Engineered virus-like particles for efficient in vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins

1. Download : Download high-res image (242KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

中国科学家发现胞嘧啶单碱基编辑工具存在 基因组范围的脱靶

基于CRISPR-Cas的单碱基编辑工具是近2年基因组编辑技术的重大突破之一, 已经在人类(Homo sapiens)细胞和动植物中得到了验证与应用。最近, 中国科学家分析了胞嘧啶编辑器(CBE) BE3和HF1-BE3, 以及腺嘌呤编辑器(ABE)等单碱基编辑工具在水稻(Oryza sativa)中的脱靶现象, 发现BE3和HF1-BE3两个CBE在全基因组范围内存在脱靶编辑, 而ABE则没有脱靶现象。这一发现对单碱基编辑工具的应用和进一步改进具有重要意义。     

Plant base editing and prime editing: The current status and future perspectives

Precise replacement of an allele with an elite allele controlling an important agronomic trait in a predefined manner by gene editing technologies is highly desirable in crop improvement.Base editing and prime editing are two newly developed precision gene editing systems which can introduce the substitution of a single base and install the desired short indels to the target loci in the absence of double-strand breaks and donor repair templates,respectively.Since their discoveries,various strate...     

单碱基编辑技术的原理、发展及其在家畜育种中的应用

基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein)在家畜育种领域得到广泛应用,但其效率低下,且存在非靶向切割、安全性较低等问题,极大地限制了家畜育种中单碱基突变的引入。单碱基编辑(single base editing)作为一种最新的基因编辑工具,能够在不导入双链断裂的情况下直接进行碱基的替换,具有编辑效率高和特异性强的特性,为家畜育种的精确基因修饰提供了一种更简单、更有效的方法。本文主要介绍了单碱基编辑系统的原理及发展进程和碱基编辑技术在家畜育种中的应用,以期为单碱基编辑器在家畜育种中进一步优化和选择应用提供参考。     

中国科学家发现胞嘧啶单碱基编辑工具存在 基因组范围的脱靶

基于CRISPR-Cas的单碱基编辑工具是近2年基因组编辑技术的重大突破之一, 已经在人类(Homo sapiens)细胞和动植物中得到了验证与应用。最近, 中国科学家分析了胞嘧啶编辑器(CBE) BE3和HF1-BE3, 以及腺嘌呤编辑器(ABE)等单碱基编辑工具在水稻(Oryza sativa)中的脱靶现象, 发现BE3和HF1-BE3两个CBE在全基因组范围内存在脱靶编辑, 而ABE则没有脱靶现象。这一发现对单碱基编辑工具的应用和进一步改进具有重要意义。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌碱基编辑的条件优化

近年来,基于CRISPR/Cas9的碱基编辑技术因其具有不产生DNA双链断裂、无需外源DNA模板、不依赖宿主同源重组修复的优势,已经逐渐发展成为一种强大的基因组编辑工具,在动物、植物、酵母和细菌中得到了开发和应用。研究团队前期已在重要的工业模式菌株谷氨酸棒杆菌中开发了一种多元自动化的碱基编辑技术MACBETH,为进一步优化该方法,提高碱基编辑技术在谷氨酸棒杆菌中的应用效率,本研究首先在谷氨酸棒杆菌中构建了基于绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的检测系统:将GFP基因的起始密码子ATG人工突变为ACG,GFP无法正常表达,当该密码子的C经编辑后恢复为T,即实现GFP蛋白的复活,结合流式细胞仪分析技术,可快速衡量编辑效率。然后,构建针对靶标位点的碱基编辑工具,经测试,该位点可成功被编辑,在初始编辑条件下碱基编辑效率为(13.11±0.21)%。在此基础上,通过对不同培养基类型、诱导初始OD600、诱导时间、诱导物浓度进行优化,确定最优编辑条件是:培养基为CGXII,初始OD600为0.05,诱导时间为20 h,IPTG浓度为0.01 mmol/L。经过优化,编辑效率达到(30.35±0.75)%,较初始条件提高了1.3倍。最后,选取原编辑条件下编辑效率较低的位点,进行了优化后编辑条件下的编辑效率评估,结果显示,不同的位点在最优编辑条件下的编辑效率提高了1.7–2.5倍,进一步证实该优化条件的有效性及通用性。研究结果为碱基编辑技术在谷氨酸棒杆菌中更好的应用提供了重要的参考价值。     

CRISPR/Cpf1单碱基编辑系统的构建及应用

作物的优良性状往往来自于其相应基因的单个碱基突变,而传统育种无法轻易获得此种定向单碱基变异。单碱基编辑技术是以成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR?associated proteins,CRISPR/Cas）系统为基础改良的一项基因编辑技术,该技术可在不造成DNA双链断裂的情况下对靶序列上的特定碱基进行定向替换。为拓展单碱基编辑技术在作物中的识别范围,利用来自Francisella novicida细菌的FnCpf1核酸酶及胞嘧啶脱氨酶APOBEC1对单碱基编辑系统进行改良,并针对玉米BT2基因靶位点构建相应载体,通过瞬时转化手段检测其编辑能力。检测结果发现9种碱基变化类型,其中靶位点5′端第11个碱基的胞嘧啶转化为腺嘌呤,位点编辑效率达到2.5%。结果表明该系统能够识别“TTN”作为原型间隔序列毗邻基序（protospacer?adjacent motif,PAM）并对靶位点进行单碱基编辑,为单碱基编辑识别范围的拓展提供了研究思路。     

Helicase-AID: A novel molecular device for base editing at random genomic loci

CRISPR-enabled deaminase base editing has become a powerful tool for precisely editing nucleotides on the chromosome. In this study DNA helicases, such as Escherichia coli DnaB, were fused to activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) to form enzyme complexes which randomly introduces edited bases throughout the chromosome. DnaB-AID was found to increase 2.5 × 10³ fold relative to the mutagenesis frequency of wildtype. 97.9% of these edits were observed on the leading strand during DNA replication suggesting deamination to be highly coordinated with DNA replication. Using DnaB-AID, a 371.4% increase in β-carotene production was obtained following four rounds of editing. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae Helicase-AID was constructed by fusing AID to one of the subunits of eukaryotic helicase Mcm2-7 complex, MCM5. Using MCM5-AID, the average editing efficiency of five strains was 2.1 ± 0.4 × 10³ fold higher than the native genomic mutation rate. MCM5-AID was able to improve β-carotene production of S. cerevisiae 4742crt by 75.4% following eight rounds of editing. The S. cerevisiae MCM5-AID technique is the first biological tool for generating and accumulating single base mutations in eukaryotic chromosomes. Since the helicase complex is highly conservative in all eukaryotes, Helicase-AID could be adapted for various applications and research in all eukaryotic cells.     

Expanding the base editing scope in rice by using Cas9 variants

Base editing is a novel genome editing strategy that enables irreversible base conversion at target loci without the need for double stranded break induction or homology‐directed repair. Here, we developed new adenine and cytosine base editors with engineered SpCas9 and SaCas9 variants that substantially expand the targetable sites in the rice genome. These new base editors can edit endogenous genes in the rice genome with various efficiencies. Moreover, we show that adenine and cytosine base editing can be simultaneously executed in rice. The new base editors described here will be useful in rice functional genomics research and will advance precision molecular breeding in crops.     

Cas12n nucleases,early evolutionary intermediates of type V CRISPR,comprise a distinct family of miniature genome editors

1. Download : Download high-res image (289KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

CRISPR/Cas9系统在疾病研究和治疗中的应用

基因组编辑技术(Genome editing technology)是一种通过人工手段在基因组水平对DNA序列进行改造的遗传操作技术,包括特定DNA片段的插入、敲除、替换和点突变.其中,依赖核酸酶的基因组编辑技术的基本原理是在基因组的特定位置产生双链DNA断裂(Double-stranded break,DSB)后通过...     

Base editing‐mediated perturbation of endogenous PKM1/2 splicing facilitates isoform‐specific functional analysis in vitro and in vivo

Objectives PKM1 and PKM2, which are generated from the alternative splicing of PKM gene, play important roles in tumourigenesis and embryonic development as rate‐limiting enzymes in glycolytic pathway. However, because of the lack of appropriate techniques, the specific functions of the 2 PKM splicing isoforms have not been clarified endogenously yet.Materials and methodsIn this study, we used CRISPR‐based base editors to perturbate the endogenous alternative splicing of PKM by introducing mutations into the splicing junction sites in HCT116 cells and zebrafish embryos. Sanger sequencing, agarose gel electrophoresis and targeted deep sequencing assays were utilized for identifying mutation efficiencies and detecting PKM1/2 splicing isoforms. Cell proliferation assays and RNA‐seq analysis were performed to describe the effects of perturbation of PKM1/2 splicing in tumour cell growth and zebrafish embryo development.ResultsThe splicing sites of PKM, a 5’ donor site of GT and a 3’ acceptor site of AG, were efficiently mutated by cytosine base editor (CBE; BE4max) and adenine base editor (ABE; ABEmax‐NG) with guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the splicing sites flanking exons 9 and 10 in HCT116 cells and/or zebrafish embryos. The mutations of the 5’ donor sites of GT flanking exons 9 or 10 into GC resulted in specific loss of PKM1 or PKM2 expression as well as the increase in PKM2 or PKM1 respectively. Specific loss of PKM1 promoted cell proliferation of HCT116 cells and upregulated the expression of cell cycle regulators related to DNA replication and cell cycle phase transition. In contrast, specific loss of PKM2 suppressed cell growth of HCT116 cells and resulted in growth retardation of zebrafish. Meanwhile, we found that mutation of PKM1/2 splicing sites also perturbated the expression of non‐canonical PKM isoforms and produced some novel splicing isoforms.ConclusionsThis work proved that CRISPR‐based base editing strategy can be used to disrupt the endogenous alternative splicing of genes of interest to study the function of specific splicing isoforms in vitro and in vivo. It also reminded us to notice some novel or undesirable splicing isoforms by targeting the splicing junction sites using base editors. In sum, we establish a platform to perturbate endogenous RNA splicing for functional investigation or genetic correction of abnormal splicing events in human diseases.     

An iterative gene-editing strategy broadens eIF4E1 genetic diversity in Solanum lycopersicum and generates resistance to multiple potyvirus isolates

Resistance to potyviruses in plants has been largely provided by the selection of natural variant alleles of eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIF) 4E in many crops. However, the sources of such variability for breeding can be limited for certain crop species, while new virus isolates continue to emerge. Different methods of mutagenesis have been applied to inactivate the eIF4E genes to generate virus resistance, but with limited success due to the physiological importance of translation factors and their redundancy. Here, we employed genome editing approaches at the base level to induce non-synonymous mutations in the eIF4E1 gene and create genetic diversity in cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme). We sequentially edited the genomic sequences coding for two regions of eIF4E1 protein, located around the cap-binding pocket and known to be important for susceptibility to potyviruses. We show that the editing of only one of the two regions, by gene knock-in and base editing, respectively, is not sufficient to provide resistance. However, combining amino acid mutations in both regions resulted in resistance to multiple potyviruses without affecting the functionality in translation initiation. Meanwhile, we report that extensive base editing in exonic region can alter RNA splicing pattern, resulting in gene knockout. Altogether our work demonstrates that precision editing allows to design plant factors based on the knowledge on evolutionarily selected alleles and enlarge the gene pool to potentially provide advantageous phenotypes such as pathogen resistance.     

基于CRISPR/Cas系统的DNA碱基编辑技术及其在生物医学和农业中的应用

近年来,基于成簇的规律间隔短回文重复序列及其相关系统(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein,CRISPR/Cas)的基因编辑技术飞速发展,该系统可以利用同源定向重组(Homology directed repair,HDR)来完成其介导的精准编辑,但效率极低,限制了其在农业和生物医学等领域上的推广应用。基于CRISPR/Cas系统的DNA碱基编辑技术作为一种新兴的基因组编辑技术,能在不产生双链断裂的情况下实现碱基的定向突变,相对于CRISPR/Cas介导的HDR编辑具有更高的编辑效率和特异性。目前,已开发出了可将C碱基突变为T碱基的胞嘧啶碱基编辑器(Cytidine base editors,CBE),将A碱基突变为G碱基的腺嘌呤碱基编辑器(Adenine base editors,ABE),以及可实现碱基任意变换和小片段精准插入和缺失的Prime编辑器(Prime editors,PE)。另外,能实现C到G颠换的糖基化酶碱基编辑器(Glycosylase base editors,GBE)以及能同时编辑A和C两种底物的双碱基编辑器也已被开发出来。文中主要综述了几种DNA碱基编辑器的开发历程、研究进展及各自优点和局限性;介绍了DNA碱基编辑技术在生物医学以及农业中的成功应用案例,以期为DNA碱基编辑器的进一步优化和选择应用提供借鉴。     

RNA editing of 10 Didymium iridis mitochondrial genes and comparison with the homologous genes in Physarum polycephalum

Regions of the Didymium iridis mitochondrial genome were identified with similarity to typical mitochondrial genes; however, these regions contained numerous stop codons. We used RT-PCR and DNA sequencing to determine whether, through RNA editing, these regions were transcribed into mRNAs that could encode functional proteins. Ten putative gene regions were examined: atp1, atp6, atp8, atp9, cox1, cox2, cytb, nad4L, nad6, and nad7. The cDNA sequences of each gene could encode a functional mitochondrial protein that was highly conserved compared with homologous genes. The type of editing events and editing sequence features were very similar to those observed in the homologous genes of Physarum polycephalum, though the actual editing locations showed a variable degree of conservation. Edited sites were compared with encoded sites in D. iridis and P. polycephalum for all 10 genes. Edited sequence for a portion of the cox1 gene was available for six myxomycetes, which, when compared, showed a high degree of conservation at the protein level. Different types of editing events showed varying degrees of site conservation with C-to-U base changes being the least conserved. Several aspects of single C insertion editing events led to the preferential creation of hydrophobic amino acid codons that may help to minimize adverse effects on the resulting protein structure.     

Targeted A-to-G base editing in human mitochondrial DNA with programmable deaminases

1. Download : Download high-res image (136KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

基于CRISPR/Cas系统的单碱基编辑技术研究进展*

基于CRISPR/Cas系统出现的单碱基编辑技术可以实现高效且简便的单个碱基的替换编辑,其原理是将胞嘧啶脱氨酶(cytosine deaminase)或腺苷脱氨酶(adenosine deaminase)与Cas9n(D10A)形成融合蛋白,通过CRISPR/Cas精准识别和定位DNA上的靶位点后,利用胞嘧啶脱氨酶或腺苷脱氨酶将靶点距离sgRNA位点基序(protospacer adjacent motif,PAM)序列端的4~7位的单个碱基发生单碱基转换或颠换。对基于CRISPR/Cas系统的单碱基编辑技术发现的历史、组成和分类、工作原理进行了概述,并总结了该系统最新进展及应用。