布依族体质特征研究

本文调查了布依族成年人494例(男为259例,女为235例)的体质特征,计算出58项测量项目的均值和标准差、31项指数值和9项观察项目的出现率,并与国内一些群体的体质特征进行了比较,得出布依族的体质特征为:上眼睑皱褶出现率高,男为95 .4%,女为97. 0%。蒙古褶出现率低,男为30. 5%,女为35. 3%。鼻根男多为中等型,女多为低型。鼻翼高度多为中等。多为圆形耳垂。发色多为黑色,眼色多为褐色。男性多为黄色肤色,女性多为浅黄色肤色。圆头型、高头型、阔头型、阔面型、中鼻型、中躯干型、中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型出现率最高。男身高均值为158. 6cm,女身高均值为149. 4cm。     

林麝幼体消化系统解剖研究

测定了不同日龄幼麝的消化道长度、胃的周长。其结果为:十二指肠1日龄时长度为19.7cm,57日龄时为36.1cm,是出生时的1.8倍;回肠1日龄时长度为90.5cm,57日龄时为206.1cm,为出生时的2.3倍;盲肠1日龄时长度为4.2cm,57日龄时为9.4cm,为出生时的2.2倍;直肠1日龄时长度为9.0cm,57日龄时为37.2cm,为出生时的4.1倍。18日龄时,瘤胃的周长大于皱胃。     

利用木糖-葡萄糖为原料产乙醇酵母的筛选、鉴定及发酵试验

建立筛选利用木糖为碳源产乙醇酵母模型,获得一株适合利用木质纤维素为原料产乙醇的酵母菌株。样品经麦芽汁培养基培养后,以木糖为唯一碳源的筛选培养基初筛,再以重铬酸钾显色法复筛。通过生理生化和26D1/D2区对筛选得到的菌株进行分析和鉴定,该菌初步鉴定为Pichia caribbica。经过筛选得到的菌株Y2-3以木糖（40g/L）为唯一碳源发酵时：生物量为23.5g/L,木糖利用率为94.7 %,乙醇终产量为4.57 g/L;以混合糖（葡萄糖40 g/L,木糖20 g/L）发酵时：生物量为28.6 g/L,木糖利用率为94.2 %,葡萄糖利用率为95.6%,乙醇终产量为20.6 g/L。Pichia caribbica是可以转化木糖及木糖-葡萄糖混合糖为乙醇的酵母菌株,为利用木质纤维素发酵乙醇的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

婴幼儿腹泻轮状病毒和腺病毒检测结果分析

目的了解本地区婴幼儿腹泻患者中轮状病毒和腺病毒的感染情况,为临床治疗提供依据。方法收集2013年1月-12月门诊和住院腹泻患儿的粪便,进行轮状病毒和腺病毒抗原检测,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果在检测的2 579例婴幼儿腹泻中轮状病毒阳性为616例,阳性率为23.89%,高发季节为1月、11月和12月,高发年龄组为13-24月婴幼儿,腺病毒阳性共102例,阳性率为3.96%,程散发状况,高发年龄组为7-12月的婴幼儿。结论轮状病毒和腺病毒都能引起婴幼儿腹泻,但是轮状病毒为最主要的病原体,及时检测轮状病毒抗原,为临床治疗和疾病监测提供参考。     

中国平鳍鳅科鱼类一新纪录种

20 0 2年 6月于云南省河口瑶族自治县采集到鱼类标本 3尾 ,经鉴定为我国华吸鳅属鱼类之新纪录种———红河华吸鳅 (Sinogastromyzonchapaensis)。测量标本 3尾均保存在台湾清华大学。体长 35～ 5 0mm。背鳍iii,8;臀鳍ii,5 ;胸鳍xiv～xv ,14～ 16 ;腹鳍x～xi,11～ 12。侧线鳞 6 0～ 6 4。体长为体高的 7 0～ 7 2倍 ,为体宽的 4 3～ 4 6倍 ,为头长的 4 9～ 5 1倍 ,为尾柄长的 5 4～ 6 0倍 ,为尾柄高的 12 7～ 14 0倍 ,为背鳍前距的 2 2倍 ,为腹鳍前距的 2 4～ 2 7倍。头长为头高的 1 8～ 1 9倍 ,为头宽的 0 9～ 1 1倍 ,为吻长的 2 0～2 1倍 ,为眼径的 4 7～ 5 0倍 ,为眼间距的 2 0～ 2 3倍。尾柄长为尾柄高的 2 2～ 2 6倍。头宽为口宽的 3 7～4 6倍。     

介孔分子筛MCM-41固定中性脂肪酶条件的研究

以介孔分子筛MCM-41材料为载体,采用物理吸附法对中性脂肪酶进行了固定化处理,并研究不同条件对固定化脂肪酶催化活性的影响,从而得到该种材料对脂肪酶的最佳固定化条件。给酶量为45960 U/g,固定化温度为45℃,pH值为7.5,时间为3 h,此时固定化酶的活力约为4666 U/g。固定化酶和游离酶的最适反应温度都为40℃,最适pH值为7.5,比游离酶低。固定化酶温度稳定性和pH稳定性较游离酶有所提高。     

三线闭壳龟繁殖生态的研究

在暨南大学爬行动物养殖场对三线闭壳龟的繁殖生态进行了研究。结果显示:三线闭壳龟每年产卵1次,每次产卵平均3.6枚。受精卵长径为48.00±2.63mm,短径为26.42±1.66mm,卵重为23.89±3.34g。未受精卵长径为44.35±4.36mm,短径为25.39±2.71mm,卵重为20.39±4.96g。卵的受精率为50.9%,孵化率为83.3%,孵化期平均88d,估计积温为59.581℃·h。稚龟的背甲长为44.83±2.41mm,背甲宽为36.90±1.86mm,体重为15.85±2.07g。     

响应面优化纤维素酶辅助提取木豆叶总黄酮工艺

为探讨纤维素酶辅助提取木豆叶总黄酮最佳工艺条件,在单因素试验基础上,以酶用量、酶解温度、酶解时间和酶解pH为影响因子,总黄酮得率为响应值,采用Box-behnken中心组合设计建立4个影响因子与总黄酮得率关系的数学模型,进行响应面法分析。结果表明,纤维素酶辅助提取木豆叶总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为：酶用量为8.65 mg,酶解温度为33.88℃,酶解时间为2.02 h,酶解pH为5.02。在最优条件下总黄酮理论得率为4.86%,实测值为4.88%,拟合得到的模型与实际吻合良好。本研究建立的提取工艺条件稳定可靠,为以后木豆叶总黄酮的应用开发提供实验依据。     

纤维素酶酶解稻壳的条件试验

本文报道康氏木霉Ｎ_２－７８（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａｋｏｎｉｎｇｉ）纤维素酶产生和酶解稻壳的适宜条件。实验结果表明,在稻草粉麸皮固体培养基上,纤维素酶产生的适宜条件为稻草粉和麸皮的比例为７：３,培养基含水量为２５０％,ｐＨ为６．０—６．５,温度为３０℃,时间为３ｄ。酶解稻壳的最适条件为：ｐＨ为４．４,温度为４０℃,作用时间为３ｄ,酶曲量和底物量比例为１：３。     

仫佬族体质特征研究

本文调查了仫佬族成年人465例(男为232例,女为233例)的体质特征,计算出58项测量项目的均数和标准差、31项指数值和9项观察项目的出现率,并与国内的29群体的体质进行了比较,得出仫佬族的体质特征。仫佬族的体质特征为:上眼睑皱褶出现率较高,男为90.1%,女为91.4%。蒙古褶出现率,男为53.9%,女为53.2%。鼻根高度男低型率与中等型率接近、女多为低型。鼻翼高度多为中等。男以方型耳垂多见,女以圆型耳垂多见。发色多为黑色,眼色多为黑褐色。男性多为黄色肤色,女性多为浅黄色肤色。仫佬族男女均为中头型、高头型、狭头型、中鼻型、中腿型、中肩型、中骨盆型。男为狭面型、长躯干型、窄胸型。女为中面型、中躯干型、中胸型。男身高均数为1629.8mm,女身高均数为1514.3mm。仫佬族具有南方人群体质特征,其体质与阿昌、畲、回(海南)、黎族接近。     

木瓜种质资源的植物学归类及管理原则

以<中国植物志>等专著为依据,对我国目前比较混乱的木瓜种类命名状况进行分析与澄清.认定单瓣观赏种中的贴梗海棠、四季贴梗海棠和复色贴梗海棠以及皱皮木瓜属于皱皮木瓜种;复瓣观赏种中的大富贵、红宝石、绿宝石、艳阳红属于木瓜种;光皮木瓜属于木瓜种,假光皮木瓜属于毛叶木瓜种.考证了各大木瓜产地的种源:曹州木瓜为木瓜种,沂州木瓜和宣木瓜为皱皮木瓜种,云南木瓜包括皱皮木瓜种、木瓜种、毛叶木瓜种、西藏木瓜种和野木瓜种.同时介绍了不同木瓜种的应用价值及其主要优良品种.另外,对今后如何改善混乱的命名现状提出了建议,并制定了大规模运用各地种源进行育种时所需遵循的基本原则.     

木瓜营养保健作用研究动态

本文综述了木瓜的生理活性物质－齐墩果酸的药用价值和作用机理以及木瓜药品保健品的研究动态和展望。     

Effects of Ag Nanoparticles on Growth and Fat Body Proteins in Silkworms (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombyx mori</Emphasis>)

This growing interest in the cultivation of Japanese quince Chaenomeles japonica L. results from the potentially beneficial properties of its fruit. Fresh fruits are very firm and too acidic to eat raw, but their bioactive components, distinctive aroma, and high amount of dietary fiber make the fruits well suited for industrial processing. However, not all the properties of the fruit have been investigated. For example, there are no comprehensive reports about the mineral content or potentially harmful effects on liver metabolism. Hence, the purpose of our study was to examine fresh Japanese quince fruit in terms of (1) ascorbic acid, oxalate, fiber, macro- and micronutrients, dry matter, extract, total acidity, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compound levels; and (2) the effect of its extract on in vitro hepatocyte metabolism, measured by the concentration of lipid peroxides (LPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the severity of apoptosis and necrosis. The fruit of C. japonica had high levels of macro- and microelements, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, fiber, and low oxalate levels. Our analysis of macro- and microelements showed that the average content of Fe was 0.516 mg/g, Cu 0.146 mg/g, Zn 0.546 mg/g, Mg 16.729 mg/g, and Ca 22.920 mg/g of fresh fruit. A characteristic feature of the fresh fruit of C. japonica is a high level of polyphenols, which—combined with a high content of vitamin C—affect their high antioxidant potential. In the tested hepatocyte cultures incubated with extract of the Japanese quince, we observed a significant decrease in the concentration of lipid peroxides compared to the control. There were also no signs of increased formation of ROS in the mitochondria of hepatocytes incubated with the extract of quince. Malondialdehyde was strongly negatively correlated with the concentration of Japanese quince extract, which indicates the hepatoprotective properties of Japanese quince. In addition, our analysis of confocal microscopy images showed that the hepatocytes incubated with the extract of Japanese quince at any concentration did not show any signs of apoptosis or necrosis. The aqueous extract of quince fruit has antioxidative and antiapoptotic hepatocytes, thus exerting a hepatoprotective effect.     

影响柑桔树开花结果性能的生态生理因素

本文报道1988年和1989年春夏之际异常和正常的桔园小气候环境对柑桔树开花结果物候期、抽梢生长、幼果发育、生理落果、当年果实产量和品质等性能的影响。结果表明,柑桔树的座果率受许多生态生理因素制约,但第一次生理落果主要与开花期桔园的小气候环境有关,第二次生理落果则与树体营养生理代谢密切相关。据此提出了预测预报柑桔树第二次生理落果的指标及其防御措施。     

Phenological variation in fruit characteristics in vertebrate-dispersed plants

Summary We investigated inter-specific variation in fruit characteristics — fruit size, seed number per fruit, seed weight, nutritional content, fruit persistence, and fruit synchronization — in relation to flowering and fruiting phenology in 34 species of fleshy fruited plants. Except for aspects of fruit synchrony and persistence, the results in general were inconsistent with previous suggestions about adaptive variation in phenologically related fruit traits. The main results were as follows: (1) Late flowering, late fruiting, lengthy development time from flower to fruit, and highly persistent fruits constitute a complex of correlated characteristics among the species. (2) Synchronization of fruiting within individuals increased from early ripening fruits to late ripening fruits. Fruiting synchrony was more pronounced in species with a small crop size than in species with a large fruit crop, whereas synchrony was not significantly related to flowering synchronization, nor to life form. (3) Nitrogen and carbohydrate content of fruit pulp did not vary in relation to phenology, whereas lipid content decreased from early to late ripening fruits. (4) No seasonal trends were found for variation in seed size or seed number per fruit. (5) Interactions with flowering phenology and developmental constraints are important in phenological fruiting patterns. Temporal variation in start of fruiting was partly (36%) explained by variation in flowering time. Seed weight variation explained 17% of variation in development time from flower to fruit. (6) Despite constraints from flowering and seed development, some adaptive adjustment in fruiting phenology is likely to be allowed for among the investigated species. Such an adaptive variation in fruiting phenology was suggested by intra-generic comparisons of Prunus and Vaccinium species.     

Comparative Analyses on the Bioactive Compounds and in Vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Tea Infusions Prepared from Selected Medicinal Fruits

This study was conducted to analyze the bioactive compounds and in vitro antioxidant capacity of tea infusions prepared from whole and ground medicinal fruits, including gardenia, jujube, magnolia, quince, and wolfberries. The dried medicinal fruit samples were ground, and then passed through a 60‐mesh sieve (pore size, 250 μm). Hot water (80 °C) infusions of whole and ground fruits were examined. In average of both whole and ground tea infusions, the maximum bioactive compounds were found in gardenia (β‐carotene, lycopene, and vitamin C), magnolia (total chlorophyll and anthocyanin), quince (flavonoid), and wolfberries (phenolic), and the maximum antioxidant capacity was found in quince (ABTS and DPPH) and wolfberries (NSA). Whole fruit tea infusions showed a higher brightness than the ground fruit tea infusions. The total chlorophyll, anthocyanin, β‐carotene, lycopene, phenolic, flavonoid, and vitamin C contents were found to be significantly (p≤0.001) higher in the ground fruit tea infusions than in the whole fruit tea infusions; additionally, the ground fruit tea infusions had a higher antioxidant capacity especially ABTS, DPPH and NSA. Therefore, the ground fruit tea infusions appeared to be more powerful with regard to the contents of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities than the whole fruit tea infusions.     

A test of fruit varieties on entry rate and development by neonate larvae of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella

The rate of entry by neonate larvae of the frugivorous codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), into fruit material was investigated. We used no‐choice bioassays in climate‐controlled rooms to assay larval entry across four host plant species (apple, pear, quince, walnut) and three varieties within a single fruit species (apple). Larvae successfully entering apples were reared to adulthood, and we collected tissue samples from apples which were successfully colonized in order to determine sucrose concentrations. This information was used to evaluate differences in adult moth size, development time, and pulp sucrose concentration due to apple variety. Four important findings emerged: (1) neonate larvae had the highest frequency of entry (86% of larvae) into apple fruits, compared with pear (78%), quince (56%), and walnut (32%); (2) the frequency of larval entry into immature apples differed across apple varieties, and larval entry rate was highest in variety Golden Delicious (72%), compared with Granny Smith (46%) and Red Delicious (64%); (3) on average, adult moths were larger and development times were shorter on the variety with the highest entry frequency (Golden Delicious); and (4) apple pulp sucrose concentrations were higher for Golden Delicious (17.5 μg mg^?1) than for either Granny Smith (15.9 μg mg^?1) or Red Delicious (15.1 μg mg^?1) varieties, which correlates positively with entry and development data. We conclude that host fruit species and varietals within a species affect the entry rate of neonate codling moth larvae in no‐choice assays. We hypothesize that larval development is influenced by mean sucrose concentrations or other phytochemical differences associated with host fruit varieties.     

Genetic control of biennial bearing in apple

Although flowering in mature fruit trees is recurrent, floral induction can be strongly inhibited by concurrent fruiting, leading to a pattern of irregular fruiting across consecutive years referred to as biennial bearing. The genetic determinants of biennial bearing in apple were investigated using the 114 flowering individuals from an F(1) population of 122 genotypes, from a 'Starkrimson' (strong biennial bearer)×'Granny Smith' (regular bearer) cross. The number of inflorescences, and the number and the mass of harvested fruit were recorded over 6 years and used to calculate 26 variables and indices quantifying yield, precocity of production, and biennial bearing. Inflorescence traits exhibited the highest genotypic effect, and three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on linkage group (LG) 4, LG8, and LG10 explained 50% of the phenotypic variability for biennial bearing. Apple orthologues of flowering and hormone-related genes were retrieved from the whole-genome assembly of 'Golden Delicious' and their position was compared with QTLs. Four main genomic regions that contain floral integrator genes, meristem identity genes, and gibberellin oxidase genes co-located with QTLs. The results indicated that flowering genes are less likely to be responsible for biennial bearing than hormone-related genes. New hypotheses for the control of biennial bearing emerged from QTL and candidate gene co-locations and suggest the involvement of different physiological processes such as the regulation of flowering genes by hormones. The correlation between tree architecture and biennial bearing is also discussed.     

Alternate Bearing in Citrus: Changes in the Expression of Flowering Control Genes and in Global Gene Expression in ON- versus OFF-Crop Trees

Alternate bearing (AB) is the process in fruit trees by which cycles of heavy yield (ON crop) one year are followed by a light yield (OFF crop) the next. Heavy yield usually reduces flowering intensity the following year. Despite its agricultural importance, how the developing crop influences the following year''s return bloom and yield is not fully understood. It might be assumed that an ‘AB signal’ is generated in the fruit, or in another organ that senses fruit presence, and moves into the bud to determine its fate—flowering or vegetative growth. The bud then responds to fruit presence by altering regulatory and metabolic pathways. Determining these pathways, and when they are altered, might indicate the nature of this putative AB signal. We studied bud morphology, the expression of flowering control genes, and global gene expression in ON- and OFF-crop buds. In May, shortly after flowering and fruit set, OFF-crop buds were already significantly longer than ON-crop buds. The number of differentially expressed genes was higher in May than at the other tested time points. Processes differentially expressed between ON- and OFF-crop trees included key metabolic and regulatory pathways, such as photosynthesis and secondary metabolism. The expression of genes of trehalose metabolism and flavonoid metabolism was validated by nCounter technology, and the latter was confirmed by metabolomic analysis. Among genes induced in OFF-crop trees was one homologous to SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL), which controls juvenile-to-adult and annual phase transitions, regulated by miR156. The expression pattern of SPL-like, miR156 and other flowering control genes suggested that fruit load affects bud fate, and therefore development and metabolism, a relatively long time before the flowering induction period. Results shed light on some of the metabolic and regulatory processes that are altered in ON and OFF buds.     

Phenological growth stages of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) according to the extended BBCH scale

Jackfruit, the largest known edible fruit bearing tree, is one of the important fruit crops of India. It exhibits wide range of diversity with respect to fruit character and bulb quality. It is an important component of homestead garden because of its multifarious uses (dessert, vegetable and pickle) and high nutritive value. In spite of high food value and market potential, jackfruit is one of the poorly researched crops and there is a dearth of information about its phenology. The present study defines phenological stages of jackfruit according to the extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale using three‐digit numerical system. Eight principal growth stages, namely bud development (stage 0), shoot development (stage 1), leaf development (stage 3), specialised reproductive shoot development (stage 4), reproductive development (stage 5), flowering (stage 6), fruit development (stage 7) and fruit maturation (stage 8) have been described. A total of 42 secondary growth stages have been described and defined. In this study, bearing and non‐bearing footstalks as well as male and female phases have been defined separately. The study will act as an effective tool for providing a consensual unified approach for standardisation of phenophases, as well as for efficient orchard management for ensuring higher yield and fruit quality. The scale may also be effectively used for characterisation and adaptation of germplasm and assessment of climatic impact on crop phenology.