Overexpression of initiator methionine tRNA leads to global reprogramming of tRNA expression and increased proliferation in human epithelial cells

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are typically considered housekeeping products with little regulatory function. However, several studies over the past 10 years have linked tRNA misregulation to cancer. We have previously reported that tRNA levels are significantly elevated in breast cancer and multiple myeloma cells. To further investigate the cellular and physiological effects of tRNA overexpression, we overexpressed tRNA_i^Met in two human breast epithelial cell lines. We then determined tRNA abundance changes and performed phenotypic characterization. Overexpression of tRNA_i^Met significantly altered the global tRNA expression profile and resulted in increased cell metabolic activity and cell proliferation. Our results extend the relevance of tRNA overexpression in human cells and underscore the complexity of cellular regulation of tRNA expression.     

Studies on 1-methyl adenine transfer RNA methyltransferase of Mycobacterium smegmatis

The presence of 1-methyl adenine in transfer RNA is a feature that Mycobacterium smegmatis shares with only a few other prokaryotes. The enzyme 1-methyl adenine tRNA methyl transferase from this source has been purified and the preliminary results show the presence of two activity peaks with different substrate specificity.List of abbreviations tRNA Transfer Ribonucleic acid - EDC 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethyl)amino Propyl Carbodiimide - PCA Perchloric acid - SAH S-adenosyl-homocystine - SIBA 5-deoxy-5-S-isobutylthioadenosine - SAM S-adenosyl methionine     

Mitochondrial S-adenosylmethionine deficiency induces mitochondrial unfolded protein response and extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans

S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), generated from methionine and ATP by S-adenosyl methionine synthetase (SAMS), is the universal methyl group donor required for numerous cellular methylation reactions. In Caenorhabditis elegans, silencing sams-1, the major isoform of SAMS, genetically or via dietary restriction induces a robust mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR^mt) and lifespan extension. In this study, we found that depleting SAMS-1 markedly decreases mitochondrial SAM levels. Moreover, RNAi knockdown of SLC-25A26, a carrier protein responsible for transporting SAM from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, significantly lowers the mitochondrial SAM levels and activates UPR^mt, suggesting that the UPR^mt induced by sams-1 mutations might result from disrupted mitochondrial SAM homeostasis. Through a genetic screen, we then identified a putative mitochondrial tRNA methyltransferase TRMT-10C.2 as a major downstream effector of SAMS-1 to regulate UPR^mt and longevity. As disruption of mitochondrial tRNA methylation likely leads to impaired mitochondrial tRNA maturation and consequently reduced mitochondrial translation, our findings suggest that depleting mitochondrial SAM level might trigger UPR^mt via attenuating protein translation in the mitochondria. Together, this study has revealed a potential mechanism by which SAMS-1 regulates UPR^mt and longevity.     

Nucleotide sequences of the genes for the alpha,beta and epsilon subunits of wheat chloroplast ATP synthase

Summary The nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast genes for the alpha, beta and epsilon subunits of wheat chloroplast ATP synthase have been determined. Open reading frames of 1512 bp, 1494 bp and 411 bp are deduced to code for polypeptides of molecular weights 55201, 53796 and 15200, identified as the alpha, beta and epsilon subunits respectively by homology with the subunits from other sources and by amino acid sequencing of the epsilon subunit. The genes for the beta and epsilon subunits overlap by 4 bp. The gene for methionine tRNA is located 118 bp downstream from the epsilon subunit gene. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta subunits with those from other species suggest regions of the proteins involved in adenine nucleotide binding.     

Crystal structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae Sp1610, a putative tRNA methyltransferase,in complex with S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine

Streptococcus pneumoniae Sp1610, a Class‐I fold S‐adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)‐dependent methyltransferase, is a member of the COG2384 family in the Clusters of Orthologous Groups database, which catalyzes the methylation of N¹‐adenosine at position 22 of bacterial tRNA. We determined the crystal structure of Sp1610 in the ligand‐free and the AdoMet‐bound forms at resolutions of 2.0 and 3.0 Å, respectively. The protein is organized into two structural domains: the N‐terminal catalytic domain with a Class I AdoMet‐dependent methyltransferase fold, and the C‐terminal substrate recognition domain with a novel fold of four α‐helices. Observations of the electrostatic potential surface revealed that the concave surface located near the AdoMet binding pocket was predominantly positively charged, and thus this was predicted to be an RNA binding area. Based on the results of sequence alignment and structural analysis, the putative catalytic residues responsible for substrate recognition are also proposed.     

Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic code II. Reassignment of codon AUA from isoleucine to methionine

Summary The reassignment of codon AUA from isoleucine to methionine during mitochondrial evolution may be explained by the codon reassignment (capture) hypothesis without assuming direct replacement of isoleucine by methionine in mitochondrial proteins. According to this hypothesis, codon AUA would have disappeared from the reading frames of messenger RNA. AUA codons would have mutated mainly to AUU isoleucine codons because of constraints resulting from elimination of tRNA Ile with anticodon *CAU (in which *C is lysidine). Later, tRNA Met (CAU) would have undergone structural changes enabling it to pair with both AUG and AUA. AUA codons, formed by mutations of other codons, including AUG, would have reappeared and would have been translated as methionine.     

Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase: structure, mechanism of action, and biological function.

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates can cause damage to many cellular components and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Cells have developed a variety of mechanisms to destroy these reactive molecules or repair the damage once it occurs. In proteins one of the amino acids most easily oxidized is methionine, which is converted to methionine sulfoxide. An enzyme, peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA), catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide in proteins back to methionine. There is growing evidence that MsrA plays an important role in protecting cells against oxidative damage. This paper reviews the biochemical properties and biological role of MsrA.     

The length of the 5' leader of Escherichia coli tRNA precursors influences bacterial growth

Based on a computational analysis of the 5' regions of tRNA-encoding genes, the average length of the 5' leaders in tRNA precursors in Escherichia coli appears to be 17-18 residues long. An in vivo assay based on tRNA nonsense suppression was developed and used to investigate the function of the 5' leader of the tRNA precursors on tRNA processing and bacterial growth. Our data indicate that the 5' leader influences bacterial growth but is surprisingly not absolutely necessary for growth. These findings are consistent with previous in vitro data where it was demonstrated that the 5' leader plays a role in the interaction with RNase P, the endoribonuclease responsible for removing the 5' leader in the cell. We discuss the plausible role of the 5' leader in processing and tRNA gene expression.     

tRNA个性研究进展

ｔＲＮＡ参与蛋白质生物合成中至关重要的两个功能上相连的生物化学事件。一种是由氨基酰－ｔＲＮＡ合成酶（ａａＲＳ）催化的ｔＲ－ＮＡ的氨基酰化（ｔＲＮＡ的个性）,通过ａａＲＳ对ｔＲＮＡ的序列和结构元件的专一识别和氨基酰化,使ｔＲＮＡ转化为氨基酰ｔＲＮＡ。另...     

镁离子稳定tRNA高级结构及其重要意义--生化所tRNA研究的一段历史回顾

镁离子稳定tRNA高级结构并具有重要的生理功能已经写入生物化学教科书。上世纪60年代初,中国科学院上海生物化学研究所的研究者与国外同行同时发现了这一现象。镁离子稳定tRNA的高级结构在tRNA的序列分析中可以得到较大的片段,甚至tRNA半分子。将这一事实运用于“片段重叠”法测定tRNA序列工作中,极大地推动了tRNA的序列测定。     

人线粒体tRNA基因突变与疾病

线粒体是体内重要的细胞器,存在于胞质内。许多生物化学反应都在线粒体内进行,其中尤为重要的是通过氧化磷酸化作用产生ＡＴＰ,供生命活动需要。线粒体内ｔＲＮＡ的总数只有２２个（核编码的ｔＲＮＡ总数至少为３０多个）。这样,线粒体ｔＲＮＡ与编码氨基酸之比基本是...     

tRNA体外抑制L929细胞生长的作用观察

目的:探讨tRNA对不同哺乳动物细胞生长的影响.方法:L929细胞、NIH3T3细胞、MCF-7细胞和PC12细胞接种96孔板,37℃,5% CO2细胞培养箱中培养4 h后,直接加入酵母tRNA,继续培养一定时间后采用MTT法检测细胞生长情况;将200 μg/ml酵母tRNA加入至L929细胞中,在不同时间点观察细胞形态并收集细胞进行细胞流式分析.结果:tRNA对L929细胞有特异的抑制作用,并且表现出一定的剂量依赖性;tRNA处理后L929细胞与正常细胞相比,形态明显变大,而且突起增长;流式细胞仪分析进一步发现tRNA使细胞阻滞于S期.结论:tRNA的这种细胞生长的抑制效应可能是通过其一些小的降解片段发挥的,提示tRNA或者其降解片段可能具有调控L929细胞增殖的重要作用.     

Oxidative regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels

Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species are readily generated in vivo, playing roles in many physiological and pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, by oxidatively modifying various proteins. Previous studies indicate that large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (BK(Ca) or Slo) are subject to redox regulation. However, conflicting results exist whether oxidation increases or decreases the channel activity. We used chloramine-T, which preferentially oxidizes methionine, to examine the functional consequences of methionine oxidation in the cloned human Slo (hSlo) channel expressed in mammalian cells. In the virtual absence of Ca(2+), the oxidant shifted the steady-state macroscopic conductance to a more negative direction and slowed deactivation. The results obtained suggest that oxidation enhances specific voltage-dependent opening transitions and slows the rate-limiting closing transition. Enhancement of the hSlo activity was partially reversed by the enzyme peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase, suggesting that the upregulation is mediated by methionine oxidation. In contrast, hydrogen peroxide and cysteine-specific reagents, DTNB, MTSEA, and PCMB, decreased the channel activity. Chloramine-T was much less effective when concurrently applied with the K(+) channel blocker TEA, which is consistent with the possibility that the target methionine lies within the channel pore. Regulation of the Slo channel by methionine oxidation may represent an important link between cellular electrical excitability and metabolism.     

线粒体tRNAThr G15927A突变可能影响耳聋相关的12S rRNA A1555G突变的表型表达

摘要: 对1个中国汉族耳聋家系进行了临床和分子遗传学特征分析。家系中听力下降的母系成员表现为程度不等、听力图形态不同的听力损害, 但同为双侧对称的感觉神经性耳聋。该家系耳聋外显率很高, 包括药物致聋的耳聋外显率为75%, 而非药物致聋的外显率为41.7%。对母系成员进行线粒体DNA(mtDNA)全序列扩增分析, 发现了耳聋相关12S rRNA A1555G同质性突变位点和多态性位点, 属于东亚人群B5b单体型。在这些变异位点中, mtDNA 15927位点的G-A碱基变化破坏tRNA^Thr反密码子结构上十分保守的C-G碱基对, 这可能加重由A1555G突变造成的线粒体功能缺陷。这表明tRNAThrG15927A突变可能增强携带12S rRNA A1555G的中国汉族耳聋家系的外显率和表现度。     

第18届国际tRNA学术研讨会介绍

第 18届国际ｔＲＮＡ学术研讨会于 2 0 0 0年 4月8— 12日在英国剑桥大学皇后学院举行。来自各国的 2 4 0名科学家参加了会议。提交会议的论文共2 0 0篇。会议由新当选的国际生物化学与分子生物学联合会 (ＩＵＢＭＢ)主席Ｂ .Ｃｌａｒｋ主持 ,每天从上午 8点 4 5分开始 ,进行到晚上 11点 ,实际会议时间达10小时。共有 80位科学家作了学术报告。其余论文以墙报形式交流。这次会议原安排在去年 ,以纪念国际ｔＲＮＡ学术研讨会 30周年。故会议的第一部分 ,放了很多旧照片 ,回忆ｔＲＮＡ学术研讨会和ｔＲＮＡ研究的历史。在Ｈｏｌｌｙ因测定了第…     

细菌的毒力岛

毒力岛是指细菌染色体上一段具有典型结构特征的基因簇,主要编码与细菌的毒力及代谢等功能相关的产物,已在致病菌中发现了30几个毒力岛。由于毒力岛具有可移动性,使其在细菌的进化,毒力的获得,以及新病原的出现中均具有重要的意义。     

RNase E cleavage in the 5' leader of a tRNA precursor

In this study, we have used various tRNA(Tyr)Su3 precursor (pSu3) derivatives that are processed less efficiently by RNase P to investigate if the 5' leader is a target for RNase E. We present data that suggest that RNase E cleaves the 5' leader of pSu3 both in vivo and in vitro. The site of cleavage in the 5' leader corresponds to the cleavage site for a previously identified endonuclease activity referred to as RNase P2/O. Thus, our findings suggest that RNase P2/O and RNase E activities are of the same origin. These data are in keeping with the suggestion that the structure of the 5' leader influences tRNA expression by affecting tRNA processing and indicate the involvement of RNase E in the regulation of cellular tRNA levels.     

膜上tRNA结合蛋白的分离与初步鉴定

用ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１１４分相法分离啤酒酵母的膜总蛋白,经过酵母ｔＲＮＡ分子交联的Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析,用０－０．８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ＮＨ４０２ＳＯ４梯度缓冲液洗脱ｔＲＮＡ结合的蛋白质。凝胶阻滞电泳实验室鉴定出两种主要的与ｔＲＮＡ分子特异性结合的蛋白质。