黄牛Ag—NOR染色体联合的类型和频率

用银染技术对中国4个黄牛品种（蒙古牛、秦川牛、岭南牛和西镇牛）40头牛的Ag-NOR联合的类型和频率进行了分析。结果表明,黄牛每个体细胞Ag-NOR联合可出现一个、两个或多个、蒙古牛、秦川牛、岭南牛和西镇牛Ag-NOR联合的频率分别为0.135,0.149,0.146和0.153。其中有一个联合的细胞占总的有联合细胞的比率分别为.802,0.891,0.861和0.871。牛Ag-NOR联合的类型可分为链状联合,对称联合,环状联合和堆集联合4种,其中链状联合占60％－70％以上,对称联合占20％－30％。后两种占5％－10A％。经分析表明,Ag-NOR联合的类型和频率可能具有种族特征,而不存在品种差异。     

IGFBP3基因多态性与秦川牛部分屠宰性状的相关性 Polymorphisms of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Gene and Its Associations with Several Carcass Traits in Qinchuan Cattle

以IGFBP3基因作为秦川牛（Bos taurus）部分屠宰指标的侯选基因,在对60头秦川牛的IGFBP3基因进行PCR-RFLP和序列分析的基础上,对秦川牛群体中IGFBP3基因座等位基因和基因型频率的分布及其与秦川牛部分屠宰性状的关系进行了分析。结果发现,在秦川牛群体中,651 bp的PCR 产物经过限制性内切酶HaeIII消化后,表现出3种基因型,其中等位基因A、B及3种基因型AA、AB、BB的频率分别为0.84、0.16和070、0.28、0.02。经序列分析发现,第299位的C→A颠换（GGCC变成了GGAC）导致了1个HaeIII限制性酶切位点的丢失而产生了该基因座多态性。在所研究的群体中,该多态基因座处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P＞005）。对13头24月龄秦川牛进行屠宰分析,发现不同基因型对秦川牛部分屠宰指标有一定影响,AA、AB及BB型个体的屠宰率、净肉率及西冷、牛柳、眼肉和嫩肩肉的产率逐渐降低,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）;AA型个体的眼肌面积大于BB型个体（P＜0.05）,AB型和BB型个体胴体脂肪含量高于AA型个体（P＜0.01）。 Abstract:DNA samples from 60 Qinchuan cattle (Bos taurus) were analyzed with PCR-RFLPs and sequencing for insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) gene.Fragments of 651 bp were amplified with two primers and the products of PCR were digested with restriction endonuclease HaeIII.The produced fragments showed three genotypes,namely AA,AB and BB after electrophoresis.Frequencies of the genotype AA,AB,BB and allele A,B were 0.7,0.28,0.02,and 0.84,0.16,respectively.Sequence analysis showed that a transversion of C→A at 299 nt resulted in loss of the cleaved site of restriction endonuclease HaeIII and produced this polymorphism.This polymorphic locus of IGFBP3 gene was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P＞0.05).The genotypes of AA,AB,BB slightly affected several slaughter and carcass traits of Qinchuan cattle.Dressing percentage,net meat percentage,striplion percentage,tenderloin percentage,ribeye percentage and tender shoulder percentage were decreased with the genotypes of AA,AB and BB in Qinchuan cattle,but it was not significant (P＞0.05).Average ribeye area in individuals of AA genotype was significantly higher than that in individuals of BB genotype (P＜0.05),and beef fat content in individuals of genotype AB and BB was significantly higher than that in individuals of AA genotype (P＜0.01).     

中国四品种黄牛性染色体多态性的研究

对4个地方黄牛品种（蒙古牛,秦川牛,岭南牛和西镇牛）共63头牛（37♂,26♀）染色体核型的比较研究表明,性染色体在品种间和品种内均存在多态性。Y染色体有中、亚中和近端着丝点染色体,其频率有一定的分布规律。X染色体均为一大的亚中着丝点染色体,但臂比和着丝点指数有品种差异。本文从性染色体多态性上揭示了中国黄牛起源的多元性,为中国黄牛品种的系统分类增添了又一新的依据和线索。     

Species authentication of commercial beef jerky based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene

In this study,we determined species-specific variations by analyzing the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence variation(～440 bp) in 17 newly obtained sequences and 90 published cattle,yak,buffalo,goat,and pig sequences,which represent 62 breeds and 17 geographic regions.Based on the defined species-specific variations,two endonucleases,Alu I and Bfa I,were selected for species authentication using raw meat/tissue samples and the PCR-RFLP method.Goat and pig were identified using the Alu I enzyme,while cattle,yak,and buffalo were identified by digestion with Bfa I.Our approach had relatively high detection sensitivity of cattle DNA in mixed cattle and yak products,with the lowest detectable threshold equaling 20% of cattle DNA in a mixed cattle/yak sample.This method was successfully used to type commercial beef jerky products,which were produced by different companies utilizing various processing technologies.Our results show that several yak jerky products might be implicated in commercial fraud by using cattle meat instead of yak meat.     

中国部分黄牛品种mtDNA遗传多态性研究

对我国8个黄牛品种22个个体的mtDNA D-loop区910bp全序列进行了分析。结果表明：8个黄牛品种D-loop区序列中,A T平均含量为61．65％;经比对,共检测到66个核苷酸多态位点,约占核苷酸总数的7．25％;D-loop全序列突变类型有5种,即转换、颠换、插入、缺失及转换与颠换共存,它们分别占核苷酸多态位点的81．82％、6．06％、7．57％、3．03％及1．52％。以欧洲牛mtDNA D-loop全序列为标准,8个黄牛群体D-loop的平均核苷酸变异率分3个层次：西镇牛、蒙古牛、黑白花牛及秦川牛的核苷酸变异率最低,分别为0．37％、0．44％、0．52％和0．66％;南阳牛与郏县红牛的核苷酸变异率居中,分别为1．91％和2．02％;晋南牛与岳阳牛的核苷酸变异率最高,分别为4．47％和4．73％。中国黄牛品种内D-loop区序列歧异度为0．55％～5．39％,品种间序列歧异度为1．21％～6．59％。在所测黄牛个体中,mtDNA D-loop序列由19种单倍型组成,单倍型比例为86．36%,说明中国黄牛mtDNA遗传多态性很丰富。由此构建了中国8个黄牛品种的NJ分子系统树,聚类分析表明：所测黄牛的mtDNA D-loop序列表现为3个单倍型组,从而揭示中国黄牛可能有3个母系起源,以普通牛起源和瘤牛起源为主。     

泰和乌骨鸡的核型与带型研究

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养--空气干燥法,对泰和乌骨鸡染色体核型和带型进行了研究。结果表明：泰和乌骨鸡体细胞染色体数目2n=78,染色体基本臂数AF=90,1、9号染色体及Z、W性染色体为中央着丝粒（m）染色体,2、4、7号染色体为亚中央着丝粒（sm）染色体,3、6、8、10号染色体为端着丝粒（t）染色体。G带研究表明：前10对大型染色体可分为29个区,190条带。C带处理发现,所有母鸡分裂相中W性染色体都出现C带并整条深染。Ag-NORs研究发现：Ag-NORs常定位于1、2号常染色体短臂和Z性染色体短臂端部;Ag-NORs数目分布范围为1～6;平均每个细胞的Ag-NORs数在雌、雄鸡中分别为2.94和2.96。 Abstract:This study made the chromosome slides of Taihe Silkies by the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture-drying method,and analyzed Taihe Silkies karyotype and band pattern.The results are as follow:The diploid chromosome number of Taihe Silkies was 2n=78,the basic number of chromosome arms was AF=90 and the sex chromosome type was ZZ(♂)/ZW(♀).According to the measured relative length,arm ratio and centromeric index,the first 10 pairs of macro-chromosomes are described as follows:No.1 ,9 and Z,W chromosomes were metacentrics,No.2,4,7 were submetacentrics,and No.3,6,8,10 were telocentrics.Studies on Taihe Silkies′ G-band showed that the first 10 pairs of macro-chromosomes can be divided into 29 zones and 190 bands.Being treated by C-banding technique,a totally dark-stained and easily indentified W-chromosome always showed up in the female metaphase configurations.Ag-NORs were located in the short arms′ telomere of No.1,2 euchromosomes and Z sexchromosome,the Ag-NORs number varied from 1-6. -NORs     

银杏雌株染色体Ag-NOR的研究

本文以银杏雌株的幼小胚珠为材料,对其体细胞染色体进行了Ag-NOR染色研究。发现其Ag-NOR(随体)的数目均为4个,大小则有同形和异形两种类型。认为NOR(随体)的数目和形态不能作为性染色体的识别特征,并对NOR的杂合性和多态性进行了讨论。 Abstract:In this paper,the Ag-NOR of somatic chromosomes of young ovulum in Ginkgo biloba was studied.It was found that the number of Ag-NORs(satellite)were four constantly,though there were two kinds in size,homoeotype and heterotype.So we considered that the number and morphology of NOR(satellite)can not be used as identification markers of sex chromosome in Ginkgo biloba.In addition,the heterozygosity and polymorphism of NOR are discussed.     

三个家猪品种和rob易位群染色体分带多态性的比较

对家猪不同品种及家系间的染色体组型、C-带、Ag-NORs多态性进行的研究表明：杜洛克猪、约克夏猪、长白猪体细胞染色体数2n=38,核型2n=10sm+12m+4st+12t, 而13/17易位纯合子猪（36, rob. 13/17）的体细胞染色体数2n=36,核型2n=10sm+12m+6st+8t; 13/17易位杂合子猪（37,rob. 13/17）的体细胞染色体数目为 2n＝37,核型为2n=10sm+12m+5st+10t。5种家猪的C-带在13～18号染色体上存在大、中、小三种类型, 且呈多态性分布。杜洛克猪、约克夏猪、长白猪、13/17易位纯合子猪、13/17易位杂合子猪的Ag-NORs均数分别为2.05、2.06、2.00、1.99、1.98,说明Ag－NORs在品种、个体及细胞间具有多态性。 Abstract:The present experiment is carried out to make comparative stdy on polymorphism of chromosome Karyotypes, C-band ?and Ag-NORs of different breeds and strains in domestic Pigs. The results showed that the chromosome number of somatic cell in Duroc, Yorkshire and Landrace Pig Was 38 and the karyotype was 2n=10sm+12m+4st+12t. But in heterozygous Rob 13/17(37, rob. 13/17) Pig, the chromosome number of somatic cell was 37 andthe karyotype was 2n=10sm+12m+5st+10t, while in homozygousRob 13/17(36, rob. 13/17) Pig, the somatic cell chromosome number was 36 and the karyotype was 2n=10sm+12m+6st+8t. It was also showed that there were three C-band types in size on chromosome No. 13-18 showing polymorphism in three breeds and two strains of domestic Pigs. The average of Ag-NORs in Duroc, yorkshire,Landrace, homozygous Rob. 13/17 and heterozygous Rob. 13/17 Pig was 2.05, 2.06, 2.00, 1.99 and 1.98, respectively. It is suggested that Ag-NORs have polymorphism among strains, which can be used as a genetic index to analyse relationships among domestic animals with high reliability.     

Everolimus and zoledronic acid——a potential synergistic treatment for lung adenocarcinoma bone metastasis

Non-small-cell lung cancer （NSCLC） frequently metasta- sizes to bone. It is known that zoledronic acid is cytostatic to tumors, and everolimus, the inhibitor for mammalian target of the rapamycin, could inhibit many types of cancer. Herein, we evaluated the effect of zoledronic acid alone and in combination with everolimus on treating lung adenocarcinoma bone metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mice treated with zoledronic acid in combination with everoli- mus had more apoptotic lung cancer cells and more cells were arrested in the G1/G0 phase. The phosphorylation of p70S6K was inhibited in the combination treatment group. Lung cancer cell invasion was also significantly inhibited in the group with combination treatment in vitro. Bone nuclear scans revealed more metastatic lesions in controls compared with those in the combination treatment group. Bone scans and radiographic images indicated that com- bination therapy significantly reduced bone metastasis. The moderate survival rate suggested that the drug com- bination was synergistic, which can delay NSCLC bone metastasis and prolong survival in vivo.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism