扩增大段靶DNA的PCR方法

扩增大段靶ＤＮＡ的ＰＣＲ方法陈尚武,王章（中山大学生命科学学院,广州）ＰＣＲ和分子克隆是扩增遗传物质的常用技术。热稳定Ｔａｑ（Ｔｈｅｒｍｕｓａｑｕａｔｉｃｕｓ）ＤＮＡ聚合酶的应用以及ＰＣＲ技术所固有的迅速、简便、廉价等优点,使ＤＮＡ片段的ＰＣＲ扩增成...     

免疫—PCR技术进展

免疫－ＰＣＲ结合了抗原抗体反应的特异性和ＰＣＲ的高敏感性,是一种极为敏感的抗原检测技术,并适合于各种微量抗原的检测。免疫－ＰＣＲ的关键在于形成抗体－标记ＤＮＡ偶联物,作为桥梁连接免疫反应的特异和ＰＣＲ的高扩增能力。本文简述了－ＰＣＲ的基流程以及与标ＤＮＡ相偶联,ＰＣＲ产物检测方法的进展。     

人基因组YAC克隆DNA的Alu—PCR反应条件的系统研究

在人基因组ＹＡＣ克隆的Ａｌｕ－ＰＣＲ指纹分析中要求ＤＮＡ扩增带具有ＹＡＣ特征性;在Ａｌｕ－ＰＣＲ方法对ＹＡＣ克隆中的人类基因组ＤＮＡ片段进行特异的同位素标记时则要求被增标记的ＤＮＡ序列在插入片段中具有一定弥散性,我们建立了两种不同的Ａｌｕ－ＰＣＲ反应体系以满足这一不同要求,并已得到较为满意的结果,根据不同条件下的Ａｌｕ－ＰＣＲ结果,分析了多引发位点ＰＣＲ中的一些现象,并作了解释。     

人基因组YAC克隆DNA的Alu－PCR反应条件的系统研究

在人基因组ＹＡＣ克隆的Ａｌｕ－ＰＣＲ指纹分析中要求ＤＮＡ且扩增带具有ＹＡＣ特征性;在用ＡｌＵ－ＰＣＲ方法对ＹＡＣ克隆中的人类基因组ＤＮＡ片段进行特异的同位素标记时则要求被扩增标记的ＤＮＡ序列在插入片段中具有一定的弥散性。我们建立了两种不同的Ａｌｕ－ＰＣＲ反应体系以满足这一不同要求,并已得到较为满意的结果。根据不同条件下的Ａｌｕ－ＰＣＲ结果,分析了多引发位点ＰＣＲ中的一些现象,并作出了解释。     

用于扩增较大片段DNA的PCR方法

用于扩增较大片段ＤＮＡ的ＰＣＲ方法方向东,陈淳（中科院上海生物化学研究所国家分子生物学实验室,上海２０００３１）诸江（上海第二医科大学上海血液学研究所,上海２０００２５）关键词ＤＮＡ扩增,ＰＣＲ自从Ｔａｑ（Ｔｈｅｒｍｕｓａｑｕａｔｉｃｕｓ）ＤＮＡ聚合...     

用PCR法直接快速筛查重组阳性克隆

应用ＰＣＲ法快速筛查插入有苯丙氨酸脱氨酶ｃＤＮＡ重组阳性克隆。方法：用于ＰＣＲ扩增的引物是位于载体ｐＥＴ２３ｂ启动子处的Ｔ７启动子引物和位于目的基因ＰＡＬｃＤＮＡ３’端终止密码ＴＡＡ处的引物。以灭菌吸头挑一单菌落加入ＰＣＲ体系扩增。结果：在筛查的３个克隆中,有２个阳性克降,并且插入方向正确,经ＤＮＡ序列测定得到进一步证实。结论：以ＰＣＲ方法筛查重组阳性克隆,可以简便快速鉴定插入片段的大小和方面,不     

超高忠实性PCR用DNA聚合酶

ＰＣＲ（ＰｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅＣｈａｉｎＲｅａｃｔｉｏｎ）法已在生物工程领域得到了广泛的应用,而ＰＣＲ法的推广完全得益于Ｔａｑ耐热性ＤＮＡ聚合酶。近年来,ＰＣＲ法的应用除生物工程领域外,已应用至工业、农业、医学、制药等与人们生活息息相关的各个领域。随着ＰＣＲ法的不断推广,人们对ＤＮＡ聚合酶的忠实性（Ｆｉｄｅｌｉｔｙ）要求越来越高,一般来说,ＴａｑＤＮＡ聚合酶在进行ＰＣＲ延伸反应过程中的错配率为０．５％左右。ＴａＫａＲａ公司独自研制成功的ＰｙｒｏｂｅｓｔＤＮＡ聚合酶是一种来源于Ｐｙｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｓ…     

斜茎黄芪根瘤菌的16S rDNA和23S rDNA PCR-RFLP比较分析

在表型性状数值分析和ＡＦＬＰ指纹图谱分析的基础上,选取５４株斜茎黄芪根瘤菌的代表菌株及已知根瘤菌参比菌株,进行１６ＳｒＤＮＡ和２３ＳｒＤＮＡ的ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ比较分析。结果表明斜茎黄芪根瘤菌具有极大的系统发育多样性,分别具有２４个１６ＳｒＤＮＡ遗传图谱类型和２２个２３ＳｒＤＮＡ遗传图谱类型,１６ＳｒＤＮＡ与２３ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ聚类分析树状图谱有较好的一致性,但也存在一些差异。在对较大类群的划分上,它们的结果与表型性状数值分析结果有较好的一致性。将１６ＳｒＤＮＡ和２３ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ分析     

HCV RNA的检测方法简介

本文讨论了检测丙型肝炎病毒核糖核酸（ＨＣＶＲＮＡ）的样本来源和处理,引物的设计,合成和选择等问题;重点介绍了蛋白酶Ｋ消化法,聚乙二醇沉淀法,异硫氰酸胍一步法,硅凝胶提取法和直接捕获法提取ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ的５种方法,以及一步ＰＣＲ法,常规ＲＴ－巢式ＰＣＲ,直接ＲＴ－巢式ＰＣＲ,化学修饰的ＲＴ－巢式ＰＣＲ,联合ＰＣＲ,双温ＰＣＲ和定量竞争性ＰＣＲ等７种ＰＣＲ方法检测ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ,用ＰＣＲ检测ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ方法的标准化以及检测ＨＣＶＲＮＡ具有非常重要的意义。本文还介绍了一种新型的定量方法－ｂＤＮＡ信号放大技术检测ＨｃＶＲＮＡ。     

多聚酶链反应技术诊断结核病的进展

多聚酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术在结核病诊断上发展迅速。本文就①结核菌ＤＮＡ提取技术;②引物的设计;③用于诊断结核的ＰＣＲ方法;④ＰＣＲ产物的检测方法;⑤ＰＣＲ的敏感性和特异性;⑥ＰＣＲ临床应用和注意事项等方面,简述该技术在结核病诊断中应用的进展和需要进一步研究的问题。     

Proboscidean DNA from Museum and Fossil Specimens: An Assessment of Ancient DNA Extraction and Amplification Techniques

Applications of reliable DNA extraction and amplification techniques to postmortem samples are critical to ancient DNA research. Commonly used methods for isolating DNA from ancient material were tested and compared using both soft tissue and bones from fossil and contemporary museum proboscideans. DNAs isolated using three principal methods served as templates in subsequent PCR amplifications, and the PCR products were directly sequenced. Authentication of the ancient origin of obtained nucleotide sequences was established by demonstrating reproducibility under a blind testing system and by phylogenetic analysis. Our results indicate that ancient samples may respond differently to extraction buffers or purification procedures, and no single method was universally successful. A CTAB buffer method, modified from plant DNA extraction protocols, was found to have the highest success rate. Nested PCR was shown to be a reliable approach to amplify ancient DNA templates that failed in primary amplification.     

Technical note: PCR analysis of minimum target amount of ancient DNA

The study of ancient DNA plays an important role in archaeological and palaeontological research as well as in pathology and forensics. Here, we present a new tool for ancient DNA analysis, which overcomes contamination problems, DNA degradation, and the negative effects of PCR inhibitors while reducing the amount of starting target material in the picogram range. Ancient bone samples from four Egyptian mummies were examined by combining laser microdissection, conventional DNA extraction, and low‐volume PCR. Initially, several bone particles (osteons) in the micrometer range were extracted by laser microdissection. Subsequently, ancient DNA amplification was performed to verify our extraction method. Amelogenin and β‐actin gene specific fragments were amplified via low‐volume PCR in a total reaction volume of 1 μl. Results of microdissected mummy DNA samples were compared to mummy DNA, which was extracted using a standard DNA extraction method based on pulverization of bone material. Our results highlight the combination of laser microdissection and low‐volume PCR as a promising new technique in ancient DNA analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Ancient DNA extraction from bones and teeth

This method is designed to maximize recovery of PCR-amplifiable DNA from ancient bone and teeth specimens and at the same time to minimize co-extraction of substances that inhibit PCR. This is achieved by a combination of DNA extraction from bone powder using a buffer consisting solely of EDTA and proteinase K, and purification of the DNA by binding to silica in the presence of high concentrations of guanidinium thiocyanate. All steps are performed at room temperature (20-23 degrees C), thereby reducing further degradation of the already damaged and fragile ancient DNA and providing an optimal trade-off between DNA release and degradation. Furthermore, the purification step removes most of the various types of PCR inhibitors present in ancient bone samples, thereby optimizing the amount of ancient DNA available for subsequent enzymatic manipulation, such as PCR amplification. The protocol presented here allows DNA extraction from ancient bone and teeth with a minimum of working steps and equipment and yields DNA extracts within 2 working days.     

Technical note: improved ancient DNA purification for PCR using ion-exchange columns

A novel method of ancient DNA (aDNA) purification was developed using ion-exchange columns to improve PCR-amplifiable DNA extraction from ancient bone samples. Thirteen PCR-resistant ancient bone samples aged 500-3,300 years were tested to extract aDNA using a recently reported, silica-based aDNA extraction method and an ion-exchange column method for the further purification. The PCR success rates of the aDNA extracts were evaluated for the amplification ability of the fragments of mitochondrial DNA, a high-copy DNA, and amelogenin, a low-copy DNA. The results demonstrate that the further purification of silica-based aDNA extracts using ion-exchange columns considerably improved PCR amplification. We suggest that the ion-exchange column-based method will be useful for the improvement of PCR-amplifiable aDNA extraction, particularly from the poorly preserved, PCR-resistant, ancient samples.     

Spiking of contemporary human template DNA with ancient DNA extracts induces mutations under PCR and generates nonauthentic mitochondrial sequences

Proof of authenticity is the greatest challenge in palaeogenetic research, and many safeguards have become standard routine in laboratories specialized on ancient DNA research. Here we describe an as-yet unknown source of artifacts that will require special attention in the future. We show that ancient DNA extracts on their own can have an inhibitory and mutagenic effect under PCR. We have spiked PCR reactions including known human test DNA with 14 selected ancient DNA extracts from human and nonhuman sources. We find that the ancient DNA extracts inhibit the amplification of large fragments to different degrees, suggesting that the usual control against contaminations, i.e., the absence of long amplifiable fragments, is not sufficient. But even more important, we find that the extracts induce mutations in a nonrandom fashion. We have amplified a 148-bp stretch of the mitochondrial HVRI from contemporary human template DNA in spiked PCR reactions. Subsequent analysis of 547 sequences from cloned amplicons revealed that the vast majority (76.97%) differed from the correct sequence by single nucleotide substitutions and/or indels. In total, 34 positions of a 103-bp alignment are affected, and most mutations occur repeatedly in independent PCR amplifications. Several of the induced mutations occur at positions that have previously been detected in studies of ancient hominid sequences, including the Neandertal sequences. Our data imply that PCR-induced mutations are likely to be an intrinsic and general problem of PCR amplifications of ancient templates. Therefore, ancient DNA sequences should be considered with caution, at least as long as the molecular basis for the extract-induced mutations is not understood.     

A simple and efficient method for PCR amplifiable DNA extraction from ancient bones

A simple and effective modified ethanol precipitation-based protocol is described for the preparation of DNA from ancient human bones. This method is fast and requires neither hazardous chemicals nor special devices. After the powdering and incubating of the bone samples Dextran Blue was added as a carrier for removing the PCR inhibitors with selective ethanol precipitation. This method could eliminate the time-consuming separate decalcification step, dialysis, application of centrifugation-driven microconcentrators and the second consecutive PCR amplification. The efficiency of this procedure was demonstrated on ten 500–1200-year-old human bones from four different Hungarian burial sites. A mitochondrial specific primer pair was used to obtain sequence information from the purified ancient DNA. The PCR amplification, after our DNA extraction protocol, was successful from each of the 10 bone samples investigated. The results demonstrate that extraction of DNA from ancient bone samples with this new approach increases the success rate of PCR amplification.     

Comparison and optimization of ancient DNA extraction

Ancient DNA analyses rely on the extraction of the tiny amounts of DNA remaining in samples that are hundreds to tens of thousands of years old. Despite the critical role extraction efficiency plays in this field of research, no study has comprehensively compared ancient DNA extraction techniques to date. There are a wide range of methods currently in use, which rely on such disparate principles as spin columns, alcohol precipitation, or binding to silica. We have compared a number of these methods using quantitative PCR and then optimized each step of the most promising method. We found that most chemicals routinely added to ancient DNA extraction buffers do not increase, and sometimes even decrease, DNA yields. Consequently, our optimized method uses a buffer consisting solely of EDTA and proteinase K for bone digestion and binding DNA to silica via guanidinium thiocyanate for DNA purification. In a comparison with published methods, this minimalist approach, on average, outperforms all other methods in terms of DNA yields as measured using quantitative PCR. We also found that the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the PCR helps to overcome inhibitors in ancient DNA extracts. Finally, we observed a marked difference in the performance between different types of DNA polymerases, as measured by amplification success.     

黄海沉积物柱状样中有孔虫古DNA的提取和PCR扩增的方法学初探

海洋沉积物柱状样有孔虫古DNA是近年来国际新兴的研究技术,对于解释海洋全球变化可以获取到传统形态学检获不到的遗传信息,并对其进行比较和补充。目前国际上有孔虫古DNA的研究主要开展于深海和极地等有利于DNA保存的环境,但对于近海陆架海域尚无相关有效的技术研究。为了探索适合提取和扩增陆架浅海环境沉积物柱状样中的有孔虫古DNA的方法,本实验以采自山东半岛附近的黄海沉积物柱状样为研究对象,通过改进DNA提取过程的涡旋震荡时间和洗脱液体积、比较不同的PCR扩增条件和引物对,对陆架浅海地区沉积物柱状样中有孔虫古DNA提取和PCR扩增的方法进行了探索。借助ImageJ软件对PCR产物的凝胶电泳图像进行了定量分析与比较。研究结果显示,延长涡旋震荡时间和减少洗脱液体积可以提高对海洋沉积物环境总古DNA的提取效能,使用引物对s14F0和s15以及优化后的PCR条件能成功扩增陆架浅海环境沉积物中的有孔虫古DNA。本文探索了适用于陆架浅海环境沉积物柱状样的有孔虫古DNA的研究技术,可为古海洋和古环境研究提供新的研究思路。     

An efficient pipeline for ancient DNA mapping and recovery of endogenous ancient DNA from whole‐genome sequencing data

Ancient DNA research has developed rapidly over the past few decades due to improvements in PCR and next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, but challenges still exist. One major challenge in relation to ancient DNA research is to recover genuine endogenous ancient DNA sequences from raw sequencing data. This is often difficult due to degradation of ancient DNA and high levels of contamination, especially homologous contamination that has extremely similar genetic background with that of the real ancient DNA. In this study, we collected whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) data from 6 ancient samples to compare different mapping algorithms. To further explore more effective methods to separate endogenous DNA from homologous contaminations, we attempted to recover reads based on ancient DNA specific characteristics of deamination, depurination, and DNA fragmentation with different parameters. We propose a quick and improved pipeline for separating endogenous ancient DNA while simultaneously decreasing homologous contaminations to very low proportions. Our goal in this research was to develop useful recommendations for ancient DNA mapping and for separation of endogenous DNA to facilitate future studies of ancient DNA.     

一种实用可靠的古代 DNA 获取方法

古代DNA序列信息能够为物种演化研究提供最直接的分子证据,但获取古代DNA的技术仍存在诸多瓶颈,尤其是扩增中存在受损伤DNA模板的干扰、获取成本高和实验周期长等问题．改进了异丙醇沉淀提取法,并采用了尿嘧啶糖苷酶(UNG)去除受损伤DNA模板后进行扩增的方法,最终可以高效地获取真实的古代DNA序列．实验利用距今4 300～3 900年前的猪牙样本,将改进的古 DNA 获取方法与常规方法进行比较研究,结果表明,改进的异丙醇沉淀法提取结合UNG处理后进行PCR扩增的方法,可以在保证古代DNA获取成功率并提高获得的DNA序列可靠性的前提下,将经费投入和实验周期都各减少至常规方法的50%以下．这可以为开展大规模古代样本检测提供一种切实可行的 DNA 获取方法．