Características de los programas de entrenamiento de fuerza muscular en personas mayores con sarcopenia. Revisión de alcance

ObjectiveThe aim of this scoping review was to analyze the resistance training-based programs’ characteristics and outcomes of physical and psychological health and cognitive functions measured in older adults with sarcopenia.MethodThis scoping review was carried out following the criteria and flow diagram established in the PRISMA guidelines and included studies from 2011 until 2020 from electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.ResultsA total of 13 randomized controlled trials were included. The sample's average age was 72.2 years, with an age range between 71 and 80 years, considering a total sample of 1029 older adults (57% women). Resistance training-based programs were carried out mainly in university facilities, presented high adherence (91.2%) and were able to induce increase in strength and muscle mass. The most frequent parameters used were 2-3 weekly, 50-90-min-long sessions for 3-9 months, using between 8 and 15 repetitions, in an intense training zone with 1-RM between 60% and 85%. The most measured physical health outcomes were muscle strength, muscle mass, and BMI. Cognitive impairment was frequently evaluated, and few studies evaluated mental health.ConclusionThis review characterized resistance training-based programs in older people with sarcopenia, highlighting the extension, frequency, duration, and intensity of these, as well the most frequently used outcome measures and instruments. These results could be useful for prescribing future resistance training-based programs in older adults with sarcopenia.     

Impacto de la hospitalización en pacientes centenarios ingresados por enfermedad aguda. Descripción de una serie de 165 casos y comparación con la literatura

IntroductionThe number of centenarians is increasing with the aging of the Spanish population. This age group might present different clinical features from younger groups. This study was carried out to determine the impact hospital admission on centenarians with an acute disease.Materials and methodsA retrospective observational study was conducted that included patients ≥100 years-old admitted from 1995 to 2016 to a third level university hospital and attended by the Geriatrics department in the acute ward, the Orthogeriatric ward, and by request. An analysis was made using the clinical-administrative databases containing information about the demographics, clinical, functional and cognitive features, length of hospital length, as well as discharge destination.ResultsThe study included 165 patients with a mean age of 101.6 ± 1.7 (range 100-109) years, of whom 140 (85%) were female. The mean hospital stay was 10.3 ± 7.4 days. Respiratory infections (41%) were the most common cause of admission to the Acute Geriatric Unit (AGU). The overall in-hospital mortality was 16%, but mortality in AGU reached up to 31%. There was an increase on moderate-severe functional disability (51% to 96%), and on the inability to walk independently (52% to 99%) from baseline to admission. There was a reduction in people living in their own home from 71% prior to admission to 29% at hospital discharge.ConclusionsCentenarians who required hospital admission showed a high rate of mortality, a significant deterioration in their functional capacity, and a decrease in their chances of going back to their own home at discharge.     

Características y resultados tras un año en pacientes ancianos ingresados con insuficiencia cardiaca y fracción de eyección reducida,intermedia o conservada

IntroductionThe latest European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure (HF) guidelines define three types of HF according to the ejection fraction (EF): HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) when EF < 40%, HF with mid-range EF (HFmrEF), when EF 40-49%, and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF) when EF ≥ 50%. The objective of this study was to analyse the characteristics and results of elderly patients hospitalised with HF according to the new classification using EF.MethodsA prospective study was carried out with 531 HF patients aged ≥ 75 years classified according to EF, and admitted in the geriatric wards of 6 hospitals in Spain. An analysis was performed on the demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as well as the morbidity and mortality at one year of follow-up.ResultsAs regards EF, 17.1% had HFrEF, 10% had HFmrEF, and 72.9% had HFpEF. Patients with HFmrEF were more similar to those with HFrEF in terms of a younger age, predominance of men, and previous admission due to HF. This was also the case with the use of drugs for neurohormonal blockade. Patients with HFrEF (compared to those with HFmrEF and HFpEF), had higher mortality (35.2%, 24.5%, and 25.6%, respectively), more readmissions for HF (17.6%, 15.1%, and 14.5%, respectively), and more events (61.5%, 45.3%, and 52.5%, respectively), although there were no significant differences. There were also no differences observed in the survival analysis between the EF groups and the time-dependent outcome variables.ConclusionsIn elderly patients hospitalised with HF, those classified as HFmrEF did not show any clear differences with respect to those with HFrEF or HFpEF. There were no differences in terms of morbidity and mortality.     

Características clínicas y evolución de los pacientes diagnosticados de mucormicosis en un hospital de tercer nivel (2012-2016)

Background

The most common presentation of mucormycosis in the past was the nasosinusal involvement in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. However, in the last few years, new groups of patients with risk of mucormycosis have emerged.

Micosis pulmonares en pacientes con diabetes mellitus. Características clínicas y factores de riesgo

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is a public health problem in Mexico, and the trend of the disease is increasing. From 2000 to 2017, 7.32 million new cases were diagnosed, with pulmonary mycoses being one of the most serious complications.AimsTo describe the frequency and the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with pulmonary mycoses, and to identify the risk factors associated with this entity.MethodsCase–control study, paired by gender (1:1-3) and age (± 5 years), that analyzed patients with pulmonary mycosis (mucormycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, paracoccidioidomycosis) and studied the risk factors present in each patient.ResultsFrom the 162 patients studied, 56 suffered pulmonary mycosis and 106 were controls. The median of the age was 51 and 50 years for the cases and for the controls, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that patients with diabetes mellitus had an odds ratio of 8,3 (p < 0.001), and patients with a history of tuberculosis had an odds ratio of 8,8 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur results show that 52% of the patients with pulmonary mycoses had a history of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a relevant risk factor for pulmonary mycoses, which are usually diagnosed in advanced stages and have a high mortality.     

Características y factores asociados a caídas en pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular

Objectiveto asses the characteristics and factors associated with falls during hospitalisation among elderly stroke patients.Material and methodswe studied 1,410 subjects (60.1% female), aged 65 years and older (80.6 ± 6.9 years), admitted to a geriatric stroke unit between 2000 and 2003. We recorded demographic, clinical and functional variables and evaluated the characteristics and management of falls. The variables showing an association with falls in bivariate analyses were subsequently included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis.Resultsthe incidence rate of falls was 10.49% in 115 patients. The variables showing statistical association (p < 0.05) with falls were age (78.7 vs 80.8) and gender (10.5% male vs 6.6% female), arm strength (2.8 vs 2.3), leg strength (3.2 vs 2.6) and being classified in the group with moderate stroke (47.8%) compared with patients without falls (29.3%). Falls were more frequent in patients with depression (13% vs 7%) and delirium (27% vs 6%). The variables that remained significant in the multivariate logistic regression model for falls were: delirium (OR = 4.691 [2.930-7.511]), mild stroke (OR: 0.347 [0.154-0.782]), age (OR = 0.958 [0.929-0.987]), depression (OR = 1.760[1.095-2.828]), arm strength (OR = 1.233 [1.058-1.438]), and Barthel Index prior to the fall (OR = 1.013 [1.002-1.024]).Conclusionspatients with falls are younger, with a higher previous functional status and with lesser neurological severity on admission. The presence of depression and delirium are frequently associated.