遗传信息传递的中心法则发展过程

回顾经典中心法则由萌芽到产生和修正的历史过程,阐述中心法则的发展及其新的外延和内涵,指出遗传信息的传递过程是非线性的;遗传信息的传递必需经过加工和修饰,蛋白质和酶也传递遗传信息;最后结合朊病毒遗传机制的研究成果展望其发展趋势。     

三种模型对动物细胞生长模拟的比较

用 Ｍｏｎｏｄ方程、Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程和一个简单的结构模型来模拟批式培养动物细胞的生长。结果显示Ｍｏｎｅｄ方程和Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程都不能很好拟合延迟期细胞的生长,而结构模型可以描述细胞从延迟期到静止期的生长过程。     

一类带Monod增长率及脉冲状态反馈控制的微生物杀虫剂模型的周期解

研究了一类带Monod增长率及脉冲状态反馈控制的微生物杀虫剂模型．证明了无脉冲系统的负向全局渐近稳定性及带有脉冲状态反馈控制系统具有阶一周期解,并且给出阶一周期解存在和稳定的充分条件．数值模拟验证了理论结果．     

蛇毒神经毒素影响神经信号传递过程的研究进展

早在二十世纪初,人们就开始应用蛇毒来缓解恶性肿瘤疼痛、神经痛和关节痛,随后出现一系列关于蛇毒有类似吗啡样镇痛作用的报道。蛇毒是由蛇的毒腺分泌的多种组分构成的复杂混合物。蛇毒的千物质中90％以上是蛋白质．是其毒性和其它生物学活性的主要成分。根据蛇毒的不同组分及产生的不同的生物学效应,可将蛇毒分为几类,其中神经毒索有镇痛、影响神经肌肉接头等作用,主要是通过多种不同的方式改变中枢和周围神经系统正常的兴奋传递,从而影响正常的神经活动。在此,     

模拟青霉素分批补料发酵过程的细胞自动机模型

根据青霉素产生菌的生长机理和青霉素分批补料发酵过程的动力学特性,在Paull等建立的形态学结构动力学模型的基础上,建立了模拟青霉素分批补料发酵过程的细胞自动机模型。模型采用三维细胞自动机作为菌体生长空间,采用Moore型邻域作为细胞邻域,其演化规则根据青霉素分批补料发酵过程中菌体生长机理和简化动力学结构模型设计。模型中的每一个细胞既可代表单个产黄青霉菌体细胞,又可代表特定数量的这种菌体细胞,它具有不同的状态。对模型进行的仿真实验结果表明：模型不但能一致地复现形态学结构动力学模型所描述的青霉素分批补料发酵过程的演化特性,而且较形态学结构动力学模型更加直观地刻画了青霉素分批补料发酵过程的演化行为。最后,对所建模型在实际生产过程中的应用问题进行了分析,指出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

我国工业生物过程工程研究进展

工业生物技术的进步离不开工业生物过程工程研究的不断深入及发展,我国作为工业发酵大国在工业生物技术由实验室向产业化转化过程中面对诸多挑战,由此而逐渐发展起来的我国工业生物过程工程发展先后经历了多个阶段,伴随着不同阶段的发展,我国的工业生物技术水平得到不断的提升。本文重点回顾了近三、四十年来我国工业生物过程工程发展的历程,包括早期由化工过程研究引入的动力学模型化研究、基于过程控制的优化理论与方法的应用、基于过程在线监测技术发展起来的参数相关性分析方法、过程多尺度理论的建立、基于现代固态发酵的新型固态发酵罐的设计及优化技术发展等。通过对生物过程工程发展历程的回顾对先进工业生物过程发展面临的技术难题及由此引出的未来发展重点方向进行了探讨。     

植物细胞胞内生物碱跨膜传递模型研究(Ⅰ)-中性生物碱饱和特性模型

针对制约植物细胞生物碱释放的生物碱跨膜传递这一物理过程,引入有载体参与的主动运输过程来描述植物细胞生物碱的跨膜传递过程,将Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓ－Ｍｅｎｔｅｎ酶促反应动力学公式应用于载体转运,建立了植物细胞中产物释放的饱和特性模型。将模型在特定参数下进行积分,对已有的实验现象进行数值模拟,并与实验结果比较表明,所建模型能很好地描述低Ｐｋａ值生物碱的各种跨膜传递现象,并能同时呈现生物碱跨膜传递的线性特性和饱和特性,从而为长期对立的生物碱跨膜传递的简单扩散观点和主动运输观点的统一提供了理论依据     

农业灌溉和施肥在陆面过程模型中的参数化方法研究进展

全球气候变化和人口激增背景下,灌溉和施肥成为保证粮食产量的重要途径,同时也深刻改变着陆地生态系统水循环、能量流动和物质循环过程。在陆面过程模型(LSM)中耦合灌溉和施肥方案对清晰把握陆-气相互作用、保障全球粮食安全有重要意义。本文分别回顾了灌溉和施肥(氮肥)在LSM参数化过程中的3个关键参量(方式、用量和时间)的表达方法,指出了当前受到灌溉和施肥关键参量高时空分辨率数据匮乏的影响,LSM中的灌溉和施肥方案与实际农业生产方式有所偏离,难以充分反映灌溉和施肥对粮食产量、生态环境和局部气候的影响。最后,提出了LSM中灌溉和施肥方案的未来优化方向：1)考虑作物间的水分需求差异,对灌溉阈值进行差异化设置,正确评估不同作物的水资源消耗总量和强度;2)充分利用施肥灌溉的地面观测记录和日益丰富的区域格网数据,发展更加贴合实际农业操作的参数化方案,准确揭示灌溉和施肥的经济、生态和气候等效应;3)综合作物类型、物候阶段、土壤基础肥力等因素,发展施肥诊断方案作为模型的补充方案,提升模型在氮肥数据匮乏地区的应用性和模拟准确性。     

一种基于Wilson-Cowan双节点耦合振子模型的图像增强方法

针对模拟大脑节律现象的Wilson-Cowan双节点耦合振子模型,选取满足该模型产生极限环振荡条件的参数,采用连续灰度阶图像块作为输入,兴奋性亚群节点响应作为图像增强的输出,做出刺激响应曲线,发现该曲线与图像处理领域中用于图像增强的Gamma校正曲线相似,说明Wilson-Cowan双节点耦合振子模型可以作为一种新的图像增强方法,同时也为基于Gamma校正曲线的图像增强提供了一种神经机制。将新方法与Retinex算法做对比,表现出了更好的图像增强性能。     

Re-interpretation of the logistic equation for batch microbial growth in relation to Monod kinetics

Aims:  To determine the underlying substrate utilization mechanism in the logistic equation for batch microbial growth by revealing the relationship between the logistic and Monod kinetics. Also, to determine the logistic rate constant in terms of Monod kinetic constants.
Methods and Results:  The logistic equation used to describe batch microbial growth was related to the Monod kinetics and found to be first-order in terms of the substrate and biomass concentrations. The logistic equation constant was also related to the Monod kinetic constants. Similarly, the substrate utilization kinetic equations were derived by using the logistic growth equation and related to the Monod kinetics.
Conclusion:  It is revaled that the logistic growth equation is a special form of the Monod growth kinetics when substrate limitation is first-order with respect to the substrate concentration. The logistic rate constant ( k ) is directly proportional to the maximum specific growth rate constant ( μ _m) and initial substrate concentration ( S ₀) and also inversely related to the saturation constant ( K _s).
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The semi-empirical logistic equation can be used instead of Monod kinetics at low substrate concentrations to describe batch microbial growth using the relationship between the logistic rate constant and the Monod kinetic constants.     

Robust and efficient design of experiments for the Monod model

In this paper the problem of designing experiments for the Monod model, which is frequently used in microbiology, is studied. The model is defined implicitly by a differential equation and has numerous applications in microbial growth kinetics, environmental research, pharmacokinetics, and plant physiology. The designs presented so far in the literature are local optimal designs, which depend sensitively on a preliminary guess of the unknown parameters, and are for this reason in many cases not robust with respect to their misspecification. Uniform designs and maximin optimal designs are considered as a strategy to obtain robust and efficient designs for parameter estimation. In particular, standardized maximin D- and E-optimal designs are determined and compared with uniform designs, which are usually applied in these microbiological models. It is demonstrated that maximin optimal designs are substantially more efficient than uniform designs. Parameter variances can be decreased by a factor of two by simply sampling at optimal times during the experiment. Moreover, the maximin optimal designs usually provide the possibility for the experimenter to check the model assumptions, because they have more support points than parameters in the Monod model.     

A general kinetic analysis of transport Tests of the carrier model based on predicted relations among experimental parameters

The analysis of transport kinetics has lacked both a unified treatment in which general rate equations are written entirely in terms of experimental parameters, and a convention by which these parameters may be designated in a concise yet immediately recognizable manner. Such a treatment is presented here in an easily accessible form, and a simple system of nomenclature is proposed resembling that in use in enzyme kinetics. The treatment is independent of assumptions about rate-limiting steps in transport, and applies to both active and facilitated systems, including obligatory exchange. A single substrate is characterized by twelve different parameters, only five of which are required in theory to calculate the others. If a second substrate is present on the trans side of the membrane there are six more parameters. All eighteen parameters are linked by multiple relationships which provide a complete set of rejection criteria for the generalized form of the mobile carrier. Relationships among parameters are also defined that give information on the rate-limiting steps in transport. Equations governing any individual experiment, involving only experimental parameters, are easily written out from the general expressions, for example under conditions of zero trans and infinite trans flux, equilibrium exchange, or competitive inhibition.     

NON-STEADY STATE DYNAMICS OF ALGAL POPULATION GROWTH: EXPERIMENTS WITH TWO CHLOROPHYTES1

The relations among dissolved phosphorus, cell quota of phosphorus, and population growth rate were determined for two Chlorophytes, Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (Chod.) G. M. Smith, in two types of non-steady state continuous culture. One of these types had relatively smooth transitions between growth under different degrees of phosphorus limitation. Under these conditions, two equations often applied to growth kinetics in steady state cultures were found to apply to non-steady state growth. Monad's equation described the relation between dissolved phosphorus concentration and population growth rate, and Droop's equation described the relation between cell quota and population growth rate. The second type of culture received phosphorus only as periodic pulses, leading to sharp changes in dissolved phosphorus, cell quota, and growth rate. A simulation model based on Droop's equation described much of the observed dynamics of cell numbers and quotas in these cultures. Droop's equation could not be convincingly fitted directly to the data, however, due to its incorrect prediction of an immediate growth response to phosphorus pulses. A third relation, predicting that saturated rates of phosphorus uptake would depend on the recent nutrient history of the cells as reflected by the cell quota, was not supported.     

Isolation,Characterization and Kinetics of Perchlorate Reducing Magnetospirillum Species

Perchlorate reducing bacteria reduce perchlorate to chlorate (ClO₃?), which, in turn, is reduced to chlorite (ClO₂?) and ultimately to chloride (Cl^?). Magnetospirillum strains are reported to use chlorate/perchlorate as electron acceptors. This study describes the perchlorate reducing property of strain VITRJS5, a Magnetopsirillum isolated from freshwater sediment collected from Chelur freshwater lake, Kerala, India. The strain was microaerophile and was phylogenetically related to a Magnetospirillum sp., a member of the α-subclass of the class Proteobacteria. The placement of the isolate in the genus Magnetospirillum has further confirmed the presence of four key magnetosome membrane genes. PCR amplification and phylogenetic analysis of central metabolic genes such as nifH (nitrogenase) and cbbM (type II RubisCo) displayed the highest similarity (97% and 81%, respectively) with Magnetospirillum sp. BB-1 The growth kinetic parameters of the isolate were studied with acetate as the electron donor in batch experiments. Monod's substrate utilization model has been established with oxygen, nitrate and perchlorate as electron acceptors separately. The maximum specific growth rate (µ_max) and half-saturation constant (k_s^conc) for the bacterium varied while utilizing different electron acceptors. The maximum specific growth rate was 0.226, 0.190 and 0.096 per hour and half-velocity constant K_s was 25.09, 33.36 and 65.37 mg acetate/l for oxygen, nitrate and perchlorate, respectively. The reduction of perchlorate has been analyzed using kinetic studies of the substrate uptake by the bacteria and the half-velocity constant K_s was found to be 52.8 mg/l. The results indicate that the strain VITRJS5 effectively reduces perchlorate by using it as an electron acceptor.     

The Monod equation and mass transfer

An alternative interpretation of the growth rate-substrate concentration dependence is presented. This is based on the assumption that the main factors affecting growth rate are transfer of substrate from the medium and the maximum growth velocity, which is that observed when no substrate limitations occur. This approach allows the approximate prediction of one of the two kinetic constants required, and may be of great use, especially for continuous cultures. It is the first attempt to provide a phenomenological explanation for the large variations observed in the values of the Monod constant, K(s), reported in the literature. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

General rate equations and rejection criteria for the rapid equilibrium carrier model of cotransport

It is demonstrated that under fixed activator conditions the general flux equation for the rapid equilibrium carrier model of cotransport can be written entirely in terms of five independent kinetic constants. Thus the kinetic parameters from any experiment carried out under the same activator conditions must necessarily be expressible in terms of these five constants. These predicted relationships between experimental kinetic parameters provide rejection criteria for the model, a number of which are derived here. Generalization of the treatment to the case where a competitive substrate is present on both sides of the membrane is also given.