) by soil drought were significantly correlated with Fv/Fm, LI_DS (−1.0, −1.5 MPa), LI_HT (45 and 50°C) and water loss (WL). The correlation coefficient between the tests LI_DS and LI_HT were most of the considered cases statistically significant which indicate that the mechanism of membranes injury resulted from simulated drought or high temperature were similar in triticale. Water loss (WL) of excited leaves was the most suitable test for screening drought tolerance in triticale population. Changes of gaseous exchange parameters were not useful as screening test in this research.     

Chlorophyll fluorescence responses to temperature and water availability in two co-dominant Mediterranean shrub and tree species in a long-term field experiment simulating climate change

A rain exclusion experiment simulating drought conditions expected in Mediterranean areas for the following decades (15% decrease in soil moisture) is being conducted since 1999 in a Mediterranean holm oak forest to study its response to the forecasted climatic changes for the coming decades. The maximum PSII quantum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm) was measured in Quercus ilex, and Phillyrea latifolia, the co-dominant species of the studied forest, from 1999 to 2009 in four plots: two of them were control plots and the other two plots received the rain exclusion treatment. In both species, the Fv/Fm values were highly dependent on air temperatures, and in a second term, in water availability. P. latifolia was the species with the larger decrease in Fv/Fm values induced by low air temperatures, while in hot seasons, the Fv/Fm values in P. latifolia were even higher than in Q. ilex. Rainfall exclusion decrease Fv/Fm values significantly only in few monitoring dates. The most drought resistant species P. latifolia was more affected by the experimental rainfall exclusion than Q. ilex that instead lost number of leaves per tree. There was a synergic effect of drought stress and winter cold in P. latifolia not observed in Q. ilex, but a more conservative strategy in P. latifolia maintaining leaves with a down-regulation of the linear photosynthetic electron transport. These results indicate that, although other physiological and reproductive strategies at whole plant level must be also taken into account, the warmer and drier environment expected for the following decades could favour the species more sensitive to cold and more resistant to drought, the shrub P. latifolia, in detriment of the tree Q. ilex as already observed in the field after severe heat-drought episodes.