酶在化学合成中的应用

一、概述--非水酶催化 在化学合成中应用酶催化是生物学与化学边缘领域中十分引人注意、研究非常活跃的重要课题。现已出现许多重要成果,今后必将成为化工中的酶化学工业新分支。 过去酶在化工中的应用受到很大限制。传统概念中酶只能在水溶液中起作用,在有机溶剂易发生变性,而绝大多数化工过程又都是在     

海藻糖合酶的分子生物学研究进展

海藻糖合酶能够将麦芽糖转化为海藻糖,在海藻糖的工业生产中具有十分重要的意义。本文从海藻糖合酶的基因克隆、基因工程应用、结构和催化机制的研究以及其在微生物体内的功能等方面讨论了海藻糖合酶的研究进展。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉与常规棉中几种同工酶的比较——转基因植物安全性评价生理指标初探

经基因改造的转基因抗虫棉在我国已开始进入大规模商业化应用,对此进行安全性评价是一个十分重要的生态学问题。本文比较了抗虫棉和常规棉中过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、酯酶等几种重要同工酶的酶活和酶谱的差异,发现在一定生长期中,抗虫棉的可溶性过氧化物酶活性显著高于常规棉,酯酶的酶活和酶谱在两种棉花中也存在着差异。认为这些差异可能影响抗虫棉的次生代谢,进而导致一些综合的生态学效应,提出植物生理上的改变也是转基因植物安全性评价研究的重要内容。     

灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)漆酶基因的克隆及其序列分析

漆酶(laccase EC1·10·3·2)是一种含Cu的多酚氧化酶,自从1883年日本学者吉田首次从漆树汁液中发现以来,漆酶特别是真菌漆酶一直是生物学、化学和环境科学等领域十分活跃的研究热点,在纸浆的生物漂白[1,2],有毒污染物的降解[3~5]等方面有较大的应用价值.根据其来源主要分为漆树漆酶和真菌漆酶两大类,由一个结构相似的基因家族所编码,目前,至少有40个以上的真菌漆酶基因被克隆和测序[6~9],最近也有从细菌中克隆到漆酶基因的报道[10~12].我国幅员辽阔,具有十分丰富的真菌资源,但是我国对漆酶的研究与发达国家相比还十分落后,对于漆酶基因资…     

生物信息学在昆虫几丁质酶研究中的应用

昆虫几丁质酶及类似蛋白由多种不同的基因编码而成,它们在分子量大小、空间结构、化学性质和酶学性质等方面存在较大的差异,并在昆虫不同的组织、不同时期的表达量各不相同,对昆虫生长发育过程中几丁质的代谢起着重要的作用.在昆虫几丁质酶的研究过程中,生物信息学在几丁质酶基因克隆、结构分析、同源性比较等方面应用广泛.该文主要对昆虫几丁质酶及生物信息学在昆虫几丁质酶研究中的应用、存在的问题及展望做了全面的综述.     

原位酶谱技术在土壤酶活性研究中的应用进展

原位酶谱可方便、直观地展示土壤中酶活性的二维空间变异,近些年来通过与其他成像技术和分析方法相结合,土壤原位酶谱已发展成为分析土壤微观生态过程及土壤-根系-土壤动物相互作用界面过程的有效方法。然而,土壤原位酶谱技术尚未成熟,亟待深入分析其技术不足、完善技术方法,梳理其在不同领域中的应用现状,拓展并深化其在更多领域研究中的应用前景。基于此,综述并分析了该技术在土壤酶相关研究领域的应用现状,结合原位酶谱技术在底物载体选择与酶活定量方法的优化历程,分析了其存在的问题,发现：(1)可供研究的酶种类较少;(2)结果准确性仍有质疑;(3)在除根际研究外其他领域的研究较少、缺乏系统性,难以直接借鉴。这三者仍是阻碍原位酶谱技术在多领域中推广的最大障碍。综上所述,土壤原位酶谱技术虽仍存在缺陷,但其具有操作简便、测量结果的时空分辨率高等优势,在未来土壤酶学领域研究中仍潜力巨大,研究旨在为推进原位酶谱技术在土壤学和生态学等学科研究中的应用和发展提供理论指导。     

糖核苷酸类化合物的合成与在生物学研究中的应用

糖基化是指在酶的作用下,蛋白质、脂质或小分子等连上糖类化合物的过程.它在生物体内广泛存在并有十分重要的生物学意艾.它是通过糖基转移酶催化完成的,其中糖核苷酸是糖基化过程中糖的供体.本文简要叙述了糖核苷酸类化合物的有机合成和生化合成的方法以及该类化合物在抗生素糖基化途径研究、糖基转移酶的生物化学研究和化学生物学机理研究中的应用.     

肝素酶研究进展

微生物肝素酶是一类作用于肝素和类肝素的多糖裂解酶,在低分子肝素的制备以及肝素类分子的结构解析等领域具有十分重要的应用前景。本文将结合微生物基因组测序的最新进展,综述微生物肝素酶的来源,并对肝素酶的作用机理加以讨论;结合本实验室研究对肝素酶的重组表达及其在低分子肝素生产的应用最新进展作以综述,并对肝素酶其它潜在的应用作以讨论。     

固定化脂肪酶有机相中催化己酸乙酯反应动力学研究

有机相中脂肪酶催化反应动力学研究是酶工程领域中一个引起广泛兴趣的研究课题［１］。目前的研究较多地集中于水解反应和转酯反应［２～４］。对于酯化反应的动力学报道不多。酶反应动力学研究对于研究反应机理、确定有效的酶促反应环境、选择合适的酶反应器有着十分重要的作用。因此,对非水相中脂肪酶催化反应动力学的研究无论在理论上还是在实际应用中都有着重要的意义。与自由酶相比,使用固定化酶可提高酶在有机相中的扩散效果和热力学稳定性,是调节控制酶活性常用的手段。但酶固定化以后,影响其动力学的因素增多,反应机制变得更加…     

番木瓜乳管蛋白酶类

番木瓜是著名的热带水果,其乳管中含量丰富的蛋白酶类是近年来研究的一个十分活跃的领域。该文主要介绍番木瓜乳汁中木瓜蛋白酶、木瓜凝乳蛋白酶、蛋白酶Ω和甘氨酰内切酶等4种重要的半胱氨酸蛋白酶及其他蛋白酶类的研究新进展,并对它们的研究与应用前景做了展望。     

Assessing students' difficulties in causal reasoning in biology—a diagnostic instrument

Deficiencies in rational thinking skills are the source of many difficulties in science education. Characterization of these deficiencies is a first step in finding a possible remedy. The present paper describes an instrument for diagnosing students' difficulties in causal reasoning while studying biology. The results provide evidence that, while studying various biological topics, students have difficulties in understanding logical relationships. Similar results were obtained from logically equivalent items in four different biological contexts. The two main difficulties found are (a) inability to organize events according to their correct temporal sequence and (b) inability to identify an event which had been caused by another (given) event. Possible implications for biology education are discussed.     

DIFFICULTIES AND A WAY OUT: A BAYESIAN APPROACH FOR SENSORY DIFFERENCE AND PREFERENCE TESTS

There are some theoretical difficulties in the philosophy and methodology of sensory difference and preference tests. The difficulties lie in the assumption that the subjects have the same response ability, which is in conflict with psychological ideas about the processes of perception and decision. A Bayesian approach may overcome these difficulties by treating the parameter of proportion as a random variable. This paper presents a Bayesian approach for analysis of data from such sensory tests.     

Why are clinical problems difficult? General practitioners' opinions concerning 24 clinical problems.

This study was conducted to describe the difficulties perceived by general practitioners concerning 24 common clinical problems and to compare their perceptions with those of faculty members in family medicine. A random sample of 467 general practitioners and all 182 faculty members in family medicine in Quebec were sent one of four open-ended questionnaires, each of which dealt with six clinical problems; 214 general practitioners and 114 faculty members participated. A total of 5111 difficulties were reported; the number reported by each subject varied from 0 to 13 (mean 2.6 [standard deviation 2.09]) per problem. The problems that generated the most difficulties were depression, confusion in the elderly, chronic back pain, loss of autonomy in the elderly and sexually transmitted disease. The most frequent difficulties were with the patient''s noncompliance with treatment, clinical diagnosis, failure of a specific treatment, inadequate health care resources and the physician''s own emotional reactions. The difficulties for each problem were the same in the two groups 70% of the time. Physician''s perceptions of their difficulties can be useful in the planning of initial training and continuing medical education.     

Causation and space-time

This paper considers the physical accounts of causation in terms of conserved quantities in the light of the theory of general relativity. As it is rather well-known among physicists, there are several difficulties with the notions of conservation and localization of the (gravitational) energy-momentum within general relativity. We first begin to review the so-called conserved quantity theory of causation mainly due to Dowe and Salmon, then we discuss some consequences of these difficulties for this physical account of causation. We argue that these difficulties are due to the fundamental nature of the space-time structure as described by GR, which the conserved quantity theory of causation does not account for.     

The associations between socioeconomic status, allostatic load and measures of health in older Taiwanese persons: Taiwan social environment and biomarkers of aging study

Data from a national representative sample of 1023 elderly and near-elderly Taiwanese were used to explore whether allostatic load is associated with health outcomes and mediates the association between socioeconomic status and health in a non-Western population. The information collected included: demographic characteristics; allostatic load scores; socioeconomic status, measured by education and income; health behaviours; health-related variables, including self-rated health, basic activities of daily living difficulties, instrumental activities of daily living difficulties, and physical activity difficulties. The adjusted prevalent odds ratios of higher allostatic load level were 1.25 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.56) for reporting one level worse in self-rated health and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.82) for reporting one more physical activity difficulty. There were significant associations of lower education or less income with worse self-rated health and more difficulties with physical functioning. The associations between education, income and health status are not mediated by the conventional ten-point measure of allostatic load in older Taiwanese adults.     

Procedure for spiral computed tomography in the diagnosis of tooth impaction

The paper presents a procedure for spiral computed tomography that may be used if there are some difficulties in the diagnosis of impaction of different teeth. Examples art used to show the capacities of specified diagnosis in solving the problems and difficulties in surgical or orthodontic treatment.     

Minor differences in ADHD-related difficulties between boys and girls treated with atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Atomoxetine may improve ADHD-related difficulties and hence the quality of life (QoL) in children and adolescents. Perception of these difficulties may differ with the rater perspective (patient, parent, physician) or patients' sex. The objective of this study was to investigate QoL as reflected by perceived ADHD-related difficulties perceived from these three perspectives and compare boys and girls. Patients aged 6-17 with ADHD were treated with atomoxetine (target dose 0.5-1.2 mg/kg/day) in two studies. In both studies, ADHD-related difficulties were assessed after 8 and 24 weeks using the Global Impression of Perceived Difficulties (GIPD) instrument, which can be taken to reflect the patient's QoL from the three perspectives. Data from the two studies were combined and analyzed together in order to compare boys and girls. Four hundred and twenty-one patients were treated with atomoxetine, 338 boys and 83 girls. Three hundred and fifty-five patients completed the 8-week study period. QoL, as reflected by perceived ADHD-related difficulties (measured with GIPD), improved over time. Mean GIPD total scores showed a similar course over time for all rater groups, although the patients rated the degree of difficulties significantly lower than parents and physicians. The sexes did not differ significantly in mean GIPD total scores. The GIPD scores over time suggest that patients' QoL, as reflected by perceived ADHD-related difficulties, improved with time on atomoxetine. However, improvement did not differ significantly between boys and girls. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers NCT00191516 and NCT00191737.     

Stress and relapse of breast cancer.

To elucidate the association between stressful life events and the development of cancer the influence of life stress on relapse in operable breast cancer was examined in matched pairs of women in a case-control study. Adverse life events and difficulties occurring during the postoperative disease free interval were recorded in 50 women who had developed their first recurrence of operable breast cancer and during equivalent follow up times in 50 women with operable breast cancer in remission. The cases and controls were matched for the main physical and pathological factors known to be prognostic in breast cancer and sociodemographic variables that influence the frequency of life events and difficulties. Severely threatening life events and difficulties were significantly associated with the first recurrence of breast cancer. The relative risk of relapse associated with severe life events was 5.67 (95% confidence interval 1.57 to 37.20), and the relative risk associated with severe difficulties was 4.75 (1.58 to 19.20). Life events and difficulties not rated as severe were not related to relapse. Experiencing a non-severe life event was associated with a relative risk of 2.0 (0.62 to 7.47), and experiencing a non-severe difficulty was associated with a relative risk of 1.13 (0.38 to 3.35). These results suggest a prognostic association between severe life stressors and recurrence of breast cancer, but a larger prospective study is needed for confirmation.     

The interface between spoken and written language: developmental disorders

We review current knowledge about reading development and the origins of difficulties in learning to read. We distinguish between the processes involved in learning to decode print, and the processes involved in reading for meaning (reading comprehension). At a cognitive level, difficulties in learning to read appear to be predominantly caused by deficits in underlying oral language skills. The development of decoding skills appears to depend critically upon phonological language skills, and variations in phoneme awareness, letter–sound knowledge and rapid automatized naming each appear to be causally related to problems in learning to read. Reading comprehension difficulties in contrast appear to be critically dependent on a range of oral language comprehension skills (including vocabulary knowledge and grammatical, morphological and pragmatic skills).