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1.
Seventy-five years ago, the geneticist Richard Goldschmidt hypothesized that single mutations affecting development could
result in major phenotypic changes in a single generation to produce unique organisms within animal populations that he called
“hopeful monsters”. Three decades ago, Sarah P. Gibbs proposed that photosynthetic unicellular micro-organisms like euglenoids
and dinoflagellates are the products of a process now called “secondary endosymbiosis” (i.e., the evolution of a chloroplast
surrounded by three or four membranes resulting from the incorporation of a eukaryotic alga by a eukaryotic heterotrophic
host cell). In this article, we explore the evidence for Goldschmidt’s “hopeful monster” concept and expand the scope of this
theory to include the macroevolutionary emergence of organisms like Euglena and Chlorarachnion from secondary endosymbiotic events. We argue that a Neo-Goldschmidtian perspective leads to the conclusion that cell chimeras
such as euglenids and dinoflagellates, which are important groups of phytoplankton in freshwater and marine ecosystems, should
be interpreted as “successful monsters”. In addition, we argue that Charles Darwin had euglenoids (infusoria) in mind when
he speculated on the “primordial intermediate form”, although his Proto-Euglena-hypothesis for the origin of the last common
ancestor of all forms of life is no longer acceptable. 相似文献
2.
Some hereditary ataxias are treatable and the insight required for this has come from an in depth knowledge of the phenotypes
and clinical biochemistry of the conditions. This has required both fundamental and translational clinical research. Prof
John Blass was fortunate to begin his career at what we can now recognise as a golden era for such studies and he worked upon
two important conditions; Refsum’s disease and Friedreich’s ataxia. More recently the mitochondrial encephalomyopathies have
been described and similar investigative work has been undertaken upon them. Ubiquinone, CoQ10, deficiency is the most recently recognised encephalomyopathy and is itself treatable. Though rare, it is becoming increasingly
recognised and patients are benefiting from the same scholarly approach to its’ investigation as was afforded Refsums’ disease
and Friedreich’s ataxia.
A dedication to Professor John P. Blass. 相似文献
3.
During 2009, while we were celebrating Charles Darwin and his The origin of species, sadly, little was said about the critical contribution of Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) to the development of the theory
of evolution. Like Darwin, he was a truly remarkable nineteenth century intellect and polymath and, according to a recent
book by Roy Davies (The Darwin conspiracy: origins of a scientific crime), he has a stronger claim to the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection than has Darwin. Here we present a critical comparison
between the contributions of the two scientists. Sometimes referred to as ‘The other beetle-hunter’ and largely neglected
for many decades, Wallace had a far greater experience of collecting and investigating animals and plants from their native
habitats than had Darwin. He was furthermore much more than a pioneer biogeographer and evolutionary theorist, and also made
contributions to anthropology, ethnography, geology, land reform and social issues. However, being a more modest, self-deprecating
man than Darwin, and lacking the latter’s establishment connections, Wallace’s contribution to the theory of evolution was
not given the recognition it deserved and he was undoubtedly shabbily treated at the time. It is time that Wallace’s relationship
with Darwin is reconsidered in preparation for 2013, the centenary of Wallace’s death, and he should be recognized as at least
an equal in the Wallace-Darwin theory of evolution. 相似文献
4.
5.
Anthony J. Whitten 《International journal of primatology》1982,3(1):33-51
Data are presented from a study of habituated Kloss gibbons on Siberut Island, Indonesia. Male Kloss gibbons can sing at any
time from 0100 to 1300 hr, but the majority of songs is concentrated in the hour before dawn. Female Kloss gibbons sing only
after dawn and the song bout includes a dramatic visual display. Neither countersinging nor coordinated chorusing has been
proved in either sex. Males sing before dawn as often as possible but are inhibited by wet nights and by minimum temperatures
below 21.5°C; postdawn songs of both sexes are inhibited by rain. The occurrence of any particular type of song bout is independent
of the occurrence of the other types. Song trees used by males and those used by females do not differ in height. Song trees
emerged from the neighboring canopy more than other available trees of similar height in the gibbons’ home range. Female song
trees were most abundant on the slopes and where the trees were tallest. Almost all the male’s night trees could have been
used for singing from had the weather been suitable. There was a greater likelihood of the male’s traveling a long way to
the day’s first fruit source on mornings when he sang before dawn than on mornings when he did not. Considerations of sound
transmission through tropical rain forest reveal that the times and frequencies used for singing by Kloss gibbons are optimal
for communicating with neighboring groups. 相似文献
6.
In 1967, American biologist Adrian Wenner (1928–) launched an extensive challenge to Karl von Frisch’s (1886–1982) theory
that bees communicate to each other the direction and distance of food sources by a symbolic dance language. Wenner and various
collaborators argued that bees locate foods solely by odors. Although the dispute had largely run its course by 1973 – von
Frisch was awarded a Nobel Prize, while Wenner withdrew from active bee research – it offers us a rare window into mid-twentieth
century discussions about animals, language, and cognition. Historians, sociologists, and scientists have commented on the
debate and its outcome, but none has seriously questioned why von Frisch and Wenner pursued such different explanations of
the bees’ dances. In this paper, I explore von Frisch and Wenner’s differing visions of animals and their behaviors and show
how these contributed to their respective positions. Von Frisch’s early-twentieth-century training in experimental physiology
disposed him to focus on individual animals, their abilities, and their behaviors’ evolutionary significance. Wenner, by contrast,
was trained in mathematics and statistics and the Schneirla school of behavior. He viewed the bees’ behaviors probabilistically
with an eye toward the entire hive and its surroundings and ultimately explained them in terms of simple stimulus–response
conditioning. Finally, while the debate was resolved in von Frisch’s favor, he neither waged nor won the battle by himself.
Instead, I show that practitioners, whose agendas ranged from the nascent fields of sociobiology to cognitive ethology, took
up the cause of the communicating bees.
Winner of the 2005 International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology Marjorie Grene Graduate
Student Essay Prize. 相似文献
7.
Harper PS 《Human genetics》2005,118(1):141-151
The importance of human genetics in the work of William Bateson (1861–1926) and in his promotion of Mendelism in the decade following the 1900 rediscovery of Mendel’s work is described. Bateson had close contacts with clinicians interested in inherited disorders, notably Archibald Garrod, to whom he suggested the recessive inheritance of alkaptonuria, and the ophthalmologist Edward Nettleship, and he lectured extensively to medical groups. Bateson’s views on human inheritance were far sighted and cautious. Not only should he be regarded as one of the founders of human genetics, but human genetics itself should be seen as a key element of the foundations of mendelian inheritance, not simply a later development from knowledge gained by study of other species. 相似文献
8.
Karl Maramorosch 《中国病毒学》2012,27(6):325-332
It was my good fortune to meet personally the three invertebrate cell culture pioneers,Richard Goldschmidt,Zan-Yin Gaw,and Thomas D.C.Grace (Fig.1).In 1951 I met Goldschmidt at a symposium in Cold Spring Harbor,but I only knew that he was a prominent geneticist.I had no idea about his insect cell culture work at Yale University and daily contacts with Ross G.Harrison.In 1959 Zan Yin Gaw in Wuhan successfully cultured monolayers of silkworm cells for more than one year.I reported his breakthrough achievement at the 11th International Congress of Entomology in Vienna in 1960,but his work was completely ignored outside China.In 1982 Gaw invited me to Wuhan where he told me that he studied in the United States in the 1930s,working as postdoctoral scientist at the Rockefeller Institute,where he was daily meeting William Trager,and later at Yale University in the Osborn Laboratory,where he was inspired by Harrison.T.D.C.Grace worked in my laboratory at Rockefeller University during 1957 and 1958,then returned to CSIRO in Canberra,Australia. 相似文献
9.
Dietrich MR 《History and philosophy of the life sciences》2000,22(2):219-247
Using an analogy between moths and men, in 1916, Richard Goldschmidt proposed that homosexuality was a case of genetic intersexuality. As he strove to create a unified theory of sex determination that would encompass animals ranging from moths to men, Goldschmidt's doubts grew concerning the association of homosexuality with intersexuality until, in 1931, he dropped homosexuality from his theory of intersexuality. Despite Goldschmidt's explicit rejection of his theory of homosexuality, Theo Lang, a researcher in the Genealogical-Demographic Department of the Institute for Psychiatric Research in Munich, revived it, maintained Goldschmidt's association with it, and argued on its behalf in publications from 1936 to 1960. Lang's appropriation of Goldschmidt's theory did not depend on his resolution of the difficulties Goldschmidt had found with his own theory. Lang and Goldschmidt, I argue, had fundamentally different scientific and social commitments that allowed one to reject this theory of homosexuality and the other to accept it. 相似文献
10.
Olaf Breidbach 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2003,122(2-3):174-193
Summary The present study describes the conceptual framework of Adolf Naef’s idealistic morphology as presented at the onset of the
20th century. According to Naef, Haeckel’s and Gegenbaur’s approaches towards a phylogenetic biology were insufficient. He made
it clear that Haeckel’s ideas were based on typological morphology. Thus, Haeckel’s views on comparative biology pointed back
to pre-Darwinian concepts. Naef’s consequence was not to work out his own evolutionary morphology but to systematize the earlier
typological concept. Consequently, he separated comparative morphology from phylogenetic studies. This idea was adopted by
Hennig and was even imported into modern cladism. 相似文献
11.
Niles Eldredge 《Evolution》2009,2(1):35-54
Detailed analysis of Darwin’s scientific notes and other writings from the Beagle voyage reveals a focus on endemism and replacement of allied taxa in time and in space that began early in the journey. Though
it is impossible to determine exactly when Darwin became a transmutationist, the evidence suggests that he was conversant
with the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and others and testing (“experimenting” with) them—before he received a copy of
Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. 2, in November 1832, in which Lyell describes and disputes Lamarck’s theory. To the two rhea species of Patagonia and
the four mockingbird species of the Galapagos, we can now add the living Patagonian cavy (rodent) species, and its extinct
putatively related species that Darwin collected at Monte Hermoso (Bahia Blanca) in the Fall of 1832, as a replacement pattern
absolutely critical to the development of Darwin’s transmutational thinking. Darwin developed his first transmutational theory
by adopting “Brocchi’s analogy” (Rudwick 2008)—i.e. that births and deaths of species are analogous to the births and deaths
of individuals. Births and deaths of species, as of individuals, are thus explicable in terms of natural causes. Darwin explored
these themes and the replacement of the extinct cavy by the modern species explicitly in his February 1835 essay (Darwin 1835a).
相似文献
Niles EldredgeEmail: |
12.
13.
Kinship and reciprocity are two main predictors of altruism. The ultimatum game has been used to study altruism in many small-scale
societies. We used the ultimatum game to examine effects of individuals’ family and kin relations on altruistic behavior in
a kin-based horticultural community in rural Dominica. Results show sex-specific effects of kin on ultimatum game play. Average
coefficient of relatedness to the village was negatively associated with women’s ultimatum game proposals and had little effect
on men’s proposals. Number of brothers in the village was positively associated with men’s ultimatum game proposals and negatively
associated with women’s proposals. Similarly, presence of father in the village was associated with higher proposals by men
and lower proposals by women. We interpret the effect of brothers on men’s proposals as a consequence of local competition
among brothers. We speculate that daughter-biased parental care in this community creates a sense of entitlement among women
with brothers, which may explain the inverse relation between number of brothers and women’s ultimatum game proposals. The
pattern of results may be consistent with how matrifocality affects cultural models of fairness differently along gender and
family lines. 相似文献
14.
Frank J. Sulloway 《Journal of the history of biology》2009,42(1):3-31
During his historic Galápagos visit in 1835, Darwin spent nine days making scientific observations and collecting specimens
on Santiago (James Island). In the course of this visit, Darwin ascended twice to the Santiago highlands. There, near springs
located close to the island’s summit, he conducted his most detailed observations of Galápagos tortoises. The precise location
of these springs, which has not previously been established, is here identified using Darwin’s own writings, satellite maps,
and GPS technology. Photographic evidence from excursions to the areas where Darwin climbed, including repeat photography
over a period of four decades, offers striking evidence of the deleterious impact of feral mammals introduced after Darwin’s
visit. Exploring the impact that Darwin’s Santiago visit had on his thinking – especially focusing on his activities in the
highlands – raises intriguing questions about the depth of his understanding of the evolutionary evidence he encountered while
in the Galápagos. These questions and related insights provide further evidence concerning the timing of Darwin’s conversion
to the theory of evolution, which, despite recent claims to the contrary, occurred only after his return to England. 相似文献
15.
Han-liang Chang 《Biosemiotics》2009,2(2):169-179
Like other sciences, biosemiotics also has its time-honoured archive, consisting of writings by those who have been invented
and revered as ancestors of the discipline. One such example is Jakob von Uexküll. As to the people who ‘invented’ him, they
are either, to paraphrase a French cliché, ‘agents du cosmopolitisme sémiotique’ like Thomas Sebeok, or de jure and de facto progenitor like Thure von Uexküll. In the archive is the special issue of Semiotica 42. 1 (1982) edited by the late Sebeok and introduced by Thure von Uexküll. It is in the opening essay that Thure von UexküIl tries to
restore Jakob von Uexküll’s role as a precursor of semiotics by negotiating the Elder with Saussure and the linguistics-oriented
‘semiology’ in his wake. However, semiotic mapping, in the strictly ‘disciplinary’ sense, of Jakob von Uexküll is no easy
task because he ‘knew neither Peirce nor Saussure and did not use their terminology’ (Thure von Uexküll 1982,2). Because Thure prefers to call the Elder’s science ‘general semiotics’ (Thure von Uexküll 1982), this paper begins by assessing Thure von Uexküll’s semiotic configuration of Jakob, probe into the force and limits of
the linguistic analogy, revisit the already time-honoured debate on the primary and secondary modelling systems, which was
made famous by the Moscow-Tartu semioticians in the early 1970s, but severely criticized by Sebeok and his followers. The
paper engages Sebeok from several fronts, directed first at his relegation of the Saussurian linguistic model, then at his
critique of the Primary Modelling System, and finally at his reservation about evolutionism in light of the current debate
on gene/meme co-evolution.
Paper presented at the Eighth Annual International Gatherings in Biosemiotics
University of the Aegean, Syros, Greece, 23–28 June 2008 相似文献
16.
Mamoru Morimoto Masako Utsumi Yoshiyuki Tohno Setsuko Tohno Yumi Moriwake Kazuya Sugimoto Motohisa Yamada Kazuhiko Furuta Yasuo Takano Yoshinori Takakura 《Biological trace element research》2001,82(1-3):53-60
To examine whether the bone mineral density (BMD) decreases uniformly with aging in any spongy bones, the authors investigated
age-related changes of BMD in the calcaneus, talus, and scaphoid bone. After the ordinary dissection by medical students was
finished, calcanei, tali, and scaphoid bones were resected from the subjects, and BMDs were measured by dual-energy X-ray
absorptiometry. Their BMDs seemed to decrease gradually with aging in the calcanei, tali, and scaphoid bones. It was found
that there were statistically significant relationships between age and BMD in the men’s and women’s scaphoid bones, women’s
tali, and women’s calcanei, but not in the men’s tali and calcanei. It should be noted that there were significant relationships
between age and BMD in both men’s and women’s scaphoid bones. In regard to relationship in BMD between the bones of the upper
and lower limbs in individuals, it was found that the relationship between the calcaneus and talus was higher than that between
the calcaneus and scaphoid bone. This suggests that there is a higher relationship in BMD between the two tarsal bones compared
with that between the tarsal and carpal bones. 相似文献
17.
Armon R 《Journal of the history of biology》2012,45(1):65-108
The discovery by Hans Spemann of the “organizer” tissue and its ability to induce the formation of the amphibian embryo’s
neural tube inspired leading embryologists to attempt to elucidate embryonic inductions’ underlying mechanism. Joseph Needham,
who during the 1930s conducted research in biochemical embryology, proposed that embryonic induction is mediated by a specific
chemical entity embedded in the inducing tissue, surmising that chemical to be a hormone of sterol-like structure. Along with
embryologist Conrad H. Waddington, they conducted research aimed at the isolation and functional characterization of the underlying
agent. As historians clearly pointed out, embryologists came to question Needham’s biochemical approach; he failed to locate
the hormone he sought and eventually abandoned his quest. Yet, this study finds that the difficulties he ran into resulted
primarily from the limited conditions for conducting his experiments at his institute. In addition, Needham’s research reflected
the interests of leading biochemists in hormone and cancer research, because it offered novel theoretical models and experimental
methods for engaging with the function of the hormones and carcinogens they isolated. Needham and Waddington were deterred
neither by the mounting challenges nor by the limited experimental infrastructure. Like their colleagues in hormone and cancer
research, they anticipated difficulties in attempting to establish causal links between complex biological phenomena and simple
chemical triggering. 相似文献
18.
Boylan M 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(2):207-230
This essay examines several important issues regarding Galen’s depiction of the physiology of the arteries. In the process
some of Galen’s supporting doctrines on the blood and pulse will also be discussed in the context of a coherent scientific
explanation. It will be the contention of this essay that though Galen may often have a polemical goal in mind, he correctly
identifies the important and complex role of the arteries in human biological systems. 相似文献
19.
Armin W. Schulz 《Biology & philosophy》2011,26(2):251-260
In their book Unto Others, Sober and Wilson argue that various evolutionary considerations (based on the logic of natural selection) lend support to
the truth of psychological altruism. However, recently, Stephen Stich has raised a number of challenges to their reasoning:
in particular, he claims that three out of the four evolutionary arguments they give are internally unconvincing, and that
the one that is initially plausible fails to take into account recent findings from cognitive science and thus leaves open
a number of egoistic responses. These challenges make it necessary to reassess the plausibility of Sober & Wilson’s evolutionary
account—which is what I aim to do in this paper. In particular, I try to show that, as a matter of fact, Sober & Wilson’s
case remains compelling, as some of Stich’s concerns rest on a confusion, and those that do not are not sufficiently strong
to establish all the conclusions he is after. The upshot is that no reason has been given to abandon the view that evolutionary
theory has advanced the debate surrounding psychological altruism. 相似文献
20.
This paper investigates the relationship between the eminent 19th-century naturalists Charles Darwin and Carl Vogt. On two
separate occasions, Vogt asked Darwin for permission to translate some of the latter’s books into German, and in both cases
Darwin refused. It has generally been assumed that Darwin turned down Vogt as a translator because of the latter’s reputation
as a radical libertine who was extremely outspoken in his defence of scientific materialism and atheism. However, this explanation
does not fit the facts, since, on closer investigation, Darwin not only gave serious consideration to engaging Vogt as the
German translator of two of his books, albeit ultimately rejecting him, but he also collaborated with Vogt on the French editions
of his works. In this paper we argue that this was not because Darwin was unaware of Vogt’s personality and blunt writing
style; rather, Darwin seems to have decided that the benefits he would gain from their association would clearly outweigh
the risk of offending some of his readers: in working with Vogt, who was not only a knowledgeable scientist but also an avowed
adherent of Darwinism, Darwin could be assured of the scientific quality of the translation and of an edition that would not
distort his central concepts – both of which were by no means matters of course in 19th-century translations of scientific
works. 相似文献