Effects of triadimefon and osmotic stress on plasma membrane composition and ATPase activity in white spruce (Picea glauca) needles

White spruce [ Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.] seedlings were grown in solution culture and treated with 20 mg I^-1 triadimefon [1-(chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanol] for 4 weeks and then subjected to osmotic stress with polyethylene glycol 3350. Water potentials and electrolyte leakage were measured in control and triadimefon-treated seedlings before and after the plants were subjected to osmotic stress. The plasma membranes were isolated from needles to study their lipid composition and the activity of plasma-membrane bound ATPase. Triadimefon treatment reduced water potentials and increased leakage of electrolytes from seedlings. However, when the seedlings were exposed to osmotic stress, triadimefon-treated plants maintained higher water potentials and leaked less electrolytes compared with the control plants. Both triadimefon and osmotic stress treatments inhibited the activity of plasma membrane-bound ATPase and altered the composition of free sterols in the plasma membranes. Triadimefon-treated plants contained traces of campesterol, which was not present in control. Osmotic stress drastically reduced phospholipid:protein and sterol:protein ratios and increased sterol:phospholipid ratios in the plasma membranes     

Antitrssanspirant action of abscisic acid and ten synthetic analogs in black spruce

A rapid screening procedure was developed to compare the antitranspirant action of abscisic acid (ABA) and ten synthetic analogs under well-watered and droughted conditions. Compounds were applied to black spruce [ Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] seedlings at 10 μ M using an aerated root drench. The plants were grown aeroponically under a continuous mist in a misting chamber and a drought stress was then applied, 7 days after treatment with the growth regulators, by switching off the misting unit for 2 h. The activity of 2- cis and 2- trans isomers of 4- transepoxy –β-ionylideneacetic acid, their corresponding methyl esters, and 4 acetylenic analogs were compared with ABA and control, untreated seedlings. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rates declined in treated seedlings after 3 h, but returned to pre-treatment levels 2–7 days after treatment. However, transpiration declined significantly as a result of ABA- and analog-treated seedlings when they were drought stressed 7 days after treatment. Since transpiration declined more than net photosynthesis, water use efficiency increased by up to 75% as a result of ABA analog treatment. The 2- cis -isomers of epoxy-β-ionylideneacetic acids and acetylenic alcohol analogs reduced transpiration and improved water use efficiency more than ABA and 3 out of the 4 2- trans isomers.     

Growth and photosynthetic pigments responses of two varieties of Catharanthus roseus to triadimefon treatment

Triadimefon, potential fungicide cum plant-growth retardant was used in this study to investigate its effect on the growth and the photosynthetic pigment contents of two varieties of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. The plants of both varieties were subjected to 15 mg l(-1) triadimefon treatment by soil drenching 30, 45, 60, and 75 days after planting (DAP). Plants were uprooted on 90 DAP, and morphological parameters, like plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, root length and fresh and dry weights were determined. The photosynthetic pigments, like chlorophylls a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, floral pigment, anthocyanin, were extracted and estimated. It was observed that plant height, number of leaves and leaf area were decreased and that root length, fresh and dry weights were increased under triadimefon treatment. The photosynthetic and floral pigments were increased under triadimefon treatment in both varieties. The results suggest that the application of this plant-growth retardant (triadimefon) has favourable effects on the reduction of plant height; it can thus be used for replacing manual hand pruning and for improving floral and vegetation colour in bedding plants like C. roseus.     

Cholesterol esters and hydrolytic cholesterol esterase during Wallerian degeneration

To study the involvement of cholesterol esters in myelination and demyelination, we determined the concentration of free cholesterol and cholesterol esters and the activity of hydrolytic cholesterol esterase (sterol ester hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.13) in hen sciatic nerve during Wallerian degeneration. A progressive increase in the ratio of cholesterol ester to free cholesterol was observed in the degenerating nerve at 8, 16 and 32 days after nerve section. Hydrolytic cholesterol esterase activity decreased progressively in the degenerating nerves at the same time. In addition we measured the ratio of RNA to DNA, and the activity of the NADP⁺-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase [L₈-isocitrate: NADP oxidoreductase (decarboxylating); EC 1.1.1.42] at 8, 16 and 32 days after nerve section. The RNA to DNA ratios decreased progressively in the degenerating nerves. NADP⁺-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase increased in activity after nerve section, reaching a peak at 16 days.     

三唑酮提高水稻幼苗抗旱性的研究

在-0.5MPa渗透胁迫下三唑酮提高水稻(Oryza sativa L.)幼苗相对含水量,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高了抗旱性。三唑酮(75mg/L)可提高渗透胁迫下水稻幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,对超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性影响不大。加入蛋白质合成抑制剂环己亚胺试验证明,三唑酮对POD的效应是促进酶蛋白的合成。     

Triadimefon Protects Bean Plants from Water Stress through its Effects on Abscisic Acid

Triadimefon is a fungicide that has plant growth regulatingproperties. In beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) it significantlyreduced shoot weight, shoot length and leaf area, and rootsappeared whiter and thicker in the treated plants. Chlorophylland carotenoid levels were increased in the leaves, but triadimefondid not affect protein levels in either leaves or roots. Triadimefonreduced transpiration and protected the plants from drought.It increased leaf diffusive resistance indicating partial closureof the stomates, and treated plants maintained their water potentialswhile those of the controls declined. Osmotic potentials ofboth treated and control leaves fell, but values in the controlswere significantly lower than those from the treated plants.Three days after treatment with triadimefon in both water stressedand non-stressed plants the abscisic acid levels in the leavesof the treated plants were more than twice the levels of thecontrols. It appears therefore that the protection conveyedby triadimefon during water stress is mediated at least partially,via its effects on ABA levels in treated tissue. (Received October 12, 1985; Accepted January 8, 1986)     

三唑酮对黄瓜幼苗生长及抗寒性的影响

研究了不同浓度三唑酮浸种对黄瓜幼苗生物量及抗寒性的影响。结果表明,20～100μmol·L^-1三唑酮能显著抑制黄瓜幼苗的株高、根长,增加了根重、根冠比和叶绿素含量,30d幼苗经过3d低温胁迫后,10～50μmol·L^-1三唑酮处理能保持较高的叶绿素含量,有效地降低质膜相对透性,维持较高的SOD活性,50μmol·L^-1三唑酮处理明显减缓低温胁迫过程中MDA的累积。另外,50μmol·L^-1三唑酮处理在低温胁迫第1d促进脯氨酸的累积,在第3d脯氨酸反而低于对照。但高浓度(>100μmol·L^-1)三唑酮不利于幼苗抵御低温伤害,总的来看,三唑酮增强了黄瓜幼苗的耐寒性。     

Metabolic interconversion of free sterols and steryl esters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The interconversion of free and esterified sterols was followed radioisotopically with [U-14C]acetate and [methyl-14C]methionine. In pulse-chase experiments, radioactivity first appeared mainly in unesterified sterols in exponential-phase cells. Within one generation time, the label equilibrated between the free and esterified sterol pools and subsequently accumulated in steryl esters in stationary-phase cells. When the sterol pools were prelabeled by growing cells aerobically to the stationary phase and the cells were diluted into unlabeled medium, the prelabeled steryl esters returned to the free sterol form under several conditions. (i) During aerobic growth, the prelabeled sterols decreased from 80% to 45% esters in the early exponential phase and then returned to 80% esters as the culture reached the stationary phase. (ii) Under anaerobic conditions, the percentage of prelabeled steryl esters declined continuously. When growth stopped, only 15% of the sterols remained esterified. (iii) In the presence of an inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis, which causes accumulation of a precursor to ergosterol, prelabeled sterols decreased to 40% steryl esters while the precursor was found preferentially in the esterified form. These results indicate that the bulk of the free sterol and steryl ester pools are freely interconvertible, with the steryl esters serving as a supply of free sterols. Furthermore, there is an active cellular control over what types of sterol are found in the free and esterified sterol pools.     

Changes in glycerolipids and their fatty acid composition during maturation of tobacco seeds

Triacylglycerol, which was one of the minor lipid components in immature seeds of tobacco, accumulated dramatically between 7 and 27 days after flowering and, in mature seeds at 37 days, the fatty acid methyl esters of the triacylglycerols comprised 96.3% of those of the total lipids. Diacylglycerols and sterol ester also increased significantly during seed development. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, which were major components in immature seeds, decreased constantly with increasing maturation as well as the quantities of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, digalactosyldiacylglycerols and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols also decreased and disappeared in mature seeds. In the triacylglycerols the percentages of palmitate, stearate and linolenate fell with increasing seed age, while that of linoleate increased up to 75.3% in mature seeds. A similar trend was observed in the fatty acid composition in the diacylglycerols and sterol ester. Generally, in the phospholipids the proportions of linoleate and linolenate decreased with concomitant increases of stearate and oleate.     

Root growth and water uptake during water deficit and recovering in wheat

Root growth and soil water content were measured in a field experiment with wheat subjected to two periods of water deficit. The first period was induced early in the season between the early vegetative stage (22 DAS) and late terminal spikelet (50 DAS), the second period at mid-season between terminal spikelet (42 DAS) and anthesis (74 DAS). Total root growth was reduced under water deficit by a reduction in the top 30 cm, while the root system continued to grow in the deeper soil profile between 30 and 60 cm. Shortly after rewatering, the growth pattern reverted to fastest root growth rates in the shallow soil layers. In relative terms, the total root system increased in relation to the above ground dry matter under water shortage. The early-, the mid-season water deficit treatments, and the control treatment had total root length of 27.4, 19.4 and 30.6 km m^-2, respectively, about 2 wk before maturity. Evapotranspiration declined under water deficit, but water uptake in deeper layers increased. Water uptake per unit root length was reduced with water deficit and was still low shortly after rewatering. Remarkable was the increase in water uptake at 2–3 weeks after rewatering, both deficit treatments exceeded the control by almost 100%. This increase in water uptake followed the burst of new root growth in the upper regions of the soil. However, water uptake rates subsequently declined towards maturity, being between 0.15 L km^-1 d^-1 and 0.17 L km^-1 d^-1 for the early and mid-season water deficit treatments, slightly higher than the control, 0.12 L km^-1 d^-1. The results showed that the crop subjected to early water deficit could compensate for some of the reductions in root growth during subsequent rewatering, but the impact of the mid-season water deficit treatment was more severe and permanent.     

干旱条件下冬小麦幼苗根细胞膜脂组成的变化

干旱条件下小麦幼苗根膜脂总脂肪酸含量、磷脂含量及总脂肪酸双键指数均下降,而游离甾醇含量却明显增加,结果导致游离甾醇／磷脂比率上升。用薄层层析法测得小麦根细胞磷脂主要由磷脂酰胆碱(PC)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)、磷脂酰肌醇(PI)及磷脂酸(PA)组成。干旱降低了各种磷脂的含量,但不改变其相对配比。文中讨论了膜脂代谢变化与植物抗旱性的关系。     

The liver plays a key role in whole body sterol accretion of the neonatal Golden Syrian hamster

Neonates have a significant requirement for cholesterol. From -1 to 25 days of age, the liver accrues 6.9 mg cholesterol and the extra-hepatic tissues accrue 107.7 mg cholesterol in the hamster. It is currently unknown if each of these body compartments synthesizes their own cholesterol or if they have alternative source(s) of sterol. Using (3)H(2)O, in vivo hepatic sterol synthesis rates (per g liver per animal) increased between -1 and 5 days of age, decreased by 10 days of age, and increased again by 15 days of age. HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) expression levels paralleled in vivo synthesis rates. Extra-hepatic sterol synthesis rates followed the same pattern as sterol synthesis rates in the liver. When sterol synthesis rates were converted to the mass of sterol synthesized per day, the liver synthesized 38.9 and the extra-hepatic tissues synthesized 63.9 mg cholesterol in the 26-day neonatal period. Comparing the amount of cholesterol accrued to that synthesized, one can conclude that the liver is a major source of sterol for the whole body during the neonatal period of the hamster. These results may help elucidate the cause(s) of reduced growth rates in neonates with liver disease or in neonates with compromised sterol synthesis rates.     

Effects of fungicide timing on control of Rhynchosporium secalis in barley plants

Sprays of captafol, carbendazim, carbendazim + tridemorph + maneb, diclobutrazol, triadimefon or triadimefon + carbendazim all completely protected barley plants in a glasshouse against R. secalis for at least 30 days. However, their effectiveness in preventing disease development when applied after inoculation differed: triadimefon, traidimefon + carbendazim, or diclobutrazol were the most effective, completely preventing symptom development when applied up to 5 days after inoculation to plants grown above 16 °C, and up to 8 days below 8 °C. All the fungicides decreased the number of viable conidia produced by leaf blotch lesions, and when applied to infected plants at G. S. 30, greatly decreased the upward spread of the disease under simulated rain conditions; the most effective fungicides in these respects were triadimefon and triadimefon + carbendazim. The above fungicides and fungicide mixtures, together with the recently introduced materials fenpropimorph and propiconazole were applied to diseased winter barley crops in winter or in spring. All treatments decreased leaf blotch development and increased yields. In most cases, a winter application was more effective than spring applications, particularly if applied in mid-November. The most effective fungicides were triadimefon and propiconazole. The field trials data fitted well with the predictions of performance indicated by the glasshouse investigations.     

Amelioration of NaCl Stress by Triadimefon in Soybean Seedlings

NaCl stress decreased root growth, shoot length and dry matter production of Glycine max seedlings. It has also caused accumulation of proline and amino acids and decreased protein and nucleic acid contents of the seedlings. Addition of triadimefon to NaCl stressed seedlings partially restored the growth and increased the protein, amino acid, proline and nucleic acid contents of the seedlings. The root biomass production under combination of triadimefon and NaCl was even larger than control. Thus triadimefon can ameliorate the effect of NaCl stress in soybean. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Amelioration of NaCl stress by triadimefon in peanut seedlings

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.cv. VRI-2) seeds were imbibed in distilled water(control), 30 mM NaCl (stressed) and 30 mM NaCl + 10 mg L^-1 triadimefon for 12 h and grown in a seed germinator with a day/night temperature of 30/22 °C and a photoperiod of 16 h with a PPFD of 250 µEm^-2 s_-1. Seedlings were irrigated with respective treatment solutions. Fifteen days old seedlings were harvested and used for the study. The NaCl stress decreased seedling growth, dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, protein content and the level of proline oxidase activity and it increased proline, glycine betaine content, protease and ATPase activities. Triadimefon treatment ameliorated the stress caused NaCl by increasing root growth, dry weight, chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein and glycine betaine contents and by decreasing proline accumulation, proline oxidase levels and ATPase. The stress amelioration conferred by triadimefon may be mediated by increased protein synthesis, osmoregulation and reduced energy requirement.     

数种农药对蚕豆根腐病的田间防效

在实验室内探讨了三唑酮,甲基硫菌灵,福美双,恶霜灵和甲霜灵等5种杀菌剂单用或混用对蚕豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,据此,在田间开展了杀菌剂拦种和杀菌剂与杀虫剂混用防治蚕豆根腐病的研究,第1年的结果表明,在11个处理中,三唑酮单独拌和效果最为显著,与对照相比,在0.01ga.i.kg^_1种子的剂量下,使6周龄植株的根腐病指数降低51.5%,成株累计死亡率减少36%,单株种子产量提高21%,每公顷种子产量增加97.6%,其他处理未取得显著防效,第2年开展的三唑酮拌种是防治蚕豆根腐病的有效措施之一。但杀菌拌种应与其他防治措施综合应用,方可取得更好的防治效果。     

Effects of root restriction on growth correlations, water relations and senescence of alder seedlings

Root restriction may be of importance for productivity in both forestry and agriculture. To study the physiological effects of root restriction in European alder ( Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.), seedlings were grown in aerated liquid culture under one of four root volumes to induce the following levels of root restriction: 1.5, 6,16 and 500 ml. Root restriction for 96 days reduced shoot elongation, plant dry weight, leaf area and chlorophyll levels and increased leaf area/root dry weight ratio and correlative bud inhibition in seedlings. The initial reduction in root/shoot ratios of severely restricted seedlings was followed by a reduction in leaf water potential, the development of internal water deficits in the upper shoots, a reduction in stomatal opening and transpiration rates and, eventually, stomatal closure. Severe prolonged root restriction (1.5 ml root volume) resulted in a decline in seedling vigour and ultimately, senescence as determined by increased electrical impedance ratios, followed by visible leaf senescence and later, by whole plant senescence. Of the severely restricted seedlings, 40% were dead after 96 days of restriction. The results suggest that imbalanced root/shoot ratios caused the development of internal water stress and the consequent reduction in stomatal aperture, culminating in leaf and whole plant senescence.     

Effect of clomiphene on fatty acids, sterols and membrane fluidity in clavine producing Claviceps purpurea strains

Clomiphene depressed the growth and enhanced clavine production of Claviceps purpurea strains 129,35 and 59. Mycelial content of 18:2 and 16:0 fatty acids decreased, whereas that of 18:1 and 18:0 acids increased. In the mutant strain 59 clomiphene, triadimefon and ergosterol stimulated the impaired function of chanoclavine cyclase. Their effect was counteracted by plant oil. Clomiphene decreased the content of total lipids (44%), triglycerides (32%), sterols (22%) and sterol/phospholipid molar ratio. The PC/PE ratio was 9X increased. Clomiphene and triadimefon enhanced membrane fluidity of protoplasts, ergosterol and oil reverted their effect.     

Shoot and Root Growth of Lettuce Seedlings Following Root Pruning

Hydroponically-grown lettuce seedlings with 13 to 18 primarylateral roots were root pruned in one of four ways; the rootapices were removed from the main root only (1) or from allthe root membranes (2), or half the total root system was removedwith the remaining apices left intact (3) or removed (4). Duringthe following 8 d the rate of lateral root production on prunedplants increased, decreased, and then increased again relativeto the unpruned control. Conversely, the rate of increase intotal root length decreased, then increased, and if all theroot apices were removed, declined again, prior to increasingon day 8. These changes in the rates of lateral root productionand growth resulted in similar, but less pronounced, patternsof change in the total root length and the total number of lateralroots with time. The changes in total lateral root productionwere related to differences in the rates of primary, secondaryand tertiary root emergence. The shoot d. wt of the most severely root pruned seedlings (treatment4) fell below that of the control 4 d after pruning and remainedlower than the control on day 14, whereas the root d. wt hadrecovered to the control level by day 6. The root: shoot d.wt ratio, which was reduced by root pruning, rose above thatof the control on days 6 and 8. Lactuca sativa L., lettuce, root pruning, root growth, lateral root, nutrient solution     

根区湿润方式对玉米根系生长发育的影响

将厚塑料紧密地固定在盆栽试验用桶壁和底的中央,玉米种子播种于厚塑料布的正上方,在均匀灌水、固定部分根区灌水和根系分区交替灌水3种方式下,分期测定两个1／2根区根系的长度、面积、干重以及单位面积的平均根长和比根长,研究不同根区根系的生长发育特征。结果表明,处理40d时,与其他根区相比,固定灌水非灌水区的比根长和单位面积平均根长明显增大,说明土壤水分减少使根系直径变小。根面积、长度以及干重的增长速率均表现为,处理0～5d内,与均匀灌水及其非灌水区相比,两种局部灌水的灌水区均显著增大;处理10～15d内,交替灌水的灌水区较其他根区明显增大,固定灌水的灌水区与均匀灌水相近。固定灌水时,灌水区根系的面积、长度、干重及其增长速率较之非灌水区显著增大;交替灌水时,两个根区的增长速率呈交替变化,其绝对数值随时间延长趋于相同。表明交替灌水不仅可刺激供水区根系的补偿生长,而且对恢复供水区也有补偿效应,并能够促使不同根区的根系均衡发展。