中国九省（区）农民超重肥胖的变化趋势及人口经济因素的影响

目的：分析1991—2015年我国18~64岁成年农民超重肥胖的变化趋势,并探讨人口经济因素对其的影响。方法：利用“中国健康与营养调查”1991—2015年间9轮队列研究的基本信息、社会经济因素和体格测量数据,选择18~64岁职业为“农民、渔民或猎人（以下简称农民）”的成年人作为研究对象。采用《中国成人超重和肥胖症预防控制指南》中的体质指数（BMI）切点值判定肥胖程度。应用多因素Logistic模型分析人口经济因素对肥胖发生危险性的影响。结果：1991—2015年间,我国农民超重和肥胖率均呈逐渐上升趋势,超重率从11.42%上升至35.80%,肥胖率从1.37%上升至13.92%。多因素Logistics分析结果显示,女性超重肥胖危险性高于男性。随着年龄的增加,农民超重肥胖危险性明显增加,35~49岁、50~64岁年龄组肥胖危险性高于18~34岁年龄组。北方及中部地区农民超重肥胖危险性高于南方地区。高收入水平的农民超重肥胖危险性高于低收入水平的农民。高中及以上文化程度的农民超重肥胖危险性高于小学及以下组。结论：性别、年龄、收入水平、地理位置是农民超重肥胖的重要影响因素。建议根据分布特征,将优质资源集中到中部、北方地区,并加强对中老年人进行营养知识和健康生活方式的宣教。同时也要关注高收入地区及男性农民的超重肥胖问题。     

父母及个人行为对学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的影响

目的：探讨学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的现状及其影响因素。方法：从青岛市幼儿园招募年龄在3-6 岁儿童参与本调查,通过健 康体格检查和问卷调查两部分进行。其中体格检查包括身高和体重的测量,问卷调查内容包括父母的相关变量以及儿童个人饮 食行为等因素。其中1080 份为完整有效数据。结果：学龄前儿童超重和肥胖人数分别占总数的18.80%和8.98%。男孩的超重和 肥胖率（31.8%）高于女生（23.8%）。父亲和母亲的超重和肥胖均与儿童超重和肥胖存在关联性(P<0.05)。较长屏幕时间、快速进食 是超重和肥胖的危险因素(P<0.05),而增加体力活动时间为保护因素（P<0.05）。偏爱肉类也是与超重/ 肥胖相关的因素(P<0.05）。 结论：孩子个性习惯和父母均与学龄前儿童超重和肥胖相关,学龄前儿童超重和肥胖问题仍然是一个重要的公共卫生问题。     

父母及个人行为对学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的影响（英文）

目的:探讨学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的现状及其影响因素。方法:从青岛市幼儿园招募年龄在3-6岁儿童参与本调查,通过健康体格检查和问卷调查两部分进行。其中体格检查包括身高和体重的测量,问卷调查内容包括父母的相关变量以及儿童个人饮食行为等因素。其中1080份为完整有效数据。结果:学龄前儿童超重和肥胖人数分别占总数的18.80%和8.98%。男孩的超重和肥胖率(31.8%)高于女生(23.8%)。父亲和母亲的超重和肥胖均与儿童超重和肥胖存在关联性(P0.05)。较长屏幕时间、快速进食是超重和肥胖的危险因素(P0.05),而增加体力活动时间为保护因素(P0.05)。偏爱肉类也是与超重/肥胖相关的因素(P0.05)。结论:孩子个性习惯和父母均与学龄前儿童超重和肥胖相关,学龄前儿童超重和肥胖问题仍然是一个重要的公共卫生问题。     

驻某地武警机关干部体质指数与代谢性疾病的关系

目的:探讨健康体检的驻某地武警机关干部体质指数(BMI)与代谢性疾病的关系。方法:采用横断面调查方法对健康体检的1920名驻某地武警机关干部和270名地方机关干部的体质指数情况进行比较分析,探讨超重肥胖与代谢性疾病的关系。结果:1.军人组超重率及肥胖率均低于地方组(P<0.01)。2.<50岁人群组随年龄增加,超重及肥胖检出率有增高趋势(P<0.01),40~49岁人群超重率和肥胖率最高;50~65岁人群超重与肥胖率最低。3.两组机关干部随BMI升高,高总胆固醇、高甘油三酯、高尿酸血症、脂肪肝检出率增高(P<0.01);军人组高尿酸血症发病率明显高于地方组(P<0.05);高血压、高血脂发病率明显降低(P<0.05);与地方超重组比较,军人超重组脂肪肝发病率明显升高(P<0.05)。4.在30~50岁的军人中,随着年龄升高,高血压、高血糖、高血脂、高尿酸,脂肪肝发病率明显升高(P<0.01)。结论:健康体检人群超重、肥胖率较高,控制体重对高血压、高血糖、高血脂及脂肪肝等慢性病的防治具有重要意义。军人组超重与肥胖率均低于地方,但高尿酸血症和高脂肪肝发病率升高,故建议有代谢性疾病的军人限制饮酒可能会受益。     

学校身体活动环境与儿童肥胖的定性循证研究

目的：系统评价学校身体活动环境与儿童超重肥胖的关系，为相关指南和政策的制定提供循证证据。方法：检索1998—2020年公开发表的相关中英文文献，中文数据库为中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、中国知网（CNKI）、万方数据知识服务平台，英文数据库为Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase等。结果：共检索出3 846篇文献，其中中文3 080篇、英文766篇。经过文献筛选，共有8篇英文文献纳入本次系统评价，包括1项队列研究、1项横断面研究、2项干预研究、4项系统综述。结果显示，学校体育运动场所与儿童青少年身体活动水平有关，身体活动水平的增强可有效降低肥胖发生的风险。学校身体活动可以有效预防儿童青少年超重肥胖或延缓超重肥胖率上升速度，尤其对超重肥胖相关指标的改善更有效。结论：学校身体活动环境与儿童超重肥胖可能有关，还需要更多高质量研究设计的证据支持。     

学校食物环境与儿童肥胖的定性循证研究

目的：系统评价学校食物环境与儿童超重肥胖的关系，为相关指南和政策的制定提供循证证据。方法：检索1998—2020年公开发表的相关中英文文献，中文数据库为中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、中国知网（CNKI）、万方数据知识服务平台，英文数据库为Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase等。结果：共检索出2 288篇文献，其中中文359篇，英文1 929篇。经过文献筛选，共有12篇文献纳入本次系统评价，包括1项队列研究，9项横断面研究和2个系统综述。结果显示，学校供餐、售卖机的有无以及所含食物种类与儿童体重和学校附近便利店的数量与距离均与超重肥胖风险有关。结论：学校食物环境与儿童超重肥胖可能有关，还需要更多高质量研究设计的证据支持。     

长沙市开福区小学生超重和肥胖现况调查

目的:了解长沙市开福区小学生超重、肥胖情况,为小学生单纯性肥胖的防治工作提供科学依据.方法:随机抽取长沙市开福区7-12周岁小学生4140名,按照体重指数(BMI)法判定出超重和肥胖.结果:长沙市开福区儿童超重及肥胖检出率分别为9.76%和7.39%.其中,男女生超重检出率分别为12.31%和6.84%,肥胖检出率分别为9.37%和5.13%,男生超重和肥胖检出率均显著高于女生.结论:长沙市开福区小学生超重和肥胖的发生率在国内处于高水平,男童肥胖的发展趋势较为突出,提示及早预防和控制儿童肥胖的重要性.     

北京市丰台区学龄儿童营养状况及膳食摄入调查

目的：了解北京市丰台区某小学学生的膳食结构与营养状况。方法：2013年4月对丰台区某小学1~6年级208名学生进行3d膳食调查,根据《中国居民膳食指南》和“中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量”作出评价。将身高、体重指标与2002年全国营养调查城市儿童数据进行比较,并根据《中国学龄儿童青少年BMI 超重、肥胖筛查分类标准》算出超重、肥胖率。结果：该小学学生身高、体重较2002年全国营养调查有所增长,各年龄组的男女生超重、肥胖现象均很普遍;随年龄增加维生素摄入不足的现象有所增加,维生素A、C摄入不足现象严重;膳食结构不合理,豆类、蔬菜、水果、奶类摄入不足,鱼、虾、肉、禽类输入超过推荐值。结论：该人群超重与肥胖率较高、营养素摄入不均衡、膳食结构不合理,应尽快采取合理的综合干预措施,有效地改善其膳食营养状况。     

特定人群超重及肥胖与相关疾病患病分析

目的:分析特定人群超重患病率,以及超重与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、脂肪肝等相关疾病的关系,为及早预防慢性非传染性疾病奠定基础。方法:对平房地区采取长效避孕措施的603名户籍农村已婚育龄妇女进行健康体检,按体重指数(BMI)分为正常组、超重组和肥胖组,比较各组间高血压、高血糖、高血脂、脂肪肝等相关疾病检出率的差异。结果:特定人群超重发病率及超重相关疾病检出率的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:平房地区特定人群超重及肥胖发病率未明显高于国内平均水平及全市水平。但超重及肥胖与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、脂肪肝等疾病存在较大相关关系,为了进一步降低心脑血管高危因素和死亡率,需采取早期、有效的措施控制超重和肥胖倾向。     

特定人群超重及肥胖与相关疾病患病分析

目的：分析特定人群超重患病率,以及超重与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、脂肪肝等相关疾病的关系,为及早预防慢性非传染性疾病奠定基础。方法：对平房地区采取长效避孕措施的603名户籍农村已婚育龄妇女进行健康体检,按体重指数（BMI）分为正常组、超重组和肥胖组,比较各组间高血压、高血糖、高血脂、脂肪肝等相关疾病检出率的差异。结果：特定人群超重发病率及超重相关疾病检出率的差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：平房地区特定人群超重及肥胖发病率未明显高于国内平均水平及全市水平。但超重及肥胖与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、脂肪肝等疾病存在较大相关关系,为了进一步降低心脑血管高危因素和死亡率。需采取早期、有效的措施控制超重和肥胖倾向。     

超重状态出生大鼠转入正常重力状态后行为和Fos表达的改变

本工作观察了在超重（2G）环境中出生、生态4个月后返回正常（1G）环境的Long-Evans大鼠运动行为的改变和恢复,以及相关脑区Fos表达水平的变化,并与旋转刺激（重力变化的对照组）和去前庭传入大鼠相比较,结果表明：重力的变化导致实验大鼠表态和运行行为模式改变,伸肌张力增加,运动平衡、游泳定向和空中翻正的能力降低,对1G环境再适应的时程因行为的不同而异,其中游泳定向能力的恢复时间最长,长于1个月,旋转只对运动行为有短暂的影响。Fos表达被认为是揭示参与应答感觉刺激而功能活跃脑区的有用工具。结果显示,正常和毁迷路的对照大鼠的Fos呈低水平表达,减重刺激使上、下丘脑和围导水管灰质、中缝背核及孤束核的水平显著上调,相反,下橄榄、蓝斑和前庭核团的Fos水平没有明显改变,表明脑干对不同重力刺激存在不同的调控神经途径。     

Quantitative changes in mRNA expression of glutamate receptors in the rat peripheral and central vestibular systems following hypergravity

In order to investigate the mechanisms responsible for adaptation to altered gravity, we assessed the changes in mRNA expression of glutamate receptors in vestibular ganglion cells, medial vestibular nucleus, spinal vestibular nucleus/lateral vestibular nucleus, cerebellar flocculus, and uvula/nodulus from rats exposed to hypergravity for 2 h to 1 week using real-time quantitative RT-PCR methods. The mRNA expression of GluR2 and NR1 receptors in the uvula/nodulus and NR1 receptors in the medial vestibular nucleus increased in animals exposed to 2 h of hypergravity, and it decreased gradually to the control level. The mRNA expression of GluR2 receptors in vestibular ganglion cells decreased in animals exposed to 1 week of hypergravity. Neither the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 nor delta2 glutamate receptor in flocculus and uvula/nodulus was affected by a hypergravity load for 2 h to 1 week. It is suggested that the animals adapted to the hypergravity by enhancing the cerebellar inhibition of the vestibular nucleus neurons through activation of the NR1 and GluR2 receptors on the Purkinje cells in uvula/nodulus especially at the early phase following hypergravity. In the later phase following hypergravity, the animals adapted to the hypergravity by reducing the neurotransmission between the vestibular hair cells and the primary vestibular neurons via down-regulation of the postsynaptic GluR2 receptors in the vestibular periphery.     

The development of vestibular connections in rat embryos in microgravity

Existing experimental embryological data suggests that the vestibular system initially develops in a very rigid and genetically controlled manner. Nevertheless, gravity appears to be a critical factor in the normal development of the vestibular system that monitors position with respect to gravity (saccule and utricle). In fact several studies have shown that prenatal exposure to microgravity causes temporary deficits in gravity-dependent righting behaviors, and prolonged exposure to hypergravity from conception to weaning causes permanent deficits in gravity-dependent righting behaviors. Data on hypergravity and microgravity exposure suggest some changes in the otolith formation during development, in particular the size although these changes may actually vary with the species involved. In adults exposed to microgravity there is a change in the synaptic density in the optic sensory epithelia suggesting that some adaptation may occur there. However, effects have also been reported in the brainstem. Several studies have shown synaptic changes in the lateral vestibular nucleus and in the nodulus of the cerebellum after neonatal exposure to hypergravity. We report here that synaptogenesis in the medial vestibular nucleus is retarded in developing rat embryos that were exposed to microgravity from gestation days 9 to 19.     

Development of the locomotor system in 2 G exposed rats

Several studies have shown the detrimental effects of microgravity exposure on the locomotor development in young rats. The opposite situation, i.e. hypergravity, which strongly stimulates several sensory systems and in particular the vestibular system, has unknown effects on the development of locomotion. This study reports 1) the temporal course of walking development of rats which were conceived and born in 2 g, and subsequently transferred to 1 g at different postnatal ages, and 2) the correlated modifications of soleus and tibialis anterior muscles.     

Effects of linear acceleration on fish behavior and eye movements.

Behavioral responses and eye movements of fish during linear acceleration were reviewed. It is known that displacement of otoliths in the inner ear leads to body movements and/or eye movements. On the ground, the utriculus of the vestibular system is stimulated by otolith displacement caused by gravitational and inertial forces during horizontal acceleration of whole body. When the acceleration is imposed on the fish's longitudinal axis, the fish showed nose-down and nose-up posture for tailward and noseward displacement of otolith respectively. These responses were understood that the fish aligned his longitudinal body axis in a plane perpendicular to the direction of resultant force vector acting on the otoliths. When the acceleration was sideward, the fish rolled around his longitudinal body axis so that his back was tilted against the direction in which the inertial force acted on the otoliths. Linear acceleration applied to fish's longitudinal body axis evoked torsional eye movement. Direction of torsion coincided with the direction of acceleration, which compensate the change of resultant force vector produced by linear acceleration and gravity. Torsional movement of left and right eye coordinated with each other. In normal fish, both sinusoidal and rectangular acceleration of 0.1G could evoke clear eye torsion. Though the amplitude of response increased with increasing magnitude of acceleration up to 0.5 G, the torsion angle did not fully compensate the angle calculated from gravity and linear acceleration. Removal of the otolith on one side reduced the response amplitude of both eyes. The torsion angle evoked by rectangular acceleration was smaller than that evoked by sinusoidal acceleration in both normal and unilaterally labyrinthectomized fish. These results suggest that eye torsion of fish include both static and dynamic components.     

Neonatal deafening causes changes in Fos protein induced by cochlear electrical stimulation

The influence of neonatal deafness on cochlear electrically evoked Fos expression in the auditory brainstem was examined. Newborn rats were deafened by systemic injection of kanamycin, 1 mg/g daily for 12 days. At 4, 5, 6 or 8 weeks of age, these animals received cochlear electrical stimulation with a basal monopolar electrode for 90 minutes. Age-matched untreated control animals received similar stimulation. Experimental and control animals were assessed for spiral ganglion cell densities and Fos immunoreactive staining in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. Spiral ganglion cell assessments showed significant decreases in spiral ganglion cell densities in deafened rats compared to age-matched controls, at 5 weeks of age in lower turns and 6 and 8 weeks in all turns. Cochlear electrical stimulation induced Fos immunoreactive staining in the nucleus of auditory brain stem neurons in treatment and control groups. A significantly greater number of Fos immunoreactive neurons was found in the contralateral central nucleus of inferior colliculus in 5, 6 and 8 week old deafened animals compared to age-matched controls. The increases were larger with a longer duration of deafness. These results suggest that there are changes in auditory processing as a consequence of neonatal deafness.     

Hypergravity and opioid-mediated pain suppression in rats

It is known that pain suppression in animals is induced by certain environmental stimulus. However, little is known about the effects of gravitational alteration on the nociceptive responses in rats. A recent study indicated that Fos protein expression was strongly induced in the vestibular-related brainstem regions of rats that were exposed to 2 G hypergravity (Gustave Dit Duflo et al., 2000). A number of studies indicate that Fos expression is induced in the brain by various kinds of stress. We showed that either long-term exposure or short-term exposure to 2 G hypergravity elevated the nociceptive threshold in the rat skin surfaces, in concomitant with Fos induction in the hypothalamus including the arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus (Kumei et al., 2000). We have examined the possible involvement of beta-endorphin, an endogenous opioid, in the hypergravity-induced analgesic effects on rats and its counteraction by naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist.     

Developmental study of rat vestibular neuronal circuits during a spaceflight of 17 days

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential plasticity of the vestibular system, in structural and biochemical terms, at the level of the gravity receptors (the sensory hair cells), the primary neurons relaying the sensory signals (the vestibular ganglion neurons) and their projections into the vestibular nuclei. We studied the biochemical differentiation of the sensory cells and of the vestibular ganglion by investigating which calcium-binding proteins were present. We studied the development of peripheral synaptic connections of the efferent system by investigating the distribution of CGRP (calcitonin-gene related-peptide) and we also studied the cerebellar synaptic connections in the vestibular nuclei, as identified by the presence of calbindin. Putative changes were studied after a 17-day episode of microgravity (Neurolab STS-90), in developing rats between postnatal days 8 and 25. The extent to which these changes could be caused by alterations in gravity was determined by examining sensory and nervous structures not involved in gravity detection, the cochlea and the cochlear nuclei.     

Impairment of vestibular-mediated cardiovascular response and motor coordination in rats born and reared under hypergravity

It is well known that environmental stimulation is important for the proper development of sensory function. The vestibular system senses gravitational acceleration and then alters cardiovascular and motor functions through reflex pathways. The development of vestibular-mediated cardiovascular and motor functions may depend on the gravitational environment present at birth and during subsequent growth. To examine this hypothesis, arterial pressure (AP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were monitored during horizontal linear acceleration and performance in a motor coordination task in rats born and reared in 1-G or 2-G environments. Linear acceleration of +/-1 G increased AP and RSNA. These responses were attenuated in rats with a vestibular lesion, suggesting that the vestibular system mediated AP and RSNA responses. These responses were also attenuated in rats born in a 2-G environment. AP and RSNA responses were partially restored in these rats when the hypergravity load was removed, and the rats were maintained in a 1-G environment for 1 wk. The AP response to compressed air, which is mediated independently of the vestibular system, did not change in the 2-G environment. Motor coordination was also impaired in the 2-G environment and remained impaired even after 1 wk of unloading. These results indicate that hypergravity impaired both the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex and motor coordination. The vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex was only impaired temporarily and partially recovered following 1 wk of unloading. In contrast, motor coordination did not return to normal in response to unloading.     

Development of sensory motor reflexes in 2 G exposed rats

During gestation and early postnatal development, the animal's size and weight rapidly increase. Within that period, gravity affects sensory and motor development. We studied age-dependent modifications of several types of motor reflexes in 5 groups of rats conceived, born and reared in hypergravity (HG; 2 g). These rats were transferred to normal gravity (NG; 1 g) at various postnatal days, and their behavioral reflexes were compared with a control group which was constantly kept under NG. HG induced a retarded development of vestibular dependent reflexes. Other types of motor behavior were not delayed.