Cambrocaris baltica n. gen. n. sp., a possible stem-lineage crustacean from the Upper Cambrian of Poland

Bodily preserved, secondarily phosphatized arthropods discovered in drill cores on He***l Peninsula, northern Poland, and in its vicinity date from the Upper Cambrian. Comparisons between a group of arthropods of the Upper Cambrian of Sweden recognized as stem-lineage crustaceans indicate that one of these new forms, Cambrocaris baltica n. gen. n. sp., also represents a derivative of the early phase of crustacean evolution prior to the crown-group level. The material also yielded a specimen identified as Skara minuta Müller & Walossek, 1985, hitherto known only from Västergotland, Sweden, and two limb fragments which cannot be assigned to species. □ Crustacea, stem-lineage derivatives. Phosphatization, three-dimensional preservation, Upper Cambrian, Alum shales, 'Orsten', northern Poland.     

Molaetherium heissigi n. gen., n. sp., an unusual mammal from the Early Oligocene of Germany (Mammalia: Palaeanodonta)

A new genus and species of epoicotheriid,Molaetherium heissigi, is described from the Early Oligocene of Grafenmühle 22, near Pappenheim, Bavaria. It is a tiny, highly fossorial form, closely related to the North American genusEpoicotherium. Asia is considered the center of origin of the suborder Palaeanodonta; from there it dispersed to North America and Europe.     

Notogaeanemertes folzae gen. n., sp. n., an additional ecologically restricted hoplonemertean from New Zealand

Notogaeanemertes folzae gen. n., sp. n., a monoecious and ovoviviparous hoplonemertean, is described from the supra-littoral at Kaikoura, New Zealand. It shares more characters with group I terrestrial nemerteans than with group II which brings into question the significance of certain features in the systematics of semiterrestrial/terrestrial nemerteans.     

Martinssonia elongata gen. et sp.n., a crustacean-like euarthropod from the Upper Cambrian 'Orsten' of Sweden

A tiny arthropod, with five growth stages, is described. Three of the instars are metanauplius-like larvae, having unsegmented bodies and four pairs of appendages. The largest stage, with a length of about 1.5 mm, may still be immature. Its body is divided into three tagmata. The cephalon, including five appendiculate segments, h a projecting forehead with a rostral spine and a small shield with a joint between fourth and fifth segments. Eyes are absent. The trunk is composed of seven annular segments, the anterior two with appendages. The caudal end is a long pleotelson-like segment with the anus on its ventral surface. There are seven pairs of appendages: uniramous antennulae, composed of few tubular podomeres; four pairs of biramous postantennular, almost homeomorphic cephalic appendages; two pairs on the trunk, the anterior pair being similar to the cephalic appendages except for the exopodite, the posterior being much smaller, uniramous and apparently rudimentary. Martinssonia was probably benthic, feeding on detritic particles which it stirred up from the bottom. Besides various crustacean-like features, the new form reveals structures different from Crustacea as well as from all other known arthropodan groups. Martinssonia presumably is a descendant of an euarthropodan group, originating from the crustacean branch long before reaching the eucrustacean level of evolution.     

Gladioscutum lauriei n.gen. n.sp. (Archaeocopida) from the Middle Cambrian of the Georgina Basin,central Australia

A small crustacean with extremely long anterodorsal spines occurs in the Middle Cambrian of the western part of the Georgina Basin. It is assigned to the new genusGladioscutum (type speciesG. lauriei n. sp.), and is described from a sample collected from the Arthur Creek Formation, in the Huckitta area of the Northern Territory. The carapaces, preserved as flattened, outspread valves on the surface of finely laminated, dark grey micritic limestone, are comparable with those of Archaeocopida and Archaeostraca. On the basis of gross carapace morphology, an archaeocopid relationship is preferred.     

Truyolsodontos estauni n. gen., n. sp., Truyolsodontidae,a new family of lamniform sharks from the Cenomanian of northern Spain

Truyolsodontos estauni n. gen., n. sp. is described based on fossil teeth from the middle and upper Cenomanian of northern Spain. The species Protoscyliorhinus magnusLandemaine, 1991 is withdrawn from the genus Protoscyliorhinus and placed in this new one. For the new genus, the new family Truyolsodontidae is proposed.     

Monopylocystis visvesvarai n. gen., n. sp. and Sawyeria marylandensis n. gen., n. sp.: two new amitochondrial heterolobosean amoebae from anoxic environments

Two new species of heterolobosean amoebae from anoxic environments, Monopylocystis visvesvarai and Sawyeria marylandensis, are described on the basis of light microscopy, electron microscopy, and their phylogenetic affiliation based on analyses of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Both species lack mitochondria but have organelles provisionally interpreted as hydrogenosomes, and neither can tolerate aerobic conditions. As their conditions of culture do not exclude all oxygen, they may be microaerophiles rather than strict anaerobes. Both species have unusual nucleolar morphologies. Monopylocystis visvesvarai, from a marine sediment, has nucleolar material distributed around the nuclear periphery. It is the first non-aerobic heterolobosean protist for which a cyst is known; the cyst is unmineralized and unornamented except for a single, raised, plugged pore. Sawyeria marylandensis, from an iron-rich freshwater stream, has nucleolar material distributed in one or two parietal masses, which persist during mitosis. In phylogenetic analyses of small-subunit rRNA gene sequences, Monopylocystis visvesvarai, Sawyeria marylandensis and Psalteriomonas lanterna converge to form a single clade of non-aerobic (anaerobic/microaerophilic) heteroloboseans.     

Rhizochrysidopsis vorax,n. gen., n. sp.

Zusammenfassung Die Art ist durch eine bedeutende Variation der Zellgröße, damit auch des Chromatophors und des Kerns ausgezeichnet. Mit steigender Zellgröße nimmt die Zahl der kontraktilen Vakuolen von zwei auf mindestens acht zu. — Unter Umständen erfolgt exzessive animalische Ernährung; es werden auch im Vergleich zum Zellkörper sehr große Algenzellen aufgenommen und verdaut.     

Proleptonchoides southindiae n. gen., n. sp., a New Leptonchoid from South India

Proleptonchoides southindiae n. gen., n. sp. (Dorylaimida: Leptonchidae), is described from soil around false tobacco (Lobelia excelsa) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomurn) in South India. P. southindiae is prodelphic, has a short constricted esophageal bulb and flanged odontophore, and is phylogenetically close to Proleptonchus.     

Tachypteron franzeni n. gen., n. sp., earliest emballonurid bat from the Middle Eocene of Messel (Mammalia, Chiroptera)

A new genus and species of emballonurid microchiropteran,Tachypteron franzeni, is described from the early Middle Eocene (MP 11) of Grube Messel, near Darmstadt, Germany. The holotype is extraordinarily well-preserved. It is the first unequivocal representative of an extant clade among Messel bats and the oldest unequivocal record of Emballonuridae. The flight apparatus ofT. franzeni is highly specialized for a rapid and constant flight style. The proportions of the strikingly narrow wing, the outline of the flight membranes and external ear, the morphology of the postcranial skeleton, and the relative cochlea size ofT. franzeni and extantTaphozous species are almost identical, while the dentition ofT. franzeni is distinguished by more plesiomorphic features.Tachypteron and the fairly diverse Paleogene record of emballonurids from France, consisting mainly of isolated teeth, document the earliest radiation known from an extant bat family and suggest a rather intense pre-Middle Eocene diversification of emballonurids.     

Investigations on the sheathed bacteriumHaliscomenobacter hydrossis gen.n., sp.n., isolated from activated sludge

The morphological and physiological properties of a recently isolated, thin, sheathed bacterium are described. The observations demonstrate that this bacterium differs from the known sheathed microorganisms in many characteristics. The following nomenclature is therefore proposed:Haliscomenobacter hydrossis gen.n. sp.n. The growth of this bacterium in activated sludge is discussed.     

Sauertylenchus labiodiscus n. gen., n. sp., from Australia (Nematoda:Tylenchorhynchinae)

Sauertylenchus labiodiscus n. gem, n. sp. is described and illustrated from soil around Rhagodia sp. in Australia. It can be distinguished from the most closely related genus Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 by the distinctly set-off, rounded, lip region with a conspicuous labial disc, and long thin stylet. The face view and spicules of Sauertylenchus labiodiscus are illustrated with scanning electron micrographs. The subfamilies Tylenchorhynchinae and Merlininae ale discussed.     

Retroporomonorchis pansho n. g., n. sp., an unusual monorchiid trematode exploiting an atypical host

Systematic Parasitology - The Monorchiidae Odhner, 1911 are well represented in tropical and subtropical marine fishes worldwide but rarely reported from the Lutjanidae, an important family of...     

Antaretylus humus n. gen., n. sp. from the Subantarctic (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea)

Antarctylus humus n. gen., n. sp. from peat soil in the subantarctic is proposed. It can be distinguished from the most closely related genus Helicotylenchus by the arrangement of the esophageal glands, the broadly rounded lip region, and the tapering pointed tail in the female.     

Paleoleishmania proterus n. gen., n. sp., (Trypanosomatidae: Kinetoplastida) from Cretaceous Burmese amber

A trypanosomatid (Trypanosomatidae: Kinetoplastida) associated with a blood-filled female sand fly in Cretaceous Burmese amber, is described in the new genus and species, Paleoleishmania proterus. The genus Paleoleishmania is established as a collective genus for digenetic fossil trypanosomes associated with sand flies. Amastigotes, promastigotes and paramastigotes are described. Paleoleishmania proterus is the first fossil kinetoplastid and provides a minimum age for the digenetic Trypanosomatidae. Its discovery indicates that vector-borne pathogens had been established by the Early Cretaceous.