Species Richness and Habitat Use of Small Carnivores in the Arusha National Park (Tanzania)

The carnivore community of Arusha National Park, Tanzania, was monitored using live trapping and diurnal and nocturnal visual counts and recording of tracks and signs along line transects. Nine carnivore species were recorded. Hyena (Crocuta crocuta), the most common large species, leopard (Panthera pardus) and African civet (Civettictis civetta) were detected along line transects, while the smaller species were counted and/or captured. Mungos mungo, Galerella sanguinea, and Genetta maculata were the most prevalent at transect counts, while G. sanguinea, Bdeogale crassicauda, and G. maculata were most frequently captured. Ichneumia albicauda and Ictonyx striatus were captured at only a single site. Carnivores selected natural habitat types, multilayered forest, open shrubs and herbaceous savannah, and were absent, or tended to avoid disturbed (man-made) habitats. Species of which sufficient data were gathered seemed to behave as habitat generalists (C. crocuta, G. sanguinea, G. maculata, M. mungo and I. striatus). The need for more detailed studies on small carnivore ecology and the importance of smaller protected areas for their conservation are discussed.     

西藏地衣物种多样性的海拔梯度分析

根据西藏地衣分类和区系的文献资料,对西藏地衣物种多样性的海拔梯度进行了分析。267个分类群按照生长型或者基物被分为六组。每一组地衣的物种丰度随海拔增加呈现单峰曲线形式的变化。多数组物种丰度的峰值出现在海拔3400~3900m之间,对应于山地寒温带针叶林带的上半部分,比尼泊尔对应类群出现极值的海拔要高。此植物带谱内复杂的生态系统可能是物种多样性高的主要原因。壳状地衣物种丰度的峰值出现在5100~5400m区间则可能是因为该区内高大的树木的消失以及具有充裕的阳光。西藏的地衣物种多样性远低于尼泊尔,两地共有的物种数量很少。对西藏地衣物种多样性的调查不充分应当是其主要原因,因此今后中国地衣学工作者应当加强西藏地衣多样性的研究。     

西藏地衣物种多样性的海拔梯度分析

根据西藏地衣分类和区系的文献资料,对西藏地衣物种多样性的海拔梯度进行了分析。267个分类群按照生长型或者基物被分为六组。每一组地衣的物种丰度随海拔增加呈现单峰曲线形式的变化。多数组物种丰度的峰值出现在海拔3400~3900m之间,对应于山地寒温带针叶林带的上半部分,比尼泊尔对应类群出现极值的海拔要高。此植物带谱内复杂的生态系统可能是物种多样性高的主要原因。壳状地衣物种丰度的峰值出现在5100~5400m区间则可能是因为该区内高大的树木的消失以及具有充裕的阳光。西藏的地衣物种多样性远低于尼泊尔,两地共有的物种数量很少。对西藏地衣物种多样性的调查不充分应当是其主要原因,因此今后中国地衣学工作者应当加强西藏地衣多样性的研究。     

Factors Affecting the Benthic Community Structure of a Discontinuous Stream in Guadelupe Mountains National Park,Texas

McKittrick Creek, a discontinuous mountain-desert stream in Guadelupe Mountains National Park, Texas, was sampled at discrete locations (pools) to test for differences in biomass, density, species diversity, equitability, and species richness in the benthic macroinvertebrate community. Significant differences occurred among pools for these biotic characteristics of the benthic community along the downstream gradient. Pools connected by flow were more similar to each other than pools separated by dry reaches. Variation in the quantity of coarse detritus and periphyton best explained differences among pools.     

大别山地区两栖爬行动物区系调查

为掌握大别山地区两栖爬行动物资源现状,于2006年9月起至2013年6月通过53条样线对大别山地区进行实地考察。调查结果显示,在大别山地区共发现两栖爬行动物56种,隶属4目16科。其中两栖动物2目8科21种,爬行动物2目8科35种。大别山地区两栖、爬行动物的分布型主要为南中国型,动物区系类型则主要为华中型和华南型。黄喉拟水龟(Mauremys mutica)、黄脊游蛇(Coluber spinalis)、平鳞钝头蛇(Pareas boulengeri)、棕黑腹链蛇(Amphiesma sauteri)和福建颈斑蛇(Plagiopholis styani)为该地区的新纪录,大别山原矛头蝮(Protobothrops dabieshanensis)为近期在大别山地区发现的蛇类新种。东方蝾螈(Cynops orientalis)、中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gararizans)、泽陆蛙(Fejervarya multistriata)、黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculatus)、中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)为两栖类的优势种,中国石龙子(Eumeces chinensis)、蝘蜓(Sphenomorphus indicus)、北草蜥(Takydromus septentrionalis)、赤链蛇(Dinodon rufozonatum)、王锦蛇(Elaphe carinata)、虎斑颈槽蛇(Rhabdophis tigrinus)和乌梢蛇(Zaocys dhumnades)为爬行类的优势种。鉴于大别山两栖爬行动物多样性的丰富度和动物区系的代表性,应加强对该地区两栖爬行动物的保护工作。     

Richness of Lichen Species,Especially of Threatened Ones,Is Promoted by Management Methods Furthering Stand Continuity

Lichens are a key component of forest biodiversity. However, a comprehensive study analyzing lichen species richness in relation to several management types, extending over different regions and forest stages and including information on site conditions is missing for temperate European forests. In three German regions (Schwäbische Alb, Hainich-Dün, Schorfheide-Chorin), the so-called Biodiversity Exploratories, we studied lichen species richness in 631 forest plots of 400 m² comprising different management types (unmanaged, selection cutting, deciduous and coniferous age-class forests resulting from clear cutting or shelterwood logging), various stand ages, and site conditions, typical for large parts of temperate Europe. We analyzed how lichen species richness responds to management and habitat variables (standing biomass, cover of deadwood, cover of rocks). We found strong regional differences with highest lichen species richness in the Schwäbische Alb, probably driven by regional differences in former air pollution, and in precipitation and habitat variables. Overall, unmanaged forests harbored 22% more threatened lichen species than managed age-class forests. In general, total, corticolous, and threatened lichen species richness did not differ among management types of deciduous forests. However, in the Schwäbische-Alb region, deciduous forests had 61% more lichen species than coniferous forests and they had 279% more threatened and 76% more corticolous lichen species. Old deciduous age classes were richer in corticolous lichen species than young ones, while old coniferous age-classes were poorer than young ones. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of stand continuity for conservation. To increase total and threatened lichen species richness we suggest (1) conserving unmanaged forests, (2) promoting silvicultural methods assuring stand continuity, (3) conserving old trees in managed forests, (4) promoting stands of native deciduous tree species instead of coniferous plantations, and (5) increasing the amount of deadwood in forests.     

乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统树生地衣群落结构

为了探明乌鲁木齐南部山区树生地衣种类及其群落结构特征,应用多元分析中的主成分分析及聚类分析方法,对分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统中的树生地衣植物群落进行数量分类,并对其群落结构的物种多样性、相似性和均匀度等群落参数进行了比较系统的研究。结果表明,分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区的树生地衣共有39种,隶属于5目13科26属。根据多元分析结果,将该地区的树生地衣划分为3种类型：（1）小茶渍（Lecanorahageni（Ach．）Ach．）＋蜈蚣衣（肋归ciastellaris（L．）Nyl．）＋柳茶渍（￡-。saligna（Schrad．）Zahlbr．）群落;（2）斑面蜈蚣衣（Physciaaipolia（Humb．）Furm．）＋对开蜈蚣衣（Ph．dimidiata（Arn．）Nyl．）＋喇叭石蕊（Cladoniapyxidata（L．）Hoffm．）群落：（3）拟石黄衣（Xanthoria fallax（Hepp）Arnold．）＋丽石黄衣（xelegans（Link．）Th．Fr．）群落。群落3的多样性指数最大,为1．509,其次为群落2,其多样性指数为1．109,群落1的多样性指数最低,为1．088。同时,研究发现海拔高度和树种是影响乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统树生地衣结构的两个重要因素。     

乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统树生地衣群落结构

为了探明乌鲁木齐南部山区树生地衣种类及其群落结构特征, 应用多元分析中的主成分分析及聚类分析方法, 对分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统中的树生地衣植物群落进行数量分类, 并对其群落结构的物种多样性、相似性和均匀度等群落参数进行了比较系统的研究。结果表明, 分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区的树生地衣共有39种, 隶属于5目13科26属。根据多元分析结果, 将该地区的树生地衣划分为3种类型: (1) 小茶渍(Lecanora hageni (Ach.) Ach.) + 蜈蚣衣(Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl.) + 柳茶渍(L. saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr.)群落; (2) 斑面蜈蚣衣(Physcia aipolia (Humb.) Furm.) + 对开蜈蚣衣(Ph. dimidiata (Arn.) Nyl.) + 喇叭石蕊(Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.)群落; (3) 拟石黄衣(Xanthoria fallax (Hepp) Arnold.) + 丽石黄衣(X. elegans (Link.) Th. Fr.)群落。群落3的多样性指数最大, 为1.509, 其次为群落2, 其多样性指数为1.109, 群落1的多样性指数最低, 为1.088。同时, 研究发现海拔高度和树种是影响乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统树生地衣结构的两个重要因素。     

Bryophyte Species Richness on Retention Aspens Recovers in Time but Community Structure Does Not

Green-tree retention is a forest management method in which some living trees are left on a logged area. The aim is to offer ‘lifeboats’ to support species immediately after logging and to provide microhabitats during and after forest re-establishment. Several studies have shown immediate decline in bryophyte diversity after retention logging and thus questioned the effectiveness of this method, but longer term studies are lacking. Here we studied the epiphytic bryophytes on European aspen (Populus tremula L.) retention trees along a 30-year chronosequence. We compared the bryophyte flora of 102 ‘retention aspens’ on 14 differently aged retention sites with 102 ‘conservation aspens’ on 14 differently aged conservation sites. We used a Bayesian community-level modelling approach to estimate the changes in bryophyte species richness, abundance (area covered) and community structure during 30 years after logging. Using the fitted model, we estimated that two years after logging both species richness and abundance of bryophytes declined, but during the following 20–30 years both recovered to the level of conservation aspens. However, logging-induced changes in bryophyte community structure did not fully recover over the same time period. Liverwort species showed some or low potential to benefit from lifeboating and high potential to re-colonise as time since logging increases. Most moss species responded similarly, but two cushion-forming mosses benefited from the logging disturbance while several weft- or mat-forming mosses declined and did not re-colonise in 20–30 years. We conclude that retention trees do not function as equally effective lifeboats for all bryophyte species but are successful in providing suitable habitats for many species in the long-term. To be most effective, retention cuts should be located adjacent to conservation sites, which may function as sources of re-colonisation and support the populations of species that require old-growth forests.     

Phylogeny,Species Richness,and Ecological Specialization in Cyperaceae Tribe Cariceae

Cyperaceae tribe Cariceae is characterized by both species richness and habitat diversity, making it an ideal system to study ecological specialization and niche differentiation. We present a phylogenetic hypothesis for the tribe based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence comparisons (ETS-1f, ITS, trnL intron, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer) for 140 representative species from five continents, and use this hypothesis to suggest patterns of both niche conservatism and niche differentiation, particularly within the large subgenus Carex. We identify a new major clade, comprising forest species of East Asian Carex section Siderostictae (subgenus Carex) as sister to the rest of tribe Cariceae. Within Carex subgenus Carex, species tolerant of water-saturated habitats occur in only a few, apparently derived groups, with varying species richness. Clades of predominantly wetland species tend to have broad geographic distribution, often with sister species on different continents, suggesting recent dispersal. In contrast, species within several clades are predominantly forest specialists with distinct Asian and North American lineages. Niche segregation along environmental gradients, such as soil moisture or acidity, is quite common among closely related wetland species, but more difficult to demonstrate within upland forest groups. More complete sampling of species within both wetland and forest groups, combined with comparable sampling of environmental preferences and testing against null models, will be needed for more rigorous exploration of the observed patterns.     

Effects of Habitat-Forming Species Richness,Evenness, Identity,and Abundance on Benthic Intertidal Community Establishment and Productivity

In a context of reduced global biodiversity, the potential impacts from the loss of habitat-forming species (HFS) on ecosystem structure and functioning must be established. These species are often the main community primary producers and have a major role in the establishment of organisms through facilitation processes. This study focuses on macroalgae and mussels as HFS within an intertidal zone along the St. Lawrence estuary (Quebec, Canada). Over a 16-week period, we manipulated the in situ diversity profile (richness, evenness, identity, and abundance) of the dominant HFS (Fucus distichus edentatus, F. vesiculosus, and Mytilus spp.) in order to define their role in both the establishment of associated species and community primary production. Contrary to expectation, no general change in HFS richness, evenness, abundance, or identity on associated species community establishment was observed. However, over the study period, the HFS diversity profile modified the structure within the trophic guilds, which may potentially affect further community functions. Also, our results showed that the low abundance of HFS had a negative impact on the primary productivity of the community. Our results suggest that HFS diversity profiles have a limited short-term role in our study habitat and may indicate that biological forcing in these intertidal communities is less important than environmental conditions. As such, there was an opportunistic establishment of species that ensured rapid colonization regardless of the absence, or the diversity profile, of facilitators such as HFS.     

Allozyme Variability among Populations of Three Species of Brush-Furred Mice (Lophuromys,Rodentia, Muridae) from the Bale Mountains National Park (Ethiopia)

Allozyme variability was examined in populations of three endemic species of the species complex Lophuromys flavopunctatussensu lato: L. chrysopus, L. brevicaudus, and L. melanonyx. These species replace each other in adjacent altitudinal belts of the Bale Massif in Ethiopia. A deficit of heterozygotes at several loci was found in most samples of all species studied. Moreover, the samples included animals homozygous for two or three minor alleles and heterozygous for alleles that are rare and unique for the given species. It is suggested that the Bale Massif are inhabited by numerous genetically isolated populations of eachLophuromys species, which exchange genes at an extremely low rate. Genotypic disequilibrium observed in most samples is explained by the fact that most sampling localities comprise ranges of two and more micropopulations. In our view, microgeographic subdivision of the populations is caused by recurrent fragmentation of habitats during the Pleistocene glaciation of the Bale Massif and subsequent prolonged isolation of local populations. Gene drift accompanying these processes resulted in high genetic differentiation of the local populations, which probably persisted until the present. Geographical isolation of the Bale Massif, its uniquely diverse ecological conditions, and extraordinary allozyme structure of the Lophuromys populations suggest that these populations represent remnants or direct descendants of relic local populations.     

Ecological and Evolutionary Effects of Stickleback on Community Structure

Species’ ecology and evolution can have strong effects on communities. Both may change concurrently when species colonize a new ecosystem. We know little, however, about the combined effects of ecological and evolutionary change on community structure. We simultaneously examined the effects of top-predator ecology and evolution on freshwater community parameters using recently evolved generalist and specialist ecotypes of three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We used a mesocosm experiment to directly examine the effects of ecological (fish presence and density) and evolutionary (phenotypic diversity and specialization) factors on community structure at lower trophic levels. We evaluated zooplankton biomass and composition, periphyton and phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration, and net primary production among treatments containing different densities and diversities of stickleback. Our results showed that both ecological and evolutionary differences in the top-predator affect different aspects of community structure and composition. Community structure, specifically the abundance of organisms at each trophic level, was affected by stickleback presence and density, whereas composition of zooplankton was influenced by stickleback diversity and specialization. Primary productivity, in terms of chlorophyll-a concentration and net primary production was affected by ecological but not evolutionary factors. Our results stress the importance of concurrently evaluating both changes in density and phenotypic diversity on the structure and composition of communities.     

地形对七姊妹山自然保护区植物丰富度及分布格局的影响

该研究以七姊妹山自然保护区40个(20×20m2)植物群落调查样方为基础,并采用回归分析和典型对应分析(CCA)的方法研究该区地形对植物物种丰富度及植物分布格局的影响,以明确海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位等地形因子的相对重要性,为该区植物多样性的保护和管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)七姊妹山自然保护区40个调查样地共有植物633种,隶属133科,316属,其中乔木118种,灌木150种,草本365种。(2)曲线回归方程拟合结果显示,七姊妹山自然保护区植物物种丰富度分别与海拔、坡度具有显著相关性,物种丰富度沿海拔梯度升高而增大,沿坡度梯度先减少后增大之后又减小。(3)从植物的生活型来看,在所有海拔段,乔木物种丰富度始终低于灌木和草本植物;在低、中低海拔地带,灌木物种丰富度均高于乔木和草本植物;而在中、高海拔地带草本植物物种丰富度较大且高于乔木和灌木。(4)CCA排序结果表明,地形因子对植物物种的分布具有显著影响按其影响强度排序为海拔坡度坡位坡向,说明海拔是影响该区植物物种分布最重要的地形因子。     

长广溪国家城市湿地公园鸟类群落结构及季节动态

2012年4月—2013年3月,逐月对江苏无锡长广溪国家城市湿地公园鸟类群落进行了研究。共记录到鸟类61种,隶属13目30科,雀形目鸟类占主要地位,其中留鸟、冬候鸟、夏候鸟、旅鸟分别占总种数的34.42%、24.59%、29.51%和11.48%。鸟类区系以广布种和古北界种为主,兼有东洋界种,具有南北过渡的明显特征。全年优势种有6种,分别为小??、黑水鸡、白头鹎、八哥、棕头鸦雀、麻雀。从季节动态变化上看,鸟种数表现为春季>秋季>冬季>夏季;数量表现为秋季>冬季>春季>夏季。鸟类多样性指数春季>夏季>冬季>秋季;均匀度指数为夏季>冬季>春季>秋季;优势度指数为秋季>冬季>春季>夏季。夏季与秋季鸟类群落间的相似性系数最大,夏季与冬季的相似性指数最小。同时对湿地公园鸟类适宜度作出总体评价,并且对公园后续建设及管理方式提出建议。     

Negative Effects of Sample Pooling on PCR-Based Estimates of Soil Microbial Richness and Community Structure

In this study, we examined the effect of various pooling strategies on the characterization of soil microbial community composition and phylotype richness estimates. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) profiles were determined from soil samples that were (i) unpooled (extracted and amplified individually), (ii) pooled prior to PCR amplification, or (iii) pooled prior to DNA extraction. Regression analyses suggest that the less even the soil microbial community (i.e., low Shannon equitability, E_H), the greater was the impact of either pooling strategy on microbial detection (R² = 0.766). For example, at a tropical rainforest site, which had the most uneven fungal (E_H of 0.597) and bacterial communities (E_H of 0.822), the unpooled procedure detected an additional 67 fungal and 115 bacterial phylotypes relative to either of the pooled procedures. Phylotype rarity, resulting in missed detection upon pooling, differed between the fungal and bacterial communities. Fungi were typified by locally abundant but spatially rare phylotypes, and the bacteria were typified by locally rare but spatially ubiquitous phylotypes. As a result, pooling differentially influenced plot comparisons, leading to an increase in similarity for the bacterial community and a decrease in the fungal community. In conclusion, although pooling reduces sample numbers and variability, it could mask a significant portion of the detectable microbial community, particularly for fungi due to their higher spatial heterogeneity.Microbial communities in soils are extremely complex, with heterogeneity expressed on a wide variety of scales (6-9, 16). Therefore, soil sampling strategies typically combine multiple small samples, obtained from various locations within the area of interest, into a single homogenized sample that is then subsampled for analysis. Previous studies (5, 11, 15) have compared the sizes of the subsamples to best represent the microbial diversity in the pooled samples. Larger sample sizes are typically recommended for community profiling (5, 11, 15) because they can reduce variability in the subsample and appear to adequately capture the dominant members of the community (3, 11). Conversely, multiple small subsamples have been proposed to be better suited for identifying rare community members and estimating species richness (10-11). While previous studies have largely been conducted to determine the variability of the subsample—and, hence, its ability to represent the larger, homogenized sample—the impact of soil sample size and pooling to best represent the site of interest and its influence on plot comparisons has not been adequately explored. For example, “rare” species in the pooled, homogenized sample may arise from two different scenarios: (i) species are found in high abundance at fine scales but are heterogeneously spaced, and (ii) species are found in low abundance but are ubiquitously distributed. Furthermore, detection of rare species could be problematic with molecular approaches that rely on PCR for amplification and detection.Although molecular techniques can detect many microbial species missed by traditional culturing (20), they suffer from several potential biases (14, 17) that may limit successful PCR amplification and detection. For example, because PCR is a competitive process, species with a low relative abundance will be amplified to a lesser degree and may not reach detection threshold levels. This process is routinely utilized in competitive PCR to analyze starting template concentrations in mixed nucleic acid samples (17, 19). Furthermore, this effect would be seen by any process that could dilute rare phylotypes, such as pooling DNA extracts prior to amplification. Therefore, if the microbial community in the starting template is too complex, reducing the soil sample size will increase the likelihood that less abundant species are successfully amplified and detected.In this study, we analyzed the influence of three different sampling strategies on microbial community profiling using automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and the following types of samples: (i) unpooled, (ii) pooled prior to PCR amplification, or (iii) pooled prior to DNA extraction. This sampling scheme was designed to test the effects of different common sampling strategies on microbial community profiles of samples containing equal soil volumes. Studies were conducted at three different field sites with various types of plant overstory complexity: an agricultural corn field, a ponderosa pine forest, and a tropical rainforest.     

Frequent predation on primates by crowned eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) in Mahale Mountains National Park,Tanzania

Primates - The significance of raptor predation has been repeatedly emphasized in studies on arboreal primates; however, there are few studies on the predation of primates by raptors in...     

Effects of Species Richness on Resident and Target Species Components in a Prairie Restoration

The ecological role of biodiversity in achieving successful restoration has been little explored in restoration ecology. We tested the prediction that we are more likely to create persistent, species‐rich plant communities by increasing the number of species sown, and, to some degree, by varying functional group representation, in experimental prairie plantings. There were 12 treatments consisting of 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐, 8‐, 12‐, and 16‐species mixtures of native perennials representing four functional groups (C₄ grasses, C₃ grasses, nitrogen‐fixing species, and late‐flowering composites) that predominate within Central Plains tallgrass prairies. In 2000, species were seeded into square plots (6 × 6 m), with five replicates per treatment, on former agricultural land. Annually, we measured total species richness and evenness, target species richness and cover, and richness and cover of resident species (i.e., those emerging from the seed bank). Both target species richness and rate of establishment of target communities were highest in the most species‐rich mixtures, but there was no additional benefit for treatments that contained more than eight species. Richness of resident species did not vary with target species richness; however, cover by resident species was lower in the higher target species treatments. Our results, indicating that establishment of species‐rich prairie mimics can be enhanced by starting with larger numbers of species at the outset, have implications for grassland restoration in which community biodiversity creation and maintenance are key goals.     

Competition between domestic dogs and Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) in the Bale Mountains National Park,Ethiopia

The potential effects of the domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) on the Endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) through exploitative and interference competition were studied in the Web Valley of Bale Mountains national park between November 2001 and February 2003. All dogs were owned in the study area and no feral dogs were reported or observed during the research period. The diet of domestic dogs was dominated by barley husks and human faeces which contributed 45% and 20.7% of the total 382 meals observed during focal watch observations. Analysis of dog faeces provided similar results with barley husks, human faeces and animal carcasses occurring in 86.8%, 21.4% and 19.4% of the 1200 faecal samples analysed. Both focal watch and faecal analyses revealed that rodents contributed only a very small proportion of the diet of dogs accounting for only 4.2% of the focal watch and 2.8% of the faecal analysis of roaming dogs. As Ethiopian wolves fed almost exclusively on rodent year round, no significant exploitative competition between dogs and wolves were assessed. Only small proportion of the domestic dogs roamed in the Ethiopian wolf range and interference competition did not appear to be a serious threat for the Ethiopian wolf.     

大茂山国家森林公园蜘蛛群落结构及多样性研究

2007年5月对河北唐县大茂山国家森林公园蜘蛛的物种多样性和群落结构进行了调查,采用样方与随机扫网相结合的方法,共采集标本728头,隶属25科63种(属)。运用群落多样性指数对其进行分析,研究结果显示:大茂山地区蜘蛛物种多样性丰富,不同生境中蜘蛛群落的种类和结构差别较大。落叶层的蜘蛛种类最多,个体密度最高,群落结构稳定;灌木丛的蜘蛛均匀度最高,结构比较稳定;而草丛中的蜘蛛种类少,个体密度较低,优势种明显。