The role of sedimentation and resuspension for the transport of sediments and contaminants in the Skagerrak

An investigation was conducted in winter of 1997/1998 in the Skagerrak off southern Norway to collect data on the influence of sedimentation and resuspension on the transport of organic contaminants. Data from the water column and sediments, as well as on sedimentation and current regime near the sea floor, indicated that the deposition of contaminants is a continual process. Deposition is subject not only to seasonal biological processes such as growth and sedimentation of the spring phytoplankton bloom, but also to hydrographic events such as surges in near-bottom currents causing sediment resuspension. Contaminants at the sea floor may be transported considerable distances. It is suggested that in simplest terms, this transport can be envisaged as a conveyor belt skipping along the seabed. The dominant iterative processes regulating this near-bottom transport are sedimentation, resuspension and advection. In this way, particles and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as other hydrophobic contaminants, may be transported over hundreds of kilometers.     

Factors controlling concentration, export, and decomposition of dissolved organic nutrients in the Everglades of Florida

Water draining from the Everglades marshes of southern Florida containshigh concentrations of dissolved organic C (DOC), N (DON), and in somelocations, P (DOP). These dissolved organic nutrients carry over 90% of the Nand organic C, and about 25% of the P exported downstream in the Everglades.Ourobjectives were to describe the most important aspects of the origin and fateofdissolved organic matter (DOM) in the Everglades, and to describe the processescontrolling its concentration and export. Concentrations of dissolved organicnutrients are influenced by local plant production, decomposition, and sorptionequilibrium with peat. The drained peat soils of the Everglades AgriculturalArea and the more productive marshes of the northern Everglades produce some ofthe highest concentrations of DOC and DON in the Everglades watershed. Inportions of the marshes of the northern Everglades, P enrichment was correlatedwith higher local DOC and DON concentrations and greater production of solubleplant matter. Microbial degradation of Everglades DOM was very slow; less than10% of the DOC was lost after 6 months of incubation in the laboratory andsupplements of inorganic nutrients failed to speed the decomposition. Exposureto solar radiation increased the subsequent decay rate of the remaining DOC(25%in 6 mo.). Solar radiation alone mineralized 20.5% of the DOC, 7%of the DON, and degraded about 50% of the humic substances over 21 days insterile porewater samples and thus degraded DOM faster than microbialdegradation. The humic substances appeared to inhibit biodegradation of theother fractions of the DOC since hydrophilic organic acids decomposed fasterwhen isolated from the humic substances.The fate of DOC and DON is closely linked as indicated by a generally narrowrange of C/N ratios. In contrast, high concentrations of DOP were associatedwith P enrichment (at least in pore water). The DOC was composed of about 50%humic substances, 33% hydrophilic acids, and 15% hydrophilic neutralsubstances,typical of DOC from other environments, despite the fact that it originatesfroma neutral to slightly alkaline peatland. Despite high exports of DON (3.9g m^–2 y^–1 from one area), themarshes of the northern Everglades are a sink for DON on a landscape scale. Theagricultural fields of the Everglades Agricultural Area, however, exported netquantities of DON. High concentrations of DOC desorbed from the agriculturalsoils when water with no DOC was added. Sorption experiments indicated thathighconcentrations of dissolved organic matter flowing into the marshes from theEverglades Agricultural Area could suppress the further desorption ofadditionalsoluble organic matter through physicochemical mechanisms. While biologicalfactors, plant production and microbial decomposition are important inproducingpotentially soluble organic nutrients, physicochemical sorption equilibria,hydrology, and degradation by solar radiation are also likely to control theexport of this material on the landscape scale.     

Rate of establishment and seasonal immersion of Spartina in Mariager Fjord, Denmark

Spartina (Sp. × townsendii H. & J. Groves and Sp. anglica Hubbard) was introduced in Mariager Fjord in 1948. The present study of a 154 ha sample area is based partly on topographic mapping and partly on photogrammetric plotting. The total area covered with vegetation was almost constant 1.0 × 10⁵ m² from 1945 to 1959. Spartina was planted in the study area in 1959, and spread rapidly. In 1978 the vegetation covered an area of 2.1 × 10⁵ m². It is suggested that this very high rate of establishment could be due to seasonal fluctuations in water levels. As the sea level is often low in spring, the sample area can be dry for up to 9 d at a stretch. This allows the roots to become anchored in the sand.     

Sedimentation and distribution of gamma-emitting radionuclides in bottom sediments of southern Lake Päijänne,Finland, after the Chernobyl accident

The rates of sedimentation of fallout nuclides were determined by means of sediment traps during 28 months after the Chernobyl accident in southern Lake Päijänne, Finland. The spatial distribution of the radionuclide content of the lake bottom was studied on 35 sediment cores in winters 1987/88 and 1988/89. The results were compared with simultaneous observations of the radionuclide content of the water and seston. The role of different transfer mechanisms in the elimination of radionuclides from the water column is discussed.The values recorded for the flux to the lake sediments were on average of the same order of magnitude as the initial deposition on the lake surface (Cs-137 65 kBqm^–2). The radionuclide flux to the sediments was rapid during the first months after the accident. After that the elimination of dissolved nuclides from the water mass became significantly slower. The highest flux rate was that of Ce-144 and the lowest that of Rh-106 (Ru-106). Of the radiocesium, about half of the initial inventory was transferred to the sediments after the first observation year.The content of radionuclides showed considerable spatial variation on the lake bottom (Cs-137 7–280 kBqm^–2). Direct adsorption of radiocesium explains unexpectedly high concentrations on shallow erosion bottoms. There was a clear tendency for the concentrations to increase with depth, as a result of the focusing effect. Sediment resuspension had a significant impact on the total flux of radionuclides to deepwater sediments. Estimates were made of the resuspended flux of radionuclides.     

滞育昆虫营养物质的积累、转化与调控

滞育是昆虫度过不良环境的一种生存适应策略,营养物质的利用、积累和转化影响昆虫的滞育。滞育期间,昆虫体内发生一系列生理生化变化,包括脂类、碳水化合物和氨基酸等内源营养物质呈特异性地积累或转化,保障了滞育个体在逆境中存活及滞育解除后发育的能量需求。外源营养物质对昆虫滞育的影响较复杂,其种类、丰度、质量能通过"食料-寄主-天敌"营养关系进行传递,影响昆虫体内营养物质的积累和转化,改变昆虫的耐寒性、滞育率等,制约昆虫的滞育深度、滞育存活率。滞育昆虫营养物质积累、利用机制复杂多样,胰岛素信号通路-叉头转录因子以及激脂激素的调控效应在滞育诱导及营养物质转化中起到了关键的调控作用,但滞育的系统性调控仍需进一步深入研究。     

Diversity estimates of microeukaryotes below the chemocline of the anoxic Mariager Fjord, Denmark

Microbial communities of extreme environments have often been assumed to have low species richness. We analysed 18S rRNA gene signatures in a sample collected below the chemocline of the anoxic Mariager Fjord in Denmark, and from these data we computed novel parametric and standard nonparametric estimates of protistan phylotype richness. Our results indicate unexpectedly high richness in this environment: at the 99.5% phylotype definition, our most conservative estimate was 568 phylotypes (+/-114, standard error). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sequences collected cover the majority of described lineages in the eukaryotic domain. Out of 384 sequences analysed, 307 were identified as protistan targets, none of which was identical to known sequences. However, based on what is known about species that are phylogenetically related to the Mariager sequences, most of the latter seem to belong to strictly or facultative anaerobe organisms. We also found signatures that together with other environmental 18S rRNA gene sequences represent environmental clades of possibly high taxonomic levels (class to kingdom level). One of these clades, consisting exclusively of sequences from anoxic sampling sites, branches at the base of the eukaryotic evolutionary tree among the earliest eukaryotic lineages. Assuming eukaryotic evolution under oxygen-depleted conditions, these sequences may represent immediate descendants of early eukaryotic ancestors.     

Quantifying Burial,the Transport of Matter from the Lake Biosphere to the Geosphere

Burial is one of the most fundamental processes in contexts of massbalance calculations for substances (such as nutrients, organics, metals and radionuclides) in lakes. Substances can leave a lake by two processes, outflow, i.e., the transport to a downstream system, and burial, i.e., the transport by sedimentation from the lake biosphere to the geosphere. This work gives for the first time, to there best of the author's knowledge, a review on the factors and processes regulating burial and presents a general model for burial. This approach accounts for bottom dynamic conditions (i.e., where areas of fine sediment erosion, transport and accumulation prevail), sedimentation, bioturbation, mineralisation, and the depth and age of the bioactive sediment layer. This approach has been critically tested with very good results for radiocesium, radiostrontium, many metals, calcium from liming and phosphorus, but it has not been presented before in a comprehensive way. This model for burial is meant to be used in massbalance models based on ordinary differential equations (i.e., box models) in contexts where burial is not a target y‐variable but a necessary model variable (an x‐variable). This means that there are also specific demands on this approach, e.g., it must be based on readily accessible driving variables so that it is not too difficult to use the model in practice within the context of an overall lake model. The factors influencing burial, e.g., the deposition of materials and the depth of the bioactive sediment layer, are also needed in calculations of sediment concentrations and to determine amounts of substances or pollutants in sediments. To carry out such calculations, one also needs information on sediment bulk density, water content and organic content. This paper also presents new empirical models for such calculations to be used in the new model for burial.     

Light,nutrients and the fatty acid composition of stream periphyton

1. While the balance of light and nutrients is known to influence the food quality of herbivores by altering algal phosphorus and nitrogen content, the combined effects of light and nutrients on fatty acid synthesis in freshwater periphyton are relatively unknown. In this study, we manipulated light and phosphorus concentration in large, flow‐through experimental streams to examine their effects on both elemental stoichiometry and fatty acid content in periphyton. 2. Two levels of phosphorus (4 and 80 μg L^?1) and three of light (17, 40, 110 μmol photons m^?2 s^?1) were applied in a factorial design in two separate experiments. Diatoms dominated periphyton communities in both experiments, comprising >95% of algal biovolume. Periphyton growth in the streams was simultaneously affected by both resources, even at low rates of supply. 3. Periphyton C/P and C/N ratios increased with light augmentation and decreased with phosphorus enrichment, and consistent with the light : nutrient hypothesis (LNH). Light effects were strongest in streams with low phosphorus concentrations. 4. Periphyton fatty acids reflected the dominance of diatoms : palmitic (16 : 0), palmitoleic (16 : 1ω7) and eicosapentanoic (20 : 5ω3) were the principal saturated (SAFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), respectively. Linoleic (18 : 2ω6) and linolenic (18 : 3ω3) acids, characteristic of chlorophytes and cyanophytes, were rare, comprising <2% of total fatty acids. 5. Periphyton fatty acid profiles were highly sensitive to light and phosphorus. The proportion of fatty acids comprised by SAFA and MUFA increased with light augmentation and decreased with phosphorus enrichment, whereas PUFA decreased with light and increased with phosphorus. Light effects on fatty acid composition were strongest in phosphorus‐poor streams. PUFA declined with increasing light/phosphorus ratios in the streams, whereas ‘energy’ fatty acids (16 : 0 and 16 : 1) increased. The ratio of SAFA/PUFA was strongly and positively correlated with C/P and C/N ratios. SAFA and MUFA, normalised to dry mass, increased two‐ to threefold with increasing light, while PUFA normalised to dry mass was not significantly affected by light. 6. Similarities in the responses of fatty acids and elemental stoichiometry to light and phosphorus treatments suggested that they were influenced by a common mechanism. Both components of food quality appeared to be sensitive to light‐regulated rates of carbon fixation which, when coupled with insufficient supplies of phosphorus, caused diatom cells to store surplus carbon in SAFA, MUFA and other carbon‐rich compounds that diluted both essential fatty acids and mineral nutrients.     

Hydrography and characteristics of the phytoplankton in shelf and oceanic waters off southeastern Brazil during winter (July/August 1982) and summer (February/March 1984)

The physical and chemical environment, and the phytoplankton primary production of southeastern Brazil were studied in relation to the general oceanographic structure during two research cruises (winter and summer). In each cruise, a total of 91 stations were occupied. Data were collected on the spatial distribution of nutrients, phytoplankton biomass and photosynthetic capacity over the coastal, shelf and oceanic areas off São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina States.During wintertime, the mixing processes between tropical warm waters of the Brazil Current and subantarctic waters of the Malvinas Current formed strong environmental gradients. The drainings of Rio de La Plata and Lagoa dos Patos are transported northwards by coastal currents, enriching the shelf waters off Santa Catarina State with inorganic nutrients and consequently increasing the chlorophyll a to the highest concentrations (> 3.5 mg m ^–3) measured during the two cruises. In slope waters chlorophyll values were always low (0.05–0.45 mg m ^–3). The chlorophyll within the euphotic layer varied from 8.8–36.7 and 1.2–18.5 mg m^–2 during winter and summer, respectively.The surface photosynthetic rates during winter and summer cruises ranged respectively from 0.21–9.17 and 0.66–19.60 mgC/mgChl.a/h. The mean rates were higher in nearshore waters and decreased seaward.The thermal structure of the water column affected the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a and photosynthesis within the euphotic zone; During unstratified periods (winter) they were uniformly distributed but the occurrence of subsurface peaks of chlorophyll and strong photosynthetic inhibition of low light adapted cells in deeper layers are associated to the seasonal thermocline. Occasionally, upwelling of deep waters from shelf break enriched the deeper euphotic layers in offshore areas. Intensive upwelling was observed off Paranagua Bay (Parana State) and the mechanisms of its formation are discussed.     

A Study of Sedimentation and Resuspension in the Near-Bottom Boundary Layer Using Cylindrical Traps in Hydrobiological Investigation

An inexpensive and convenient method for marine biological investigation of the sedimentation in the immediate proximity of biological objects on the seabed is considered. The method is a modification of the widespread method of cylindrical sediment traps [1,6]. It makes it possible to analyze the amount of suspended particulate matter passing within the near-bottom boundary layer and the processes of sedimentation and resuspension. Its application is illustrated by the results of investigation of the influence of some processes taking place in the near-bottom layer on the distribution of scleractinian corals in a reef off Dao-Chao Island (Baitylong Archipelago, the Gulf of Tonkin).     

盐度、光照和营养盐对孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)光合作用的影响

通过测定光合作用产氧速率研究了孔石莼Ulvapertusa不育性变种在不同盐度、光强度和营养盐水平下的光合作用特性.结果表明,盐度可影响光合作用速率,在2710lx光强下孔石莼在盐度20‰左右有最大光合作用速率;光合作用参数Pm为79.62O2,μg/cm2*h,Is为191.08μE/m2*s,IC为10.12μE/m2*s;对营养盐(NH4+-N,NO2--N,PO43--P)的吸收特征可用Michaelis-Menten方程描述,低光强(106lx)下氨氮超过0.07mmol/L时可抑制孔石莼的光合作用.     

渤海中部营养盐赋存形态季节变化及其对营养盐库的影响

根据2013年7月(夏季),11月(秋季)和2014年5月(春季)渤海中部氮、磷、硅营养盐库各赋存形态数据以及温度、盐度等水文数据,分析海域不同季节各营养盐库以及相互间转化规律。结果表明:调查海域受陆源输入、吸收转化、扰动混合以及分解释放等因素影响,各营养盐库含量及其组分迁移转化呈现明显的季节特征,春夏高生产力季节为无机态向有机态和颗粒态转化期,秋季为有机态和颗粒态溶解分解释放期。夏季氮磷营养盐库含量分别为(37.43±10.09)μmol/L和(0.73±0.19)μmol/L,且以溶解有机态为主要赋存形态。秋季各营养盐库以及无机态组分含量受扰动以及分解释放影响均明显增加,而溶解有机态和颗粒态组分降低,其中颗粒氮(PN, particulate nitrogen)含量为(1.78±1.05)μmol/L,降幅66%;溶解有机磷(DOP, dissolved organic phosphorus)含量为(0.13±0.06)μmol/L,降幅66%;而溶解无机磷(DIP, dissolved inorganic phosphorus)为(0.54±0.20)μmol/L,升高10.8倍...     

Some positive and negative effects of stocking whitefish on the ecosystem redevelopment of Hjarbæk Fjord,Denmark

In 1984 the County of Viborg introduced a large-scale programme to improve the water quality in Hjarbæk Fjord, a freshwater fjord cut off from the sea in 1964. Measures were taken to reduce the discharges of nutrients from various sources. To reduce the nuisance of chironomids a large release of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.) was incorporated in the programme. The effects of these efforts on the fish, benthos and plankton communities were studied during a period of five years. The whitefish established a self-reproducing population with a very good growth rate, and may have created quantitative and qualitative changes in the plankton community. Observed changes in the benthos community may also be related to predation by whitefish. The study did not confirm that whitefish could actually control the population of chironomids and diminish, thus, the nuisance caused by them. The stocking of whitefish created an exploitable fish stock of a valuable fish species in the hypertrophic Hjarbæk Fjord.

     

Salinization and sedimentation drive contrasting assembly mechanisms of planktonic and sediment-bound bacterial communities in agricultural streams

Agriculture is the most dominant land use globally and is projected to increase in the future to support a growing human population but also threatens ecosystem structure and services. Bacteria mediate numerous biogeochemical pathways within ecosystems. Therefore, identifying linkages between stressors associated with agricultural land use and responses of bacterial diversity is an important step in understanding and improving resource management. Here, we use the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (MAP) ecoregion, a highly modified agroecosystem, as a case study to better understand agriculturally associated drivers of stream bacterial diversity and assembly mechanisms. In the MAP, we found that planktonic bacterial communities were strongly influenced by salinity. Tolerant taxa increased with increasing ion concentrations, likely driving homogenous selection which accounted for ~90% of assembly processes. Sediment bacterial phylogenetic diversity increased with increasing agricultural land use and was influenced by sediment particle size, with assembly mechanisms shifting from homogenous to variable selection as differences in median particle size increased. Within individual streams, sediment heterogeneity was correlated with bacterial diversity and a subsidy-stress relationship along the particle size gradient was observed. Planktonic and sediment communities within the same stream also diverged as sediment particle size decreased. Nutrients including carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which tend to be elevated in agroecosystems, were also associated with detectable shifts in bacterial community structure. Collectively, our results establish that two understudied variables, salinity and sediment texture, are the primary drivers of bacterial diversity within the studied agroecosystem, whereas nutrients are secondary drivers. Although numerous macrobiological communities respond negatively, we observed increasing bacterial diversity in response to agricultural stressors including salinization and sedimentation. Elevated taxonomic and phylogenetic bacterial diversity likely increases the probability of detecting community responses to stressors. Thus, bacteria community responses may be more reliable for establishing water quality goals within highly modified agroecosystems that have experienced shifting baselines.     

Resuspension of algal cells by benthivorous fish boosts phytoplankton biomass and alters community structure in shallow lakes

1. Positive effects of fish on algal biomass have variously been attributed to cascading top‐down effects and to nutrient enrichment by fish excretion. 2. Here, we used a combination of field and laboratory approaches to test an additional hypothesis, namely that the physical resuspension of settled algal cells by fish enhances algal biomass and alters community composition. 3. A multi‐lake survey showed that phytoplankton biomass and the fraction of motile algae increased with the concentration of inorganic suspended solids. This correlation could not be explained by wind‐induced resuspension because of the small size of the lakes. 4. In an enclosure experiment, chlorophyll‐a concentration, phytoplankton abundance and inorganic suspended solids increased significantly in the presence of Cyprinus carpio (common carp), but only if the fish had access to the sediment. No such effects were seen when a net prevented carp reaching the sediment. 5. The effects of enhanced nutrients and reduced zooplankton grazing as a result of fish feeding could not (fully) explain these observations, suggesting that the resuspension by carp of settled algae from a surface film on the sediment was the major factor in the outcome of the experiment. 6. An increase in diatoms and green algae (organisms with a relatively large sedimentation velocity) only in enclosures where carp could reach the sediment supported this view. 7. Several lines of evidence indicate that fish‐induced resuspension of algal cells from the sediment is an important mechanism that affects phytoplankton biomass and community composition in shallow lakes.     

北京半城子水库水体营养物质表观沉降速率

表观沉降速率是流域非点源污染模型中反映水体营养物质通过不同过程,输移进入水库沉积物净效果的参数。选择位于密云水库上游的半城子水库进行水体营养物质监测,计算营养物质表观沉降速率,分析其影响因素,主要得出以下结论:半城子水库TN表观沉降速率平均为55.5mm/d,TP表观沉降速率平均为25.2mm/d,相对于世界其它地区的湖泊水库而言,TP表观沉降速率较慢。水体营养物质表观沉降速率受表层水温和水流条件共同影响。TN表观沉降速率均随表层水温的升高而递增。上游来水后,水体中P元素则经历了内源磷快速释放,之后快速沉降的变化过程。研究成果可为水污染防治和流域环境综合治理提供理论依据。     

Possibilities and limitations of sediment traps to measure sedimentation and resuspension

Settling flux of particulate matter measured by sediment traps in shallow and turbulent waters considerably exceeds settling flux calculated from mass balances. Theoretical consideration on sinking distance and particle settling leads to the conclusion that traps overtrap particles in even moderately turbulent waters. The disappearance of turbulent diffusion and bottom shear stress within the traps causes the high rates of trapping, whereas their presence in natural water bodies hampers sedimentation.The use of sediment traps may be restricted to the identification of rapidly sinking particles, measurement of sinking velocities of well defined types of particles, and estimation of resuspension.     

Interactions between Phytoplankton,Zooplankton, and Fish in the Nutrient Rich Shallow Lake Hjarbæk Fjord,Denmark

In the shallow, nutrient-rich dammed-up lake Hjarbæk Fjord the balance between phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish was completely disturbed during the summer period. Extensive growth of small blue-green algae (Oscillatoria cfr. trichoides, Pseudanabaena galeata) and chlorococcal green algae (Scenedesmus spp., Monoraphidium contortum, Actinastrum hantzschii) induced a pH rise to 10.5 in July. Fish were driven into the rivers, and many that did not escape died. After the fish had disappeared daphniae multiplied explosively and grazed away the major part of the phytoplankton. Ammonia concentrations rose and oxygen concentrations dropped to noxious levels for highly sensitive fish in August–September. Larger phytoplankton species (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Pediastrum boryanum, Pandorina morum, a. o.) were not grazed by the daphniae and gave rise to a maximum of copepods in September. Fish returned to the lake in October, when pH, ammonia, and oxygen levels had normalized.     

Use of a multiple addition bioassay to determine limiting nutrients in eagle lake,California

This investigation uses anin vitro enrichment bioassay (in which all essential nutrients except one are added to each culture) to determine which nutrients are important to algal growth in Eagle Lake. The technique was developed when it was discovered that addition of individual nutrients produced little if any growth response. Laboratory bioassays correlated well with comparative studies in the lake. A great deal of variation was found throughout the year but P, N, Fe, and S were found to be limiting at one time or another. The north and south basins of the lake, which differ in morphometry, were also found to differ in the intensity spectrum of limitation. While P was the most important nutrient in both basins, the other nutrients were more limiting in the north basin than the south, and Fe, which was least limiting in the south, was very important in the north. The multiple enrichment bioassay has several advantages over other bioassays. Supported in part by Research Corporation