Stable isotope analyses in otoliths of silver carp: a pilot study in identification of natal sources and stock differences

Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, is one of the four major fishes in China for fishing and aquaculture. The Yangtze River and associated waterbodies are important home to silver carp. In this study, we collected 135 otoliths of juvenile silver carp from the two rivers and the Poyang Lake, and analyzed for stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C). The isotopic data and correlation of δ¹⁸O versus δ¹³C showed a clear separation and significant differences (p?<?0.001 for both δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O) between otoliths from the Ganjiang River and the Yangtze River at δ¹⁸O values around ?10‰. The Poyang Lake samples were overlapped with those of the Ganjiang River, but distinctly different from the Yangtze River samples. These isotopic signatures agree well with the previous genetic investigation results that there are marked distinctions between one population in the Ganjiang River and the other in the Yangtze River, and the Poyang Lake population belongs to the Ganjiang River rather than to the Yangtze River. Thus we concluded that stable isotope analyses of otoliths can be effectively used to study natal sources and stock differences of silver carp.     

长江,珠江,黑龙江鲢,鳙和草鱼原种种群形态差异

对长江、珠江、黑龙江的鲢、鳙、草鱼原种种群的十项形态特征,于高维空间上用统计方法进行判别分析,发现种群间具有显著差异,不同江河鲢、鳙的侧线鳞数也有明显不同。这些形态特征上的差异的大小与种群间的地理距离呈正相关。 根据上述显著性差异的特征,用模式分类法推导得鉴别程序,可在IBM-PC-AT计算机上对鱼逐尾自动判别鉴定其种群,除长江鲢外,准确率在75％～100％。     

长江水系钱草鱼遗传结构及变异性的RAPD研究

采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对长江中游的湖北嘉鱼与江西瑞昌两个地理群体和中游的汉江和湘江两大水系的鲢和草鱼的群体进行了遗传学研究。发现长江水系链的遗传变异要高于草鱼,与现今生物量成反比的反常现象。鲢遗传多样性从大到小的分布是嘉鱼→湘江→瑞昌→汉江。草鱼遗传多样性从大到小的分布是瑞昌→汉江→湘江→嘉鱼,鲢和草鱼的遗传多样性地理分布并不一致。遗传分化指数Gst分别为12.3%和17.5%,表明鲢和草鱼的四个地理群体的遗传分化度较低,可能与地理较近和基因交流频繁有关。     

A mark-recapture population estimate for invasive silver carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</Emphasis>) in the La Grange Reach,Illinois River

Invasive silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) populations have expanded greatly in the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) since their introduction in the early 1970s. We conducted a Chapman-modified, continuous Schnabel mark-recapture population and biomass estimate for silver carp (106–901 mm) in the La Grange reach, Illinois River during 2007–2008. We estimated a total of 328,192 (95% CI 231,226–484,474) silver carp (2,544 per river km 1,792–3,756) comprising 705 (95% CI; 496–1,040) metric tons of biomass (5.5 metric tons per river km 3.8–8.1). Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) data from the La Grange reach showed an exponential increase in silver carp catches since 1998, with an intrinsic rate of increase approaching 84%. In 2008, silver carp comprised about 51% of the total LTRMP annual fish collection. To our knowledge, this large river reach may contain the greatest ambient densities of wild silver carp in the world. Our findings provide a target for reduction efforts and also emphasize the importance of the La Grange reach as a source population for potential expansion of the species to the Laurentian Great Lakes.     

Native bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix populations in the Pearl River are threatened by Yangtze River introductions as revealed by mitochondrial DNA

Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have been two economically important aquaculture species in China for centuries. In the past decades, bighead and silver carp have been introduced from the Yangtze River to many river systems in China, including the Pearl River, in annual, large-scale, stocking activities to enhance wild fisheries. Nonetheless, few studies have assessed the ecological or genetic impacts of such introductions on native conspecific fish populations. An mtDNA D-loop segment of 978 bp from 213 bighead carp samples from 9 populations and a 975 bp segment from 204 silver carp samples from 10 populations were obtained to evaluate genetic diversity and population integrity. Results from a haplotype network analysis revealed that most haplotypes of the Pearl River clustered with those of Yangtze River origin and only a small proportion were distinct, suggesting that both the native Pearl River bighead and silver carp populations are currently dominated by genetic material from the Yangtze River. The genetic diversity of Pearl River populations is high in both species because of this inter-population gene flow, but the diversity of native Pearl River populations is low. To preserve the native genetic diversity, stocking of non-native fingerlings should cease immediately and native Pearl River bighead and silver carp fish farms should be established. This research demonstrates the danger to native biodiversity across China because of the substantial, ongoing stock-enhancement activities without prior genetic assessment.     

Genetic diversity of common carp from two largest Chinese lakes and the Yangtze River revealed by microsatellite markers

Six polymorphic microsatellites (eight loci) were used to study the genetic diversity and population structure of common carp from Dongting Lake (DTC), Poyang Lake (PYC), and the Yangtze River (YZC) in China. The gene diversity was high among populations with values close to 1. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 11, and the average number of alleles among 3 populations ranged from 6.5 to 7.9. The mean observed (H _O) and expected (H _E) heterozygosity ranged from 0.4888 to 0.5162 and from 0.7679 to 0.7708, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium expectation were found at majority of the loci and in all three populations in which heterozygote deficits were apparent. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the percent of variance among populations and within populations were 3.03 and 96.97, respectively. The Fst values between populations indicated that there were significant genetic differentiations for the common carp populations from the Yangtze River and two largest Chinese freshwater lakes. The factors that may result in genetic divergence and significant reduction of the observed heterozygosity were discussed.     

中华鳖非特异性免疫功能的群体差异研究

从补体总量、红细胞C3 b受体花环率、红细胞天然免疫肿瘤细胞花环率、T淋巴细胞活性E花环率及白细胞吞噬活性五方面 ,探讨了黄河鳖、淮河鳖、洞庭湖鳖、鄱阳湖鳖及太湖鳖在非特异性免疫功能上的差异。主要结果 :(1)在补体总量及红细胞天然免疫肿瘤细胞花环率上 ,五群体之间差异不显著 (F <0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )在红细胞C3 b受体花环率上 ,黄河鳖显著地高于鄱阳湖鳖与太湖鳖 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而其余群体间则差异不显著 (F <0 .0 5 ) ,花环率大小顺序为 :黄河鳖 >淮河鳖 >洞庭湖鳖 >鄱阳湖鳖 >太湖鳖 ;(3)在T淋巴细胞活性E花环率上 ,黄河鳖显著高于鄱阳湖鳖 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,太湖鳖极显著地低于其他四个群体 (F >0 .0 1) ,其余群体间则差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,花环率大小顺序为 :黄河鳖 >淮河鳖 >洞庭湖鳖 >鄱阳湖鳖 >太湖鳖 ;(4 )在白细胞吞噬活性上 ,除淮河鳖与鄱阳湖鳖差异不显著外 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,其余群体间则差异极显著 (F >0 .0 1) ,活性大小顺序为 :黄河鳖 >洞庭湖鳖 >淮河鳖 >鄱阳湖鳖 >太湖鳖。综上所述 ,在非特异性免疫功能上 ,黄河鳖最强 ,太湖鳖较弱。     

长江水系草鱼遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析

利用已发表的鲤微卫星引物在草鱼中进行PCR扩增,结果有5对引物(6个座位)能成功扩增并且有较高多态性,等位基因数在3-7个之间。这些异种扩增的草鱼微卫星符合孟德尔遗传规律。测序证明草鱼中的微卫星核心重复序列部分与鲤中的原始核心序列相似,也有一些变化。随后用这6个多态微卫星座位研究了来自长江水系的四个草鱼群体的遗传结构,结果显示每个群体的平均等位基因数在38与48之间,平均观测杂合度(Ho)在04000与05741之间,平均期望杂合度(HE)在04773与06489之间,有多个座位在不同的群体中偏离哈代-温伯格平衡。遗传距离分析表明四川群体与洞庭湖群体遗传距离最远,而嘉鱼群体与鄱阳湖群体遗传距离较近。分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明,群体内遗传变异与群体间遗传变异分别占总遗传变异的9560%与440%,固定系数(FST)为0044,这表明长江水系草鱼目前的群体分化很微弱。       

鄱阳湖主要入湖段典型底栖动物体内微塑料累积特征

以鄱阳湖-饶河和鄱阳湖-赣江中支两个主要入湖段典型底栖动物(河蚬、圆顶珠蚌、中国圆田螺)为对象,通过组织消解、滤膜过滤分离和显微镜检筛分微塑料(粒径<5mm),分析底栖动物体内微塑料的累积特征。结果表明:三种底栖动物体内均有微塑料淀积且主要淀积于消化道组织中,不同物种淀积丰度表现为河蚬>中国圆田螺>圆顶珠蚌;淀积的微塑料类型包括颗粒类、碎片类、薄膜类和纤维类,其中以纤维类为主;微塑料颜色主要有透明、蓝、红、紫;粒径以<1 mm的丰度最高,且随粒径增大丰度呈递减的趋势;空间尺度上,饶河入湖段底栖动物体内微塑料丰度高于赣江中支入湖段。本研究表明,鄱阳湖微塑料污染已造成底栖动物体内微塑料的累积,湖水产品的食用需要谨慎,但与国内外其他研究相比,本次研究区域的底栖动物处于中等微塑料污染。     

姚江鱼类种群生态特点和鱼产力估量

本文根据1976-1977年的调查研究,讨论姚江鱼类种群生态特点,并参照对杭州青山水库的一些调查及中国科学院水生生物研究所对武昌东湖的研究,估量姚江的鱼产力,旨在为拟定增产措施提供科学根据。       

葛洲坝水利枢纽兴建后对青、草、鲢、鳙繁殖生态效应的研究

本文分析了葛洲坝枢纽截流后,大坝上、下游草、青、鲢、鳙的繁殖条件,产卵场位置,产卵规模,鱼卵、鱼苗成色以及4种鱼的群体组成等。指出除原宜昌产卵场发生变化外,其余产卵场基本存在,并在上游新发现了几处产卵场。讨论了大坝对4种鱼的影响程度和上游存在草鱼地方性群体,论证了4种鱼不必过坝产卵的理由。       

鄱阳湖流域非繁殖期鸟类多样性

2010年11月-2011年3月,采用样线和样点法相结合,对鄱阳湖流域非繁殖期鸟类种类及数量进行了调查.共记录鸟类13目36科106种.其中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类10种.居留型方面,留鸟和冬候鸟最多,分别占鸟类物种总数的56.60％和35.85％.鸟类区系上,古北界种类最多,占41.51％;其次是东洋界鸟类,占32.08％.鸟类物种数1月份和3月份最多,多样性和均匀度指数均以12月份和3月份最高,以11月份和2月份最低.欧氏距离显示,修水段、龙虎山段和靖安段与其他河段的鸟类组成差异较大.宜黄段、耳口段和浮梁段的鸟类组成比较相近.研究结果表明,鸟类的相似度与各河段间隔的距离无关,而可能与当地的生境密切相关.鄱阳湖流域分布着一些濒危鸟类,然而人类活动如采砂、非法捕鱼等严重影响了这些鸟类的生存环境.因此建议降低人类活动强度,维持鄱阳湖流域鸟类多样性.     

近十年来鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤种群数量与分布

1998—2010年,该研究采用地面同步调查法在鄱阳湖区64个湖泊开展了越冬白鹤种群监测。结果表明,鄱阳湖区分布有稳定的越冬白鹤种群,鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤种群数量年平均值为(3108±849)只,2002年冬季达到最大值4004只;从2003年开始鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤数量表现出一定的年际波动,但变化幅度较小。共有46个湖泊被记录到有白鹤活动。其中,达到全球白鹤种群数量1%标准以上的湖泊达25个;白鹤数量接近或超过全球白鹤种群数量的40%,即1280只个体以上的湖泊包括鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区内的大汊池、蚌湖和蚕豆湖,以及保护区外的南湖。自然保护区涵盖了越冬白鹤的主要聚集湖泊。分布在自然保护区内的白鹤占鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤种群总数量的(66±27.3)%。保护区外分布的白鹤数量虽然总体呈下降趋势,但仍分布有一定数量的个体。     

Significant genetic differentiation between native and introduced silver carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</Emphasis>) inferred from mtDNA analysis

Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Cyprinidae) is native to China and has been introduced to over 80 countries. The extent of genetic diversity in introduced silver carp and the genetic divergence between introduced and native populations remain largely unknown. In this study, 241 silver carp sampled from three major native rivers and two non-native rivers (Mississippi River and Danube River) were analyzed using nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial COI gene and D-loop region. A total of 73 haplotypes were observed, with no haplotype found common to all the five populations and eight haplotypes shared by two to four populations. As compared with introduced populations, all native populations possess both higher haplotype diversity and higher nucleotide diversity, presumably a result of the founder effect. Significant genetic differentiation was revealed between native and introduced populations as well as among five sampled populations, suggesting strong selection pressures might have occurred in introduced populations. Collectively, this study not only provides baseline information for sustainable use of silver carp in their native country (i.e., China), but also offers first-hand genetic data for the control of silver carp in countries (e.g., the United States) where they are considered invasive.     

黑龙江水系不同倍性鲫鱼的遗传多样性

摘要: 利用12对微卫星标记对黑龙江水系6个野生鲫鱼不同倍性群体进行遗传结构分析。结果表明: 6个采集群体的平均等位基因数为5.8~6.8, 平均有效等位基因数为2.8~4.6, 平均期望杂合度为0.5592~0.6962, 平均多态信息含量为0.5962~0.6481, 说明这几个群体遗传多样性水平较高。根据d值, 各群体均有不同程度的偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡的现象, 均表现为杂合度过度。Kruskal-Wallis 检验表明两种倍性、6个采集群体鲫鱼遗传多样性差异不显著, 没有发现三倍体鲫由于倍性增加而出现额外的等位基因片段。群体间基因分化系数(GST)为0.0398, 表明群体间存在轻度遗传分化。聚类分析表明, 同水体两种鲫鱼亲缘关系最近, 不同采集群体间松花江与乌苏里江分化最小, 月亮湾与新荒泡其次, 双凤水库群体分化最大     

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程建设对草鱼江湖洄游潜在的影响

鄱阳湖是长江四大家鱼索饵、育肥的重要场所,近年来鄱阳湖出现了枯水季水位严重降低、枯水期延长、湿地面积缩小的现象。为解决鄱阳湖水资源、水文、水生态等问题,建议在鄱阳湖入江水道兴建控制闸水利枢纽。然而,拟建的水利枢纽工程将打破鄱阳湖与长江的天然连通性,可能会对四大鱼类洄游过程产生影响。通过构建二维和三维水动力模型,分析鄱阳湖水利枢纽建设后入江水道与枢纽洄游通道的水动力学特征,结合实验和文献获得的草鱼幼鱼和成鱼游泳能力参数,阐明了枢纽建设对草鱼洄游的影响。结果表明:在设计调度模式下,草鱼幼鱼入湖期间,湖口段适宜通过天数达到83.74%以上,说明湖口及入江水道的水动力条件对洄游的影响较小,同时,枢纽工程处在过鱼高峰期仍能保持较高的过闸效率;草鱼成鱼出湖期间,丰、平水年闸前水动力条件对洄游的影响较小,仅在枯水年闸前流速几乎静止,草鱼适宜出湖天数偏低。在该调度模式下,水利枢纽建设运行后鄱阳湖整体水动力条件能够满足草鱼洄游需求。目前设计的鱼道在高、低水位时期均出现局部流速过大的现象,不满足过鱼条件。从四大家鱼江湖洄游的角度为鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程设计和运行提供科学参考。     

Common carp in the Upper Mississippi River

Since its escapement into the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) and rapid expansion in the late 1900's, the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, has become a major component of the river fishery. Mean annual harvest value for this species was $270000 between 1953 and 1977. Recent evidence suggests that common carp may not be as abundant in the river as they have been in the past. We summarized historical commerical information on common carp in the UMR to put its current harvest levels in perspective. A major factor responsible for recent low annual harvests has been PCB contamination of the river in the Lake Pepin area. Market and biological factors probably have also contributed to declining harvests. To help explain why common carp populations in the UMR may be declining, we reviewed literature pertaining to the ecology of the species, particularly that from the river, its tributaries, or midwestern lakes. We included information on how common carp are controlled by environmental factors, and how they interact with other biota. Most aspects of carp ecology in the UMR and other areas are similar. Exceptions relate primarily to their response to annual water level regimes of the river. We postulate that population declines and absent year classes in the UMR may be related to poor recruitment during high- or variable-water years.     

50年来长江鲢、鳙形态特征的变迁(英文)

采用多元分析方法,对采自长江中游的上世纪中期(下称早期)和本世纪初(下称当前)的121尾1龄鲢、鳙的30项形态度量性状进行了分析。依据对判别贡献最大的5个参数所建立的判别公式,对鲢、鳙早期和当前群体的平均判别准确率分别达94.2%和98.%,显示鲢或鳙的当前与早期群体间在总体上存在着显著差异。单因素方差分析显示,在早期和当前群体间,鲢有12个特征差异极显著、8个差异显著,鳙分别有8个特征差异极显著或显著。其中,鲢和鳙的6个显著或极显著变大的特征参数集中在头部,而14个鲢和10个鳙的显著或极显著变小的特征参数则主要集中在躯干部与尾部。研究表明,最近50年来长江鲢、鳙的头及头部特征有相对变大的趋势,而躯干部与尾部的许多特征参数则有相对变小的趋势,这些形态演变趋势符合人们喜食鱼头、追求高经济效益的期望。     

三峡库区5 个鲢群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

研究利用10 个高度多态的微卫星标记对三峡水库秭归、巫山、云阳、忠县、木洞等5 个库区鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)的野生群体进行了遗传多样性分析。检测到161 个等位基因, 群体共有等位基因84 个, 每个微卫星位点的等位基因数729 不等。平均观测杂合度Ho 为0.7840.846, 平均期望杂合度He 为0.8280.847, 平均多态信息含量PIC 为0.7970.817。Fst 值为-0.0010.009, 表明5 个鲢群体间没有遗传分化。Hardy-Weinberg 平衡检验表明巫山、云阳、木洞群体在一些位点上偏离遗传平衡。Bottleneck 分析显示长江三峡库区江段的鲢群体可能在历史上经历了遗传瓶颈。5 个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.8910.950, 遗传距离为 0.0500.115, 根据 Nei's 遗传距离所绘制的聚类图, 表明鲢群体间的遗传距离与其地理距离基本一致。贝叶斯分析结果也证实三峡库区5 个鲢群体可视为一个类群。尽管没有检测到遗传分化, 数据清晰地表明三峡库区的鲢群体仍有很高的遗传多样性, 研究结果为三峡地区和长江上游的鲢种质资源保护和种群评估提供了参考。       

长江中游草鱼天然种群的生化遗传结构及变异

采用淀粉或聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析了长江中游武汉江段草鱼天然种群(n=81)中10种同工酶约28个基因座位的遗传变异型。该种群的多态座位比例为16.7%,平均杂合度为0.0739。而Utter和Folmar(1978)曾报道美国的5个草鱼人工繁殖种群的多态座位比例及平均杂合度分别为6%和0.021。比较结果表明,近交很可能是导致草鱼人工繁殖种群中遗传变异性降低的主要原因。我们认为生产上采用数量大、来源广的亲鱼进行人工繁殖,并定期用天然种群更换或补充繁殖用亲鱼很可能是保持或增加鱼类人工繁殖种群遗传变异性的一种有效手段。