三倍体毛白杨速生林土壤养分因子及pH值动态变化

通过连续4a测定2年生三倍体毛白杨(B304)及其对照二倍体(1319)林地内0-20cm、20-40cm和40-60cm土层中土壤理化指标(包括pH值、有机质、全N、碱解N、全P、有效P、全K和速效K含量),以明确三倍体毛白杨种植对土壤养分及其理化性质的影响。试验结果表明,(1)在4a生长期内林地土壤的pH值呈现碱性增强变化;B304的平均pH值由8.13升至8.43,1319由8.12升至8.78,虽然二者没有显著差异,但三倍体对林地的pH值影响相对较小,更利于土壤酸碱平衡及土壤缓冲力的稳定性;(2)土壤中有机质及碱解N含量呈现先降低后升高的变化特点,品种间差异不显著;(3)在2006年,毛白杨林地土壤中有效P和速效K含量显著下降,降幅均为0-20cm20-40cm40-60cm;(4)年份、土层及年份和土层的交互作用对毛白杨土壤pH值及所测定的全部养分因子影响均达显著水平(P0.05);而品种、年份、土层三者的交互效应对土壤pH值、有机质、全N、全P和速效K的含量影响也达到了显著性水平。体现了三倍体毛白杨速生林种植对当地不同土层理化性质和养分因子影响的时间效应,生产中应采取积极措施改善或减缓土壤环境恶化,促进林木更好生长。     

六种湿地植物根际氧化还原电位的日变化

在野外条件下,研究人工湿地植物根际氧化还原电位(ORP)随时间的变化及其与主要环境因子的关系。研究了美人蕉(Canna indica Linn.)、风车草(Cyperus flabelliformis Rottb.)、芦苇(Phragmites australis Trin.ex Steud.)、水鬼蕉(Hymenocallis littoralis(Jack.)Salisb.)、紫芋(Colocasia tonoimo Nakai.)和鸢尾(Iris tectorum Maxim.)6种植物在潜流人工湿地中的根际ORP及其日变化。6种湿地植物的根际ORP日变化曲线相似,均为双峰型,双峰值出现在11:00—14:00之间,最大值出现在14:00。各植物的根际ORP日变化基本在130—350 m V之间,以水鬼蕉的变幅最大,风车草和芦苇的变幅较小。不同植物的根际ORP有较大差异,风车草和紫芋的日平均值最大,显著高于鸢尾、美人蕉和水鬼蕉(P0.05);芦苇显著高于鸢尾和美人蕉(P0.05)。ORP与光照强度和气温呈正相关,尤与气温的正相关最为显著。ORP日平均值与植物生物量有显著的正相关性,尤与地下部分生物量相关性最显著。结果表明,人工湿地植物根际ORP因不同植物、一天中不同的时间有较大差异,后者与光照和气温等环境因子密切相关。     

近30年来广东省土壤pH值的时空变化

基于广东省第二次土壤普查(20世纪80年代)以及2002—2007年广东省土壤pH数据,对期间土壤pH的时空变化进行了研究.结果表明:研究期间,广东省土壤pH空间分布格局基本一致;除珠江三角洲和清远、韶关部分地区土壤为弱碱性外,其他地区土壤以酸性为主;土壤pH变化整体表现为酸化,土壤pH平均值由5.70降至5.44.除潮土pH变化以增大为主外,其他土壤类型的pH均呈降低趋势,以赤红壤、水稻土和红壤pH的降幅尤为严重,石灰土pH值的降低趋势和降低面积比例均最明显.广东省土壤酸化主要受土壤本身特性和酸雨等自然因素以及不合理施肥和城市化等人为因素的影响;另外,由于工业化和矿山开发,还导致局部地区土壤pH值有所上升.     

土壤酸化改良剂对烟株农艺性状、土壤pH值及青枯病发生的影响

由于长期连作障碍、不合理连续施用化肥等因素,植烟土壤存在酸化等问题,导致烟草青枯病等愈发严重.土壤酸化改良剂可以改善土壤酸化状况,同时还具有改善土壤物理结构、提高养分利用率、增强土壤酸碱缓冲能力等多项作用.本研究选取3种土壤酸化改良剂,用起垄条施的方式,以长期植烟酸化烟田为研究对象,评估不同处理对土壤pH值调节、烟草生长及青枯病发生的影响.结果表明,草木灰粉剂、草木灰颗粒剂处理对烟株生长有一定的促进作用;草木灰粉剂、草木灰颗粒剂和牡蛎壳粉处理后20d,三者土壤pH值分别较空白对照提高了0.40、0.63和0.40,草木灰颗粒剂对酸化土壤的改良效果最好;处理后60d,三者土壤pH值分别较空白对照提高了0.42、0.30和0.08,草木灰粉剂对酸化土壤的改良效果最好;基于烟草青枯病的病情指数AUDPC计算,从小到大依次为草木灰粉剂、草木灰颗粒剂、牡蛎壳粉、空白对照,草木灰粉剂和草木灰颗粒剂处理对烟草青枯病整个时期的防控效果分别为69.35%和28.43%.结合调酸效果、农艺性状和对青枯病的防效等指标综合分析,土壤酸化改良剂草木灰粉剂起垄条施的效果最优,可为今后在酸化烟田大面积运用调酸技术防控烟草青枯病提供理论基础和技术支撑.     

土壤pH值对烤烟叶片生理生化特性的影响

烟草生长初期,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量与pH增长呈正相关,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则随着pH的增加而下降,pH值6.5和7.5时叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)较高,旺长期达到高峰;生长后期,各处理的MDA含量和POD活性最高,SOD、CAT活性最低.各pH值处理的叶片中,叶绿素含量、Pn下降,比叶重达到高峰,但pH 8.5下的烟叶中叶绿素含量高,Pn大,比叶重较小.pH 6.5和7.5下的烟叶中蛋白质和可溶性糖总体含量高于其它pH的.烟碱含量在pH 5.5时最高,pH 8.5时最低.     

冬作季节土地管理对水稻土CH4排放季节变化的影响

通过温室盆栽试验对水稻土CH₄ 排放的季节变化及冬作季节土地管理的影响进行了研究.结果表明,冬作季节种植紫云英、淹水休闲及干燥休闲但泡水前施用稻草处理泡水后30dCH₄ 排放量分别高达133d观测期总排放量的67.5%、35.5%及33.3%,且在泡水后第13天及水稻移栽后第 7、40、91天分别出现 4个CH₄ 排放高峰;而种植小麦和干燥休闲但冬作前施用稻草处理泡水后55dCH₄ 排放量才占观测期总排放量的6.74%和 0.27%,随后至水稻收获CH₄ 排放通量也不高.冬作季节土地管理引起的水稻生长期土壤Eh季节变化的差异是造成CH₄ 排放通量季节变化差异的主要原因.     

Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+对植物生理特性影响的比较分析

以浸水处理为对照系统分析了Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+等金属离子对植物胁迫损伤相关的7个生理指标,并应用数理统计学和生物化学的相关原理和方法从氧自由基伤害的角度比较分析了这三种离子处理对植物生理特性的影响。结果表明:不同离子处理由于对植物造成的胁迫损伤不同,因而它们对植物生理特性的影响效应也有明显差异,并且这种差异与其所处理的离子胁迫性质间存在显著的关联性。     

黄河三角洲典型滨海盐沼湿地土壤CO2和CH4排放对水盐变化的响应

滨海盐沼湿地是重要的“蓝碳”碳汇,研究水盐变化对土壤碳矿化(CO₂和CH₄排放)的影响,对理解滨海盐沼湿地的碳汇稳定机制具有重要意义。该研究选取黄河三角洲典型盐沼湿地土壤为研究对象,通过水盐梯度模拟实验,研究土壤碳矿化、理化性质、微生物生物量及群落结构对不同土壤水分和盐分含量的响应。主要结果:(1)水盐变化对土壤CO₂、CH₄排放量以及CH₄:CO₂的影响均不存在交互作用,CO₂排放量随土壤含水量增加呈先升后降的单峰型变化趋势,盐分含量升高则显著抑制CO₂排放;水分含量升高对CH₄排放具有显著促进作用,盐分升高则显著抑制CH₄排放。(2)水盐变化对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量具有弱交互作用,在低水分处理下,DOC随着土壤盐分的增加呈减少趋势,但在高水分处理下呈增加趋势;CO₂排放与DOC含量呈显著正相关关系,而CH₄排放与D...     

不同林龄杉木+闽楠复层林土壤磷形态及微生物功能多样性变化

磷是限制亚热带地区林木生长的关键因素之一,研究土壤微生物群落功能多样性对土壤磷素的影响,对亚热带地区人工林可持续经营具有重要意义。在江西官山林场选取了3种不同林龄杉木+闽楠（4 a、7 a、11 a）复层林为研究对象,测定了土壤全磷、有效磷及无机磷组分含量,采用Biolog-ECO法研究了复层林表土层（0-20 cm）土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用特征,并分析了土壤磷素与土壤微生物功能多样性的关系。结果表明：（1）土壤全磷、有效磷及无机磷组分含量随复层林营建时间延长呈增加趋势;（2）不同林分类型土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异显著。土壤微生物碳源代谢活性（AWCD）以及多样性指数也均随复层林营建时间延长呈增加趋势;多聚物类是杉木纯林土壤微生物利用的主要碳源,7 a复层林对碳水化合物、羧酸和酚酸的利用强度较大,11 a复层林对氨基酸、胺类、多聚物、羧酸和酚酸的利用强度较大,并且11 a复层林土壤微生物群落代谢碳水化合物、氨基酸、羧酸、胺类和酚酸的强度显著高于4 a复层林和杉木纯林,而4 a复层林与杉木纯林土壤微生物群落对不同碳源利用率的差异较小（除多聚物外）。（3）土壤微生物多样性指数、氨基酸类、胺类和酚酸类物质与土壤全磷、有效磷、Al-P和Fe-P含量之间显著正相关,随机森林模型分析表明,氨基酸、胺类和酚酸是不同林分类型土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。因此,杉木纯林转化为复层异龄林更有利于森林土壤磷的储存和供应,土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性的增大可能是提高复层异龄林土壤磷有效性的关键调控因素。     

湿地土壤硫氧化-还原过程及其与其他元素的耦合作用研究进展

湿地土壤硫(S)的氧化-还原过程是硫循环的重要环节,其对于维持湿地系统的稳定与健康具有重要意义.本文综述了湿地土壤S的氧化-还原过程及影响因素,并分析了其与其他元素耦合机制的研究进展.湿地土壤S氧化-还原过程的影响因素主要涉及生物因子(植物、微生物、底栖动物及人类活动等)和非生物因子(温度、水分和粒度等物理因素及pH、...     

Effects of inoculum source,pH, redox potential and headspace di-hydrogen on rumen in vitro fermentation yields

This in vitro study aimed at understanding how abiotic, that is chemical and electrochemical potentials, and biotic factors combine to impact the outputs of rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA). Using a 48-run design optimized by means of an exchange algorithm, the curvilinear effects of pH, Eh and partial pressure of dihydrogen (H₂) on fermentation yields were investigated in 6-h batch cultures of mixed rumen microbes, fed on glucose so as to bypass the enzymatic hydrolysis and conversion steps preceding the glycolytic pathway. The role played by rumen microbiota in the expression of these effects was explored by testing three inocula grown on feeds supplying a microflora adapted to fibre, slowly degradable or readily degradable starch as the dominant dietary polysaccharide. Data were fitted to 2nd-order polynomial models. In fibre-adapted cultures, the yields of major VFA were mainly influenced by pH and H₂ partial pressure, in opposite ways. In wheat grain-adapted cultures, the VFA yields underwent the opposite influences of pH, in a curvilinear way for propionate, and Eh since acetate production yield was not significantly modified by any factor. In maize grain-adapted cultures, acetate production yield was not modified by any factor but H₂ in a quadratic way when the production yields of higher VFA underwent opposite influences of pH and Eh. In conclusion, the effects of environmental factors were dependent on the nature of the inoculum, a major source of variation, and more particularly on its adaptation to high- or low-fibre diets. These effects were loosely interrelated, the pH being the most active factor before the Eh and H₂ partial pressure.     

Influence of the pH and redox potential on phosphate activity in the Parana Medio system

The effect of redox potential and pH on the phosphate mobility in two sediments were investigated using both consolidated and suspended sediments from the area where the Parana Medio long reservoir (Atgentina) is to be built (Smirnov, 1984). In addition to direct chemical sediment analysis, extraction techniques were carried out with a stepwise NH₄Cl-NaOH-HCl shaking method, the latter supposedly separating the weakly bound, the Fe- and Al- bound and the Ca- bound phosphates in the sediments.Phosphate released into water depends upon redox potential and pH, which both were modified in an experimental setup. The source of the phosphate was the fraction of Fe and/or Al bound phosphate present both in the sediment and in the suspended solids.Abbreviations cm centimeter - km kilometer - gg gram - l liter - ¬m micrometer - °C grade centigrades - km² square kilometer - m.s^–1 meter per second - m³.s^–1 cubic meter per second - mg.1¹ miligram per liter     

Potential influence of midgut pH and redox potential on protein utilization in insect herbivores

Early insect physiologists recognized the importance of gut physicochemistry, primarily pH, redox potential, and ionic strength, on digestive processes, but studies to date have been primarily restricted to keratin- and wood-feeding insects. Recent investigations show that herbivorous insects have a broad range of gut redox conditions, with pHs ranging from 6.0 to 11.8 and measured redox potentials from −200 to +240 mV. The redox state of the gut is largely dependent on pH, which is well regulated, and the redox activity of ingested material, including plant chemicals, at that pH. Inter- and intraspecific variation in midgut redox conditions appears to be substantial enough to affect digestion via effects on the structure and function of dietary proteins and proteolytic enzymes. The impact of reducing conditions on proteins probably depends on characteristics such as tertiary structure and the number and arrangement of disulfide linkages. In addition to the effects of reducing conditions in dietary proteins, there can be effects on the activities of digestive enzymes, depending on their structure and the nature of their catalytic site. We speculate that phylogenetic and environmental determinants of gut physicochemistry may place constraints on the efficacy of different digestive processes, and may thus influence the evolution of digestive strategies in insects. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Inhibition effect of ferric iron on the kinetics of ferrous iron

Ferric iron acted as a non-competitive inhibitor for the biological oxidation of ferrous iron and decreased the inhibitory effects of high concentrations of ferrous iron as well as the auto-inhibitive effect the bacterial cells. A previously developed kinetic model for this reaction was modified to incorporate the inhibition effects of ferric iron. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Hydrologic gradient and vegetation controls on CH4 and CO2 fluxes in a spring-fed forested wetland

Four different habitats in a spring-fed forested wetland (Clear Springs Wetland, Panola County, Mississippi, USA) varying in hydrologic regime were examined for methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from soils over 15 and 9 months, respectively. There was an increasing gradient of CH₄ flux rates from an unflooded upper-elevation forest site to an occasionally flooded bottomland forest site to a shallow permanently flooded site, and then to a deeper-water permanently flooded site. Depending on the time of year, all sites were sources of methane but only at the upper-elevation forest site, when gravimetric soil moisture content fell below 54%, was atmospheric methane consumed. On average, summer CH₄ emission rates were higher than those in other seasons. A multiple regression model with soil temperature and soil redox potential as independent variables could explain 65% of the variation in CH₄ flux rates. In the flooded zone, variation in CH₄ flux rates was correlated with aboveground plant biomass and stem density of emergent vascular plants, and plant-mediated CH₄ transport depended on plant type. The efflux of CH₄ to plant biomass (Eff:B) ratio was generally lower in Hydrocotyle umbellata compared to Festuca obtusa. Compared to several other freshwater forested wetlands in the southeastern USA, this spring-fed forested wetland ecosystem was a strong source of atmospheric CH₄, likely due to a long hydroperiod and high soil organic matter content. Carbon dioxide fluxes show a reverse spatial pattern than CH₄ fluxes with highest CO₂ emissions in the non-flooded zone at all times of the year, indicating the dominance of aerobic soil respiration. A multiple regression model also revealed a strong dependency of CO₂ fluxes (r ² = 0.73) on soil temperature and soil redox potential. Handling editor: J. M. Melack     

美国南卡罗来纳州森林湿地十种典型植物凋落叶的分解特征

凋落叶分解是控制森林湿地物质循环的重要生态过程,是全球C、N等元素循环的重要一部分。以美国南卡罗来纳州10种典型植物的凋落叶为研究对象,通过2a的分解实验测定分解阶段凋落叶的生物量残留率、分解速率常数k和C、N残留百分比,探讨初始凋落叶化学性质对分解速率常数k的影响。结果表明:(1)十种凋落叶生物量在两年内降解至初始的14.5%—66.2%,种间差异可达4倍以上;分解速率常数k在0.26—1.64a~(-1)之间,针叶分解速率阔叶分解速率;(2)分解速率常数k与初始凋落叶酸溶性组分(AS)极显著正相关(P0.001),与初始C含量、酸不溶组分(AIF)和AIF/N比均显著负相关(P0.05);(3)凋落叶C残留百分比持续下降至10.2%—66.1%,而N残留百分比因物种与分解阶段不同呈现不同变化规律。结果表明,森林湿地中凋落叶初始C组分差异是其分解速率的种间极大差异的主要原因,评估森林湿地的C、N循环应充分考虑种间差异。     

火干扰对小兴安岭草丛、灌丛沼泽温室气体短期排放的影响

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了火烧干扰对小兴安岭草丛、灌丛沼泽生长季CH4、CO2、N2O排放的季节变化及影响因子结果表明:火干扰使草丛、灌丛沼泽生长季的平均气温和各层土壤温度提高0.1—2.0℃,水位平均下降2.7 cm。火干扰使草丛、灌丛沼泽样地CH4排放通量提高了56%、524.9%,CO2排放通量分别下降了57.3%、14.5%,N2O排放通量分别下降27.1%,64.9%。火烧前后草丛沼泽CH4、N2O与灌丛沼泽CO2排放通量季节性规律未发生变化。火干扰改变了草丛沼泽生长季CO2、灌丛沼泽N2O排放通量的季节性变化规律。草丛沼泽对照样地CH4排放通量与5 cm土壤温度存在显著相关性,草丛沼泽CH4排放通量与水位相关性不显著。灌丛沼泽CH4排放通量与各层土壤温度及水位均无显著相关性。草丛、灌丛沼泽对照样地土壤CO2排放通量与0—15 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著正相关,火烧样地与0—30 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著正相关。草丛、灌丛沼泽对照、火烧样地土壤CO2排放通量与水位极显著负相关。火干扰使草丛、灌丛沼泽CH4排放源的强度增强,CO2、N2O的排放消弱,全球温室潜势下降约为23.3%。火干扰能够减少草丛、灌丛沼泽温室气体排放。     

Modelling the effect of the redox potential and pH of heating media on Listeria monocytogenes heat resistance

Aims:  Study the effect of redox potential and pH of the heating media on Listeria monocytogenes heat resistance and model its action at fixed temperature.
Methods and Results:  The heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes at 58°C was studied in Brain Heart Infusion broth as a function of pH (from 5·0 to 7·0) and redox potential ( E _h7). The media redox was adjusted with nitrogen gas, potassium ferricyanide and dithiothreitol. A Weibull model was used to fit survival curves. The heat resistance parameter (δ_58°C) was estimated from each inactivation curve. A major effect of pH was observed. Bigelow model was used to describe the effect of redox potential on the apparent L. monocytogenes heat resistance. The highest δ_58°C values have been obtained at pH 7·0 and oxidizing conditions.
Conclusions:  The developed model indicates that the E _h7 has a significant effect and varied depending on the pH of the heating media. The z _redox values, calculated from δ_58°C allowed quantifying the influence of heating media redox potential on L. monocytogenes thermal inactivation.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The obtained model shows the action of redox potential on L. monocytogenes thermal destruction and might be useful to take into account in food thermal processes.     

革兰氏阴性菌亚铁离子转运系统的组成及作用机制

几乎所有细菌的生长都离不开铁元素。在有氧的环境中,三价铁离子几乎无法被细菌直接利用。但是在宿主胃肠道中,铁元素主要以可溶性的亚铁离子形式存在,它们可通过革兰氏阴性菌外膜直接进入胞周质,在周质通过亚铁离子转运系统,将铁离子转运至胞浆供细菌利用。绝大多数阴性菌主要是通过Feo转运系统利用亚铁离子,大肠杆菌的Feo转运系统由feoA、feoB和feoC3个基因组成。除Feo转运系统外,还发现Yfe转运系统、Efe转运系统、Sit转运系统等。本文重点介绍革兰氏阴性菌Feo转运系统的组成及作用机制,以期为进一步研究细菌亚铁离子的转运机制提供参考。