Tuberculosis and Alcoholism

Of 227 chronic alcoholics studied in jail, 20 (9%) had a previous diagnosis of tuberculosis. The chest radiographs of 202 of these inmates were compared with those of 187 inmates serving sentences for other offences. Significant findings compatible with tuberculosis were noted in 34 of 202 (16.8%) chronic alcoholics and in two of 187 (1.1%) other offenders. Tuberculin testing of 98 inmates revealed that 80.6% of the chronic alcoholics and 33.3% of the other offenders had positive skin tests. It is suggested that the mixing in jail of a potentially highly infectious group with susceptible individuals is undesirable and that other methods of management should be considered.     

Mental Health Services and Public Safety: Substance Abuse Outpatient Visits Were Associated with Reduced Crime Rates in a Swedish Cohort

Substance abuse is related to offending and substance abuse treatment has been associated with reductions in criminal behavior. This cohort study aimed to explore the relationship between participation in substance abuse interventions and general criminal recidivism among offenders with a combination of mental health problems and substance use problems. In total, 150 Swedish offenders with self-reported mental health and substance use problems were followed for approximately three years with regard to participation in substance abuse interventions and criminal recidivism. Participants with at least three planned visits to specialized outpatient substance abuse clinics had a substantially reduced risk of reoffending as compared to those with fewer than three such visits (HR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.29–0.77). For those with at least three planned visits, general criminal recidivism was reduced by 75% during periods of participation in outpatient visits, as compared to periods of non-participation (HR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.11–0.60). For offenders with mental health problems and substance use problems, outpatient substance abuse interventions could be regarded as important from a clinical risk management perspective, and be encouraged.     

Peut-on prédire la récidive chez les sortants de prison ?

Criminal recidivism results from a numerous factors, mainly psychosocial factors. It is presently the subject of several successive laws in France, more and more repressive. Psychiatry is involved at the criminal expertise stage as well as at the “criminally ordered care” stage. Which is, however, the exact place of the psychiatrist? Has he really the tools to “predict” a subsequent offense? And to anticipate it? We will first analyze the question and describe current methods used for the evaluation of the risk of recidivism in offenders. We will then show the figures of a forensic clinic activity in charge of individuals released from prison and receiving mandatory probation-based treatment. This clinic is part of a medical, social, and judiciary service oriented towards social integration and rehabilitation of offenders, which may represent the best way to prevent recidivism. A standardized clinical evaluation of the risk of recidivism allows an optimization of the treatment, and the medico-judiciary partnership allows the creation of an “intermediary structure” facilitating the social integration process.     

Jails and Jailing in Monroe County, Indiana

This is a story of a U.S. Midwest college town’s movements to build bigger and better jails. It is a story of losing resistance to building a jail in 1986 to broadening resistance to a newer and bigger “justice campus,” which has stalled. It emerges that the biggest contributor to current jail population is non-bailable revocation of suspended sentences on technicalities that do not in themselves constitute crimes.     

Type 2 diabetic patients may have a mild form of an injury response: a clinical research center study

Patients with type 2 diabetes (DM) demonstrate inadequate insulin release, elevated gluconeogenesis, and diminished nonoxidative glucose disposal. Similar metabolic changes occur during systemic injury caused by infection, trauma, or cancer. Described here are metabolic changes occurring in 16 DM and 11 lung cancer patients (CA) and 13 normal volunteers (NV). After a 10-h overnight fast, all subjects had fasting hormone and substrate concentrations determined, along with rates of glucose production, leucine appearance (LA), and leucine oxidation (LO). Fasting insulin (data not shown) and C-peptide concentrations were elevated in DM and CA compared with weight-matched NV (0.72 +/- 0.09 and 0.64 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.51 +/- 0.03 mg/l, P < 0.05). C-reactive protein concentration was elevated in CA compared with DM and NV (23.3 +/- 6.0 vs. 4.2 +/- 1.4 and 2.1 +/- 0.5 mg/l, P < 0.01). All counterregulatory hormones were normal except for serum cortisol (11.4 +/- 1.0 and 12.1 +/- 1.0 vs. 8.9 +/- 0.7 microg/dl, DM and CA vs. NL, respectively, P < 0.05). Glucose production was increased in DM and CA compared with NV (4.22 +/- 0.6 and 3.53 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.76 +/- 0.2 mg x kg lean body wt(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.01). LO and LA were increased in DM and CA compared with NV (LO: 27.3 +/- 1.5 and 19.7 +/- 1.5 vs. 12.5 +/- 1.1 mmol x kg lean body wt(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.05; LA: 91.9 +/- 6.6 and 90.7 +/- 7.0 vs. 79.1 +/- 6.0 mmol. kg lean body wt(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.01). DM share similar metabolic derangements with CA. The increase in LA may be secondary to an increased glucose production where amino acids are mobilized to provide the liver with adequate substrate to make glucose. The increase in glucose production may also be part of the injury response, or it may represent a form of insulin resistance that exists in both the DM and (non-DM) CA patients.     

The Changing Epidemiology of Coccidioidomycosis in Los Angeles (LA) County,California, 1973–2011

Coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever, is often thought of as an endemic disease of central California exclusive of Los Angeles County. The fungus that causes Valley Fever, Coccidioides spp., grows in previously undisturbed soil of semi-arid and arid environments of certain areas of the Americas. LA County has a few large areas with such environments, particularly the Antelope Valley which has been having substantial land development. Coccidioidomycosis that is both clinically- and laboratory-confirmed is a mandated reportable disease in LA County. Population surveillance data for 1973–2011 reveals an annual rate increase from 0.87 to 3.2 cases per 100,000 population (n = 61 to 306 annual cases). In 2004, case frequency started substantially increasing with notable epidemiologic changes such as a rising 2.1 to 5.7 male-to-female case ratio stabilizing to 1.4–2.2. Additionally, new building construction in Antelope Valley greatly rose in 2003 and displayed a strong correlation (R = 0.92, Pearson p<0.0001) with overall LA County incidence rates for 1996–2007. Of the 24 LA County health districts, 19 had a 100%-1500% increase in cases when comparing 2000–2003 to 2008–2011. Case residents of endemic areas had stronger odds of local exposures, but cases from areas not known to be endemic had greater mortality (14% versus 9%) with notably more deaths during 2008–2011. Compared to the 57 other California counties during 2001–2011, LA County had the third highest average annual number of cases and Antelope Valley had a higher incidence rate than all but six counties. With the large number of reported coccidioidomycosis cases, multi-agency and community partnering is recommended to develop effective education and prevention strategies to protect residents and travelers.     

A Comparison of the Long-Term Effects of Lanthanum Carbonate and Calcium Carbonate on the Course of Chronic Renal Failure in Rats with Adriamycin-Induced Nephropathy

Lanthanum carbonate (LA) is an effective phosphate binder. Previous study showed the phosphate-binding potency of LA was twice that of calcium carbonate (CA). No study in which LA and CA were given at an equivalent phosphate-binding potency to rats or humans with chronic renal failure for a long period has been reported to date. The objective of this study was to compare the phosphate level in serum and urine and suppression of renal deterioration during long-term LA and CA treatment when they were given at an equivalent phosphate-binding potency in rats with adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy. Rats were divided into three groups: an untreated group (ADR group), a CA-treated (ADR-CA) group and a LA-treated (ADR-LA) group. The daily oral dose of LA was 1.0 g/kg/day and CA was 2.0 g/kg/day for 24 weeks. The serum phosphate was lower in the ADR-CA or ADR-LA group than in the ADR group and significantly lower in the ADR-CA group than in the ADR group at each point, but there were no significant differences between the ADR and ADR-LA groups. The serum phosphate was also lower in the ADR-CA group than in the ADR-LA group, and there was significant difference at week 8. The urinary phosphate was significantly lower in the ADR-CA group than in the ADR or ADR-LA group at each point. The urinary phosphate was also lower in the ADR-LA group than in the ADR group at each point, and significant difference at week 8. There were no significant differences in the serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen among the three groups. In conclusion, this study indicated the phosphate-binding potency of LA isn’t twice as strong as CA, and neither LA nor CA suppressed the progression of chronic renal failure in the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, compared to the untreated group.     

Differential effects of acute hypoxia and high altitude on cerebral blood flow velocity and dynamic cerebral autoregulation: alterations with hyperoxia.

We hypothesized that 1) acute severe hypoxia, but not hyperoxia, at sea level would impair dynamic cerebral autoregulation (CA); 2) impairment in CA at high altitude (HA) would be partly restored with hyperoxia; and 3) hyperoxia at HA and would have more influence on blood pressure (BP) and less influence on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv). In healthy volunteers, BP and MCAv were measured continuously during normoxia and in acute hypoxia (inspired O2 fraction = 0.12 and 0.10, respectively; n = 10) or hyperoxia (inspired O2 fraction, 1.0; n = 12). Dynamic CA was assessed using transfer-function gain, phase, and coherence between mean BP and MCAv. Arterial blood gases were also obtained. In matched volunteers, the same variables were measured during air breathing and hyperoxia at low altitude (LA; 1,400 m) and after 1-2 days after arrival at HA ( approximately 5,400 m, n = 10). In acute hypoxia and hyperoxia, BP was unchanged whereas it was decreased during hyperoxia at HA (-11 +/- 4%; P < 0.05 vs. LA). MCAv was unchanged during acute hypoxia and at HA; however, acute hyperoxia caused MCAv to fall to a greater extent than at HA (-12 +/- 3 vs. -5 +/- 4%, respectively; P < 0.05). Whereas CA was unchanged in hyperoxia, gain in the low-frequency range was reduced during acute hypoxia, indicating improvement in CA. In contrast, HA was associated with elevations in transfer-function gain in the very low- and low-frequency range, indicating CA impairment; hyperoxia lowered these elevations by approximately 50% (P < 0.05). Findings indicate that hyperoxia at HA can partially improve CA and lower BP, with little effect on MCAv.     

基于政策工具视角的中国生物产业政策差异性分析

产业发展离不开产业政策的制定与发布,产业政策对于产业具有导向性与支持性,其制定主体主要包括中央政府和地方政府。以生物产业为例,采用计量分析的方法,搜集并整理了中央政府以及湖北、深圳、重庆、上海、北京五个地方政府颁布的生物产业政策,对其外部属性特征进行差异性分析,同时对多份国家层面的生物产业结构性政策运用内容分析的方法,进行政策工具分类分析,并构建了“政策工具-生物产业发展阶段”二维政策工具分析框架,探讨不同产业发展阶段之间政策工具使用的差异性。研究发现,中央政府与地方政府生物产业政策密集发布年份存在差异,且与生物产业发展关键节点有关联;国家层面生物产业政策不同类型政策工具使用频率差距较大,以环境型政策工具为主,较少使用需求型政策工具。针对研究结果,从我国生物产业发展情况及区域间差异的角度提出了相关政策建议。     

Race and the fragility of the legal distinction between juveniles and adults

Legal precedent establishes juvenile offenders as inherently less culpable than adult offenders and thus protects juveniles from the most severe of punishments. But how fragile might these protections be? In the present study, simply bringing to mind a Black (vs. White) juvenile offender led participants to view juveniles in general as significantly more similar to adults in their inherent culpability and to express more support for severe sentencing. Indeed, these differences in participants' perceptions of this foundational legal precedent distinguishing between juveniles and adults accounted for their greater support for severe punishment. These results highlight the fragility of protections for juveniles when race is in play. Furthermore, we suggest that this fragility may have broad implications for how juveniles are seen and treated in the criminal justice system.     

Modification of cyclophosphamide-induced clastogenesis and apoptosis in rats by alpha-lipoic acid

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid (LA) on the cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced chromosomal aberrations (CA) and apoptosis in the bone marrow of rats. Male Wistar rats of 140+/-20 g were categorized into eight groups. Five groups were administered CP (40 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) to induce toxicity; four of these groups received a single intraperitoneal injection of LA at a dose of either 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight, and either 30 or 60 min prior to CP administration. A vehicle-treated control group and LA control groups were also included. Twenty-four hours after CP treatment, the frequency of CA in bone marrow cells were significantly increased in comparison with the controls. The CP-induced CA were associated with significant increase in DNA damage in the bone marrow as evidenced by increased single strand breaks, whereas in rats treated with LA and CP, the frequency of CA and single strand breaks were significantly decreased in comparison to those given CP alone. CP administration distinctly triggered the apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and LA pretreatment affected cell death by decreasing the number of apoptotic and necrotic cells. The protective effect of LA was found to be stronger at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight than 100 mg/kg body weight dosage, indicating the dose dependent protective effect of LA. However, the protection by LA was not dependent on the time intervals between LA and CP administration. The results of this study illustrate the protective effect of LA on the CA and apoptosis induced by CP in the erythropoietic system of rats.     

Influences of phase delay shifts of light and food restriction on blood pressure and heart rate in telemetry monitored rats

Effects of phase delay shifts (PDS) of light in combination with moderately increased salt intake (SL) (2%) or time restriction of food (FR) during the light-time (passive phase) on heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and locomotor activity (LA) in radiotelemetry-measured rats were evaluated. PDS decreased amplitude and spectral power of circadian oscillations of HR, BP and LA. Moderately increased SL did not interfere with the circadian rhythmicity of HR, BP or LA. A prominent decrease in amplitude and spectral power of circadian oscillations was observed if food was available during the lighttime. Combination of PDS with FR split cardiovascular and behavioural parameters. In conclusion, food availability during the light-time in combination with PDS decreased amplitude and spectral power of circadian oscillations of BP, HR and LA more than PDS only. Different response of cardiovascular and behavioural parameters to photic and non-photic stimuli can have consequences for shift workers.     

Antigenotoxic effect of lipoic acid against mitomycin-C in human lymphocyte cultures

Antitumor agents are used in therapy against many forms of human cancer. One of these is mitomycin-C (MMC). As with many agents, it can interact with biological molecules and can induce genetic hazards in non-tumor cells. One of the possible approaches to protect DNA from this damage is to supply antioxidants that can remove free radicals produced by antitumor agents. Lipoic acid (LA) is known as one of the most powerful antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate antigenotoxic effects of LA against MMC induced chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and micronucleus (MN) formation in human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were treated with 0.2 μg MMC/heparinized mL for 48 h. Three different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2 μg/mL) of LA were used together with MMC in three different applications; 1 h pre-treatment, simultaneous treatment and 1 h post-treatment. A negative, a positive and a solvent control were also included. In all the cultures treated with MMC + LA, the frequency of abnormal cells and CA/cell significantly decreased compared to MMC. Statistically significant reduction was also observed in SCE/cell and MN frequencies in all treatments. These results demonstrated anticlastogenic and antimutagenic effects of LA against MMC induced genotoxicity. LA showed the most efficient effect during 1 h pretreatment. On the other hand, MMC + LA treatments induced significant reduction in mitotic index than that of MMC treatment alone. These results are encouraging that LA can be a possible chemopreventive agent in tumorigenesis in both cancer patients and in health care persons handling anti-cancer drugs.     

农户生计资本与沙漠化逆转趋势的关系——以宁夏盐池县为例

探索禁牧政策背景下农户生计资本与生计结果关系,对提升农户生计和沙漠化逆转的可持续水平具有重要意义。以农牧交错带上典型的沙漠化逆转区宁夏盐池县为例,基于SLA可持续生计框架和实地调研数据,定量评估了农户生计资本与沙漠化逆转趋势,运用灰色关联法和二元Logistic模型探讨了两者间的关系和影响。结果表明:(1)盐池县农户的生计资本存量仅处于维持基本生活需求阶段,金融资本和社会资本储量较低,存在明显的属性差异,各乡镇间差异较小;(2)农户对沙漠化逆转的响应主要表现在生态政策、适应行为、环保意识、环保行为和环境感知5个方面,存在显著的属性差异和空间差异,63.76%的受访户倾向于沙漠化逆转可持续;(3)农户生计资本与沙漠化逆转趋势之间存在较强的关联关系,人力资本和金融资本对沙漠化逆转可持续起负向作用,而物质资本、自然资本和社会资本则呈正向影响;(4)金融资本、社会资本和人力资本是影响沙漠化逆转可持续的关键因素,是今后该县农户生计资本更新与发展、可持续生计能力形成的关键点和突破点。     

ISSR fingerprinting for the assessment of the bindweed biocontrol agent Stagonospora convolvuli LA39 after field release

AIMS: To develop a molecular identification method based on ISSR fingerprints to monitor the fungal leaf pathogen Stagonospora convolvuli LA39 used to biologically control bindweeds after a field release. METHODS AND RESULTS: The developed method proved to be suitable to clearly distinguish LA39 from resident Stagonospora spp. and was applied in two field experiments. First, the environmental persistence of LA39 was assessed in an overwintering experiment. LA39 could be re-isolated from infected bindweed 1 year after field application, but with very low frequency of occurrence. Secondly, LA39 was applied in an area with natural bindweed infestation and re-isolated from infected bindweed. The dispersal of LA39 during one season was poor (4-5 m). CONCLUSIONS: ISSR fingerprinting has been shown to be a valuable tool to monitor the environmental fate of S. convolvuli in the field. It is concluded that an LA39-based mycoherbicide will have minimal environmental impact caused by the restricted mobility, poor proliferation and poor persistence over seasons of LA39. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Studies about the dispersal and survival of biocontrol agents after field release as well as the development of methods needed for this purpose are indispensable for a comprehensive risk assessment for biocontrol agents.     

基于MaxEnt模型的三江源区草地濒危保护植物热点区识别

三江源地处全球生物多样性热点之一的青藏高原腹地, 是高寒草地生物多样性的集中分布区。但过去几十年中, 人为干扰和气候变化等因素导致高寒草地严重退化, 草地生物多样性受到极大威胁。本研究利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型模拟了三江源区40种濒危保护植物当前及未来气候变化情景下的热点分布区。根据最大熵模型估计结果统计, 目前三江源濒危保护植物的热点区面积89,438 km², 主要分布于三江源东部和南部, 其中濒危物种大于30种的最热点地区面积485 km², 主要分布于囊谦县、玉树市、班玛县、久治县和河南县。未来在增温增湿的气候变化情景下, 最大熵模型模拟的三江源区草地濒危保护植物的热点区将向西北部扩大, 有利于植物多样性的维持和提升。然而, 模型模拟还发现, 在囊谦县、玉树市、班玛县、久治县和河南县等县市, 均有濒危保护植物大于25种以上的热点区域未被重点保护区覆盖, 总面积为4,423 km²。这一区域被划分为可开展畜牧生产活动的一般保护区, 受到人为干扰的可能性较大, 应予以更多关注与保护。     

菜园土壤无机氮解吸特性对硝态氮流失潜能的影响

根据土壤氮素解吸模型,通过盆栽试验研究解吸特征参数对土壤渗漏水硝态氮浓度的影响.结果表明：土壤氮素可解吸量Q、土壤溶液氮初始浓度Cli和C₁/比值与土壤渗漏水硝态氮浓度呈非线性关系,在较低氮解吸特征值时则呈线性关系,由此提出“双速率转折点”概念评价土壤硝态氮流失潜能.当耕层土壤氮素解吸特征值超过“双速率转折点”X₀时,硝态氮浓度的增加速率将以非线性形式迅速提高,反之将稳定在较低水平.     

Effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on H+ and K+ flux in exercising humans

The effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockade (beta B) on muscle release and uptake of H+ and K+ in humans during maximal exercise has been investigated. Eight volunteers cycled intermittently at power outputs corresponding to 100% of maximal O2 uptake. Prior to exercise either propranolol (beta B) or saline (control) was infused into the femoral vein. Arterial and femoral venous blood samples were drawn at rest, during exercise, and during 30-min recovery. Peak arterial blood values for K+, lactic acid (LA), and base deficit (BD) (mean +/- SE) were respectively 5.5 +/- 0.1, 9.5 +/- 0.6, and 11.7 +/- 0.9 mmol/l during beta B and 5.1 +/- 0.1, 8.3 +/- 0.6, and 10.3 +/- 1.0 for control (P less than 0.05). The release of K+ from the working leg did not differ between treatments during exercise, but K+ uptake during late recovery (5-30 min) was slightly lower during beta B. Thus the higher arterial K+ levels during exercise (beta B) cannot be attributed to greater release by active muscle but are likely due to decreased K+ uptake by noncontracting muscle. Arterial-femoral venous differences for LA and BD did not differ significantly between treatments. Additionally LA exchange across the leg was similar to H+ exchange (arterial-femoral venous differences for BD) under all conditions. During early recovery (1-5 min), regardless of experimental treatment, BD levels iin arterial blood were higher than LA (P less than 0.05). These elevated BD levels may be due to unequal removal rates between LA and H+ equivalents by nonexercised tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

降雨量改变对常绿阔叶林干旱和湿润季节土壤呼吸的影响

通过野外原位试验,研究降雨量改变对华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林干旱和湿润季节土壤呼吸速率的影响。采用LI-8100土壤碳通量分析系统(LI-COR Inc.,USA)测定干旱和湿润季节对照(CK)、增雨10%(LA)、增雨5%(TA)、减雨10%(LR)、减雨20%(MR)、减雨50%(HR)6个处理水平的土壤呼吸速率,并通过回归方程分析温度和湿度与土壤呼吸速率间的关系。结果表明:湿润季节土壤呼吸速率高于干旱季节,HR处理对干旱季节土壤呼吸速率影响较大,而LA处理对湿润季节土壤呼吸速率的影响较大。TA和LR处理使土壤呼吸的温度敏感性增加,而HR、LA和MR处理使土壤呼吸的温度敏感性降低,干旱季节Q10值高于湿润季节。各处理湿润季节土壤微生物量碳氮含量显著高于干旱季节,HR、MR和LA处理减少土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的含量,而TA和LR处理增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的含量。与湿润季节相比,干旱季节土壤水分对土壤呼吸速率的影响较大;而与土壤温度相比,土壤水分对土壤呼吸速率的影响较小。在降雨量改变的背景下,华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林无论是干旱还是湿润季节,适当增雨和减雨都会促进土壤呼吸速率,而较高量的增雨和减雨会抑制土壤呼吸速率。     

α-Lipoic Acid Reduces Infarct Size and Preserves Cardiac Function in Rat Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Pathway

Background

The present study investigates the effects and mechanisms of α-Lipoic acid (LA) on myocardial infarct size, cardiac function and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rat hearts subjected to in vivo myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Male adult rats underwent 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 3, 24, or 72 h of reperfusion. Animals were pretreated with LA or vehicle before coronary artery ligation. The level of MI/R- induced LDH and CK release, infarct size, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac functional impairment were examined and compared. Western blot analysis was performed to elucidate the mechanism of LA pretreatment. The level of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α released to serum and accumulated in injured myocardium as well as neutrophil accumulation in injured myocardium were also examined after MI/R injury. Our results reveal that LA administration significantly reduced LDH and CK release, attenuated myocardial infarct size, decreased cardiomyocytes apoptosis, and partially preserved heart function. Western blot analysis showed that LA pretreatment up-regulated Akt phosphorylation and Nrf2 nuclear translocation while producing no impact on p38MAPK activation or nitric oxide (NO) production. LA pretreatment also increased expression of HO-1, a major target of Nrf2. LA treatment inhibited neutrophil accumulation and release of TNF-α. Moreover, PI3K inhibition abolished the beneficial effects of LA.

Conclusions/Significance

This study indicates that LA attenuates cardiac dysfunction by reducing cardiomyoctyes necrosis, apoptosis and inflammation after MI/R. LA exerts its action by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway as well as subsequent Nrf2 nuclear translocation and induction of cytoprotective genes such as HO-1.