甜菜谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因家族鉴定及在镉胁迫下的响应分析

为了研究谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因（GST）家族在甜菜（Beta vulgaris）中对其生长发育及受到非生物胁迫时的潜在功能,以甜菜BvGSTs家族为研究对象,对其理化性质、进化关系、顺式作用元件、染色体定位及在镉胁迫下的转录表达特性进行深入地分析。结果表明：甜菜基因组中共有52个BvGSTs基因家族成员,分布于7个亚家族中;它们的相对分子质量在17～28 kDa,理论等电点pI在5.16～6.77,大部分成员定位于细胞质。BvGSTs结构中共发现9个motif,其中motif 8为Phi亚家族所特有。30个BvGSTs分别位于8条甜菜染色体,存在4处串联重复。根据顺式作用元件分析,甜菜BvGSTs可参与多种生物与非生物胁迫响应。转录组学分析发现全部52个BvGSTs均不同程度的参与到甜菜对镉胁迫的应答过程。其中在地下部,大多数Tau亚家族成员的表达受到镉胁迫的正向调控;在地上部,Phi亚家族受镉胁迫的显著诱导,Tau亚家族的表达被抑制。qRT-PCR分析表明,4个差异表达显著的BvGSTs的转录受到了镉胁迫调控,并与转录组测序结果相符。上述结果为进一步对甜菜谷胱甘肽S-转移酶在镉胁迫过...     

火把梨谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因的克隆与表达

依据火把梨编码谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)的EST序列设计基因特异引物,采用快速扩增cDNA末端技术,从云南火把梨中克隆到一个新的GST基因的全长cDNA序列。该基因被命名为PpGST(GenBank登录号为HQ889136)。PpGST全长cDNA为1 177bp,具有130bp 5′-UTR、696bp ORF以及351bp 3′-UTR,编码含231个氨基酸的蛋白质。与已知植物GSTs家族成员间的氨基酸序列聚类分析将PpGST聚为zeta类GST。RT-PCR分析显示,PpGST在火把梨光照的果皮和没有光照的果皮中大量表达,并且表达强度不受光照时间的影响,而在幼嫩叶片中没有表达。研究结果暗示在果皮中大量表达的PpGST可能参与维持火把梨果实发育过程中的氧化还原平衡及应答逆境胁迫。     

山葡萄谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因（VAmGST4）克隆及表达分析

采用RT-PCR和SMART RACE技术克隆了山葡萄VAmGST4基因的全长cDNA序列,GenBank登录号为FJ645770,基因全长885bp,包括开放阅读框（ORF）642bp,编码213个氨基酸。该基因表达产物相对分子质量为24.24kDa,等电点为5.72,是不稳定蛋白;该基因属于GST超基因家族,不包含信号肽。氨基酸序列与欧亚种葡萄（AY971515）、荔枝（EF613493）、矮牵牛（Y07721）、紫苏（AB362191）和玉米（EU964162）等植物的GST氨基酸序列的同源性系数分别为99%、67%、64%、61%和47%。半定量PCR显示,在果实着色过程中,VAmGST4在果皮中表达随花色苷的合成上调;在茎、果肉和果皮中均有表达,而在叶片中不表达,表明VAmGST4的表达与花色苷的生物合成密切相关。     

产黄青霉谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因PcgstA的克隆与鉴定

从青霉素工业生产菌产黄青霉(Penicilliumchrysogenum)中首次克隆了一个谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)基因,定名为PcgstA.该基因的开放阅读框长840bp,含有两个内含子,编码一个238氨基酸残基的蛋白质.其推断的氨基酸序列与一些已经鉴定的丝状真菌GST具有50%左右的序列一致性.PcgstA的完整编码区经RT-PCR扩增、验证,插入原核表达载体pET11a,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)-RP菌株,表达得到重组PcGSTA蛋白.酶活测定证实,重组PcGSTA具有GST活性,其对底物CDNB(1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene)的比活为(0.159±0.031)μmol/(min·mg).利用TaqMan探针法,对PcgstA的表达情况进行了比较.结果表明,在添加了侧链前体苯乙酸的青霉素生产培养基中,PcgstA的表达水平和在不含苯乙酸培养基中的表达相比明显下调,显示了该基因与苯乙酸代谢的关系.     

甘薯谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶基因在胁迫条件下的表达分析

成功地构建了甘薯谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶基因IBGSTU1 的原核表达质粒pET-IbGST, 并在大肠杆菌 BL21(DE3)中进行IPTG 诱导表达。重组蛋白部分以包涵体形式存在, 部分以可溶性蛋白形式存在。酶活性测定表明可溶的重组蛋白具有GST的活性。纯化的重组蛋白质用于多克隆抗体的制备。半定量RT-PCR 和 Western blotting 分析结果显示, 在正常的生长条件下, 甘薯组织不启动IBGSTU1 基因的转录和翻译, 但是在冷胁迫或重金属离子等的作用下, 可以检测到该基因的mRNA和编码的蛋白质, 表明该基因在甘薯的胁迫耐受中行使重要功能, 并发现该基因的表达具有组织特异性。     

谷胱甘肽转移酶基因过量表达能加速盐胁迫下转基因拟南芥的生长

盐地碱蓬谷胱甘肽转移酶基因(glutathione s-transferase gene,GST)克隆到植物表达载体pROKⅡ35s启动子的下游,通过农杆菌介导,利用花絮浸泡法转化拟南芥.转化子在含有卡那霉素的培养基上经过筛选以后,将初步验证为阳性的转基因植株通过PCR-Southem进一步证实.经过选育,筛选并分离到卡那霉素的抗性并且遗传稳定的T3代纯合子转基因拟南芥品系.通过Northern杂交证实外源基因在转基因拟南芥中表达.在盐胁迫条件下,通过测量转基因植株(GT)和野生型植株(wY)的生物量和谷胱甘肽(氧化型:GSSG;还原型:GsH)发现:转基因植株的生物量较野生型有一定程度的提高;GssG含量在转基因品系中比野生型的含量明显高.因此,过量表达GsT能够提高转基因植株在盐胁迫条件下的生长,而且这很可能是由于还原型谷胱甘肽被氧化的结果.     

烟夜蛾谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因的克隆、序列分析与表达

为探明谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）在昆虫嗅觉识别中的作用, 本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE方法, 从烟夜蛾Helicoverpa assulta（Guenée）雄虫触角中克隆获得了1个GSTs基因的全长cDNA序列（GenBank登录号为EU289223）。将该基因推导的氨基酸序列与其他物种的GSTs进行同源性比对和系统发育分析, 发现该蛋白属于昆虫特异性Epsilon家族成员, 因此将该基因命名为HaGSTe1。同时从烟夜蛾基因组DNA中克隆获得了该基因序列, 发现序列中含有5个内含子, 长度分别为415,513,296,333和269 bp。利用半定量RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR方法对HaGSTe1在雌、 雄虫不同组织的表达进行了定性和定量分析, 结果显示, 该基因在雌、 雄虫的头部（去掉触角和喙）、触角、喙、胸、足、翅以及雌虫的腹部均有表达, 并且在雄虫触角中的表达量最高, 且显著高于雌虫触角, 这种表达情况提示其可能与触角中性信息素及其他外源物质的分解有关。     

昆虫谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的基因结构及其表达调控

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferases, GSTs）属于一个超家族,目前已从20多种昆虫中克隆得到了近百个GSTs基因序列。这些基因分属于至少3个类别,Ⅰ（Delta）类,Ⅱ类和Ⅲ（Epsilon）类,其中Ⅰ类和Ⅲ类是昆虫特异性的类别。昆虫Ⅰ类GSTs基因通常由多基因家族编码,基因多态性在不同昆虫种类中差异很大。Ⅱ类基因的种类较少,基因的结构较简单,通常是单拷贝基因。Ⅲ类基因是最近才鉴定出来的新类别,目前仅在黑腹果蝇和冈比亚按蚊中明确了其在染色体上的定位。基因簇、可变剪接和基因融合等机制是导致昆虫GSTs基因多态性的主要原因。在抗性昆虫种群中,GSTs表达量的增加有mRNA水平的提高和基因扩增两种机制,但后一种机制的报道很少。GSTs活性的增加是由于属于一类或多类的多个同工酶的增量调控,也有少数是由于单个同工酶的增量调控。GSTs的表达受反式调控元件和顺式调控元件的调控。目前仅有少数含有调节基因的染色体大致位点和可能的调控元件得到鉴定。     

摄入异烟肼对家蚕幼虫体内谷胱甘肽氧化还原循环和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性的影响

为了建立家蚕Bombyx mori的药物筛选和毒性评价模型, 以剂量为2 000 mg/kg的抗结核模药异烟肼饲喂家蚕5龄第3天幼虫后检测其中肠和脂肪体的抗氧化解毒相关代谢的变化。结果表明： 雌蚕中肠组织中, 总谷胱甘肽(GSH+2GSSG)、 还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione, GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(oxidized glutathione, GSSG)含量均呈现迅速上升再缓慢下降趋势; 谷胱甘肽S 转移酶(glutathione S-transferase, GST)活性升高到较大值后逐渐降低; GSH/GSSG的比值下降表明, 在72 min后中肠组织向氧化态转移。脂肪体组织中, 总谷胱甘肽、 GSH和GSSG含量变化均呈现迅速下降再迅速上升的趋势; GST活性达到最大值后逐渐降低后趋于平稳; GSH/GSSG比值升高表明, 在72 min后脂肪体组织向还原态转移。无论雌蚕还是雄蚕, 总谷胱甘肽、 GSH和GSSG含量以及GST活性均是脂肪体高于中肠。雌蚕的总谷胱甘肽含量、 GSH和GSSG含量高于雄蚕, 但雄蚕的GST活性高于雌性。结果说明, 摄入异烟肼引起了家蚕幼虫体内谷胱甘肽氧化还原状态的改变和酶活性的变化, 在这个过程中脂肪体起主要解毒代谢作用。     

谷胱甘肽转移酶在植物抵抗非生物胁迫方面的角色

非生物胁迫因子如高盐、干旱、低温、重金属污染等严重影响植物的生长和繁殖。植物进化出一系列包括各种酶类物质的系统抵抗逆境所带来的氧化伤害。谷胱甘肽转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST,EC 2.5.1.18)是由多种功能的蛋白质组成的超家族,在植物遭受高盐、干旱、低温胁迫时,GSTs可清除活性氧,保护植物细胞膜结构和蛋白质活性。对谷胱甘肽转移酶在植物抵御非生物胁迫中的作用进行综述,为今后利用基因工程育种提供理论依据。     

Tolerance,arsenic uptake,and oxidative stress in Acacia farnesiana under arsenate-stress

Acacia farnesiana is a shrub widely distributed in soils heavily polluted with arsenic in Mexico. However, the mechanisms by which this species tolerates the phytotoxic effects of arsenic are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the tolerance and bioaccumulation of As by A. farnesiana seedlings exposed to high doses of arsenate (AsV) and the role of peroxidases (POX) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) in alleviating As-stress. For that, long-period tests were performed in vitro under different AsV treatments. A. farnesiana showed a remarkable tolerance to AsV, achieving a half-inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of about 2.8 mM. Bioaccumulation reached about 940 and 4380 mg As·kg^?1 of dry weight in shoots and roots, respectively, exposed for 60 days to 0.58 mM AsV. Seedlings exposed to such conditions registered a growth delay during the first 15 days, when the fastest As uptake rate (117 mg kg^?1 day^?1) occurred, coinciding with both the highest rate of lipid peroxidation and the strongest up-regulation of enzyme activities. GST activity showed a strong correlation with the As bioaccumulated, suggesting its role in imparting AsV tolerance. This study demonstrated that besides tolerance to AsV, A. farnesiana bioaccumulates considerable amounts of As, suggesting that it may be useful for phytostabilization purposes.     

江南卷柏Phi类谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的分子特性

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase,GST)在帮助植物抵抗各种胁迫中发挥重要作用。该研究从江南卷柏Selaginella moellendorffii中克隆到两个Phi类GST基因,分别命名为Sm GSTF1和Sm GSTF2,两个基因均编码215个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。表达模式分析发现,这两个基因在江南卷柏根、茎和叶中均有表达。将这两个基因在大肠杆菌中诱导表达重组蛋白并纯化,酶学性质分析表明Sm GSTF1和Sm GSTF2对CDNB、NBD-Cl和NBC等3种底物都有活性。Sm GSTF1对Fluorodifen和Cum-OOH也有活性,而Sm GSTF2对它们没有活性。酶动力学分析表明Sm GSTF1和Sm GSTF2对GSH有较高的亲和力,而对CDNB的亲和力都相对较低。在不同p H及温度条件下对Sm GSTF1和Sm GSTF2重组蛋白进行活性测定,发现这两个蛋白在p H 7-8.5,45-55℃温度范围内有较高的催化活性。研究推测,Sm GSTF1和Sm GSTF2可能在江南卷柏的抗逆生理过程中有重要的作用。     

The expression of melanin-based plumage is separately modulated by exogenous oxidative stress and a melanocortin

Melanin-based traits involved in animal communication have been traditionally viewed as occurring under strict genetic control. However, it is generally accepted that both genetic and environmental factors influence melanin production. Medical studies suggest that, among environmental factors influencing melanization, oxidative stress could play a relevant role. On the other hand, genetic control would be exerted by the melanocortin system, and particularly by the alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which triggers the production of eumelanins (black pigments). To determine how the melanocortin system and an exogenous source of oxidative stress interact in the expression of melanin-based plumage, developing red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) were manipulated. Some partridges were injected with α-MSH, while other birds received a pro-oxidant molecule (diquat) in drinking water. Controls and birds receiving both treatments were also studied. Both α-MSH- and diquat-treated individuals presented larger eumelanin-based traits than controls, but α-MSH+diquat-treated birds showed the largest traits, suggesting that oxidative stress and melanocortins promote additive but independent effects. Diquat also induced a decline in the level of a key intracellular antioxidant (glutathione), which is associated with high expression of eumelanin-based signals in other bird species. Some scenarios for the evolution of melanin-based traits in relation to oxidative stress are proposed.     

Up-regulation of P-glycoprotein expression by glutathione depletion-induced oxidative stress in rat brain microvessel endothelial cells

Glutathione (GSH) depletion has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. During GSH depletion, cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are subjected to chronic oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the effect of such stress, produced with the GSH synthesis inhibitor l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), on expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in primary cultured rat brain microvessel endothelial cells that comprise the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Application of BSO to cell monolayers at concentrations up to 800 microm caused increases in expression of Pgp. Concentrations >or= 400 microm BSO decreased cell viability. Application of 200 microm BSO caused a significant increase in Pgp function activity, as assessed by rhodamine 123 (Rh123) accumulation experiments. At this concentration, BSO produced time-dependent decreases in levels of intracellular GSH and increases in levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS). The increases were also observed within 48 h following BSO treatment in mdr1a and mdr1b mRNA. Exposure of cells to BSO for 24 h produced maximal effects in the accumulation of iROS, and in expression and function of Pgp. The ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine prevented ROS generation and attenuated the changes of both expression and activity of Pgp induced by BSO. Therefore, the transport of Pgp substrates may be affected by changing Pgp expression under conditions of chronic oxidative stress induced by GSH depletion.     

Reactive oxygen intermediates and glutathione regulate the expression of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase during iron-mediated oxidative stress in bean

Excess of free iron is thought to harm plant cells by enhancing the intracellular production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). Cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (cAPX) is an iron-containing, ROI-detoxifying enzyme induced in response to iron overload or oxidative stress. We studied the expression of cAPX in leaves of de-rooted bean plants in response to iron overload. cAPX expression, i.e., mRNA and protein, was rapidly induced in response to iron overload. This induction correlated with the increase in iron content in leaves and occurred in the light as well as in the dark. Reduced glutathione (GSH), which plays an important role in activating the ROI signal transduction pathway as well as in ROI detoxification, was found to enhance the induction of APX mRNA by iron. To determine whether cAPX induction during iron overload was due to an increase in the amount of free iron, which serves as a co-factor for cAPX synthesis, or due to iron-mediated increase in ROI production, we tested the expression of APX in leaves under low oxygen pressure. This treatment, which suppresses the formation of ROI, completely abolished the induction of cAPX mRNA during iron overload, without affecting the rate of iron uptake by plants. Taken together, our results suggest that high intracellular levels of free iron in plants lead to the enhanced production of ROI, which in turn induces the expression of cAPX, possibly using GSH as an intermediate signal. We further show, using cAPX-antisense transgenic plants, that cAPX expression is essential to prevent iron-mediated tissue damage in tobacco.     

氧应力在产朊假丝酵母发酵生产谷胱甘肽过程中的作用

为了提高产朊假丝酵母合成GSH的能力,采用外界氧应力刺激的方式对细胞进行处理。稳定期之前添加H2O2对细胞生长有抑制作用,但稳定期添加H2O2对GSH的合成有促进作用,当H2O2添加总浓度为30 mmol.L-1时,无论采用一次性添加还是补加策略,都可以提高GSH的合成能力,胞内GSH质量分数提高幅度最大接近于20%,GSH产量最多提高17%。GSH分批发酵结果表明,稳定期补加H2O2对于产朊假丝酵母细胞来说,要比一次性添加H2O2对提高胞内GSH含量并最终增加GSH产量更为有效,该结果为实现氧应力刺激下GSH的过量合成提供了条件。     

Osmotic stress induces loss of glutathione and increases the sensitivity to oxidative stress in H9c2 cardiac myocytes

It has been observed that H9c2 cardiac cells cultured in physiologic solutions exhibit delayed cell death after repeated medium replacements, of which the cause was the relatively mild osmotic challenges during the renewal of the culture medium. Interestingly, the cell damage was associated with altered intracellular GSH homeostasis. Therefore, this study attempted to elucidate the effects of osmotic stress on GSH metabolism. In cells subjected to osmotic stress by lowering the NaCl concentration of the medium, the cell swelling was rapidly counterbalanced, but the intracellular GSH content was significantly lower in 3 h. Meanwhile, the ratio of GSH-to-GSSG was not affected. As expected, osmotic stress also increased the sensitivity to H₂O₂, which was attributable to the decrease of GSH content. The decrease of GSH content was similarly evident when the synthetic pathways of GSH were blocked by BSO or acivicin. It was concluded that osmotic stress induced the decrease of intracellular GSH content by increased consumption and this loss of GSH rendered the cells susceptible to a subsequent oxidative stress.     

槲皮素对B型烟粉虱羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性的影响

采用人工饲料添加法,研究植物防御性次生物质槲皮素对B型烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)成虫主要解毒酶系羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)影响的剂量效应和时间效应。用低剂量槲皮素(0.01%,wv)处理B型烟粉虱成虫24h后,其羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)比活力分别为51.09mOD(min·头)和2.249OD(mgpro.min),是对照的1.233倍和2.20倍;而高剂量的槲皮素对2种解毒酶没有诱导增加作用,甚至还有抑制作用。低剂量的槲皮素短时间处理烟粉虱后,可诱导2种酶活性增加,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)在0.005%的槲皮素处理30min后,比活力值达到8.454OD(mgpro·min),为对照的8.30倍。