Fish health in the Peace, Athabasca and Slave river systems

The response of large river systems to human development isoften hard to predict. The spatial scale of these systems makes themdifficult to study and their ecology (particularly in the case of largenorthern rivers) is often poorly understood. To provide an ecologicalassessment of three large river basins in northern Canada, the NorthernRiver Basins Study (NRBS) undertook a multi-disciplinary approach toassess environmental and socio-economic impacts of development. Resultspresented here focus on key findings relating to studies of fish healthwithin the basins. It was known at the outset of the NRBS that dioxins,furans and other organic contaminants would be present in the system.However, NRBS research indicated low levels of environmentalcontamination, particularly compared to other systems in Canada andelsewhere in the world. In addition, contaminant loads in fish generallyconform to Canadian guidelines for both aquatic and human health;although, levels of dioxins, furans, PCBs and mercury in biota didexceed guidelines at certain times and in certain locations. The weightof evidence indicates that many of the fish in these basins exhibitsigns of physiological stress. Of particular concern was the findingthat sex hormone levels in burbot and longnose sucker collected fromnear-field pulp-mill locations were significantly depressed, and thatnumbers of immature fish in these same locations were unexpectedly highand more likely to show external abnormalities. In addition, there is aperception that fish in the lower reaches of the Peace-Athabasca basinsand in the deltas are of lower quality. Studies of fish health have beenintegrated with other technical studies in a cumulative effectassessment and will provide a basis for future research and managementdecisions within these basins.     

慢速渗滤土地处理系统中优先有机物的迁移、归宿与生态风险

研究了沈阳西部城市污水慢速渗滤土地处理系统中优先有机污染物的迁移和残留情况,结果表明,土地处理系统和当地传统污灌区耕作层土壤、地下水中的优先有机污染物的总含量分别高于对照区（清水灌区）１倍和４倍以上;系统出水、地下水和传统污灌区地下水中的优先有机污染物的浓度有相似的分布、说明污灌水中的有机污染物对土壤和地下水产生一定程度的影响,但土地处理系统和当地传统污灌区生产的大米中,优先有机污染物含量与对照区相比未见显著差异．     

Atmospheric and riverine inputs of metals,nutrients and persistent organic pollutants into the lagoon of Venice

Atmospheric deposition in the lagoon of Venice and river inputs from the watershed were collected and analysed from 1998 to 1999 using the same analytical methods. The input from riverine sources largely prevails (>70%) over that from the atmosphere for As, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, nitrogen and phosphorus. Equivalent amounts of Hg, Pb, PCBs, HCB are discharged into the lagoon from the two sources, whilst atmospheric inputs prevail for Cd, ammonia and dioxins. A comparison with figures of maximum allowable discharges (MAD) for various compounds, recently set by the Italian Ministry for the Environment, showed that total inputs (riverine + atmospheric) of trace metals were below the MAD thresholds only for Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn. The total inputs of Cu and Ni, and Cr and Zn were approximately 20 and 40% of the MAD limit, respectively. The total phosphorus input of 284 t was close to the imposed limit, whilst the inorganic nitrogen load alone (>4000 t) was much higher than the MAD for total nitrogen. For those metals (As, Cd, Hg and Pb) and persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) where the MAD states that the load should tend to ‘0’ (no discharge), the measured inputs of 4.8 (As) and 5.1 t (Pb), 151 (Cd) and 39 kg (Hg), 18 g (PCDD/Fs) and 440 mg (Toxicity Equivalents, TEQs, of PCDD/Fs) are by definition ‘above’ the MAD. The principal component analysis (PCA) of loading data and input profiles (markers) of production typologies showed that river and atmosphere contributions can be easily separated and recognised due to their different fingerprints. Riverine inputs were similar to chemical and glass work production markers, whereas atmospheric loadings were mainly influenced by chemical industry (PVC and VCM production), metallurgy and paper-mill.     

Heavy metal contamination in water,soil, and milk of the industrial area adjacent to Swan River,Islamabad, Pakistan

Trace heavy metals such as Cr(III), Ni(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) are hazardous pollutants and are rich in areas with high anthropogenic activities. Their concentrations were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and it was found that their concentrations were several fold higher in downstream Swan River water samples of the Kahuta Industrial Triangle as compared to upstream. Heavy metal soil concentrations taken from the downstream site were 149% for Cr, 131% for Ni, 176% for Cd, 139% for Zn, 224% for Pb, and 182% for Cu when compared to samples from the upstream site. Quantitative analysis concluded that these metals were higher in milk samples collected from downstream as compared to the samples from upstream water-irrigated sites. The order of metal in milk was as Zn > Cr > Cu > Cd > Pb = Ni. Heavy metal contaminations may affect the drinking water quality, food chain, and ecological environment. It was also suggested that the toxicity due to such polluted water, soil, and milk are seriously dangerous to human health in future.     

Modeling Escherichia coli fate and transport in the Kabul River Basin using SWAT

Access to safe water is the primary goal of all development plans, yet population increase, urbanization lead to contamination of water resources. This paper focuses on microbial contamination and aims to analyze the fate and transport of Escherichia coli in the Kabul River Basin using SWAT model to evaluate the contribution of different sources. The SWAT is calibrated and validated for the monthly time step using observed E. coli concentrations for April 2013–July 2015. The model skill score; coefficients of determination (R²) equal 0.72 and 0.70, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies (NSE) equal 0.69 and 0.66, and percentages bias (PBIAS) equal 3.7 and 1.9 respond well for both calibration and validation, respectively. Regional measured and modeled concentrations are very high with peaks of up to 5.2 ¹⁰log cfu/100?ml in the wet season. Overall, point sources that are comprised of human feces from the big cities and livestock manure from animal sheds, contribute most (44%) to the E. coli concentrations. During peak discharge the non-point sources become the most important contributors due to wash-off from the land and diluted point sources. Allthough such studies are lacking in developing countries, they can be helpful for sanitation management by developing and accessing regional sanitation scenarios.     

Seasonal variation in diet and trophic relationships within the fish communities of the lower Slave River, Northwest Territories, Canada

Increased industrial activities on the Peace and Athabasca River systems have raised concerns about cumulative impacts on fish and water resources downstream, in the Slave River of Alberta and the Northwest Territories, Canada. Because very little information was available on the fish communities in this system, we examined spatial and temporal patterns of diet for nine species (four piscivores and five invertebrate feeders) from three different types of habitat along the lower Slave River system and assessed trophic relationships within the communities. All actively feeding species exhibited seasonal variations in diet within and among the study areas. Dietary overlap was generally low throughout all seasons and locations. In the lower Slave River and its major tributary, the Salt River, substantial dietary overlap between piscivores (particularly walleye, Stizostedion vitreum), and invertebrate feeders occurred in the spring. In the summer no overlap occurred as walleye shifted to a more piscivorous diet, attaining a moderate degree of overlap with northern pike, Esox lucius. Compared with the Slave River, which is a large but homogeneous system upstream of its delta at Great Slave Lake, there was a greater diversity of actively feeding invertebrate feeders in the Salt River. Three of the latter were benthic feeders exhibiting moderate degrees of diet overlap during spring and summer. During the fall, few fish were feeding. Most fishes in the lower Slave River system are generalist, opportunistic feeders, consuming a number of different prey, the importance of which varies spatially and seasonally, as the abundance of these prey varies in the environment.     

2010年夏季珠江口海域颗粒有机碳的分布特征及其来源

于2010年8月对珠江口海域20个站位的颗粒有机碳(POC)进行采样,分析了POC的空间分布特征,讨论了POC与环境因子之间的关系,并利用碳稳定同位素(δ13C)分析了POC的来源及其贡献率。结果显示,研究区域POC的浓度范围98.5—1929.8μg/L,平均浓度541.9μg/L,空间分布总体呈现自北部海域向中部海域逐渐降低,中部海域至南部海域又逐渐升高,底层大于表层的特点。总悬浮颗粒物、叶绿素a、水动力是影响POC空间分布的重要原因。研究区域总悬浮颗粒物δ13C值的变化范围-27.05‰—-21.03‰,平均为-24.57‰,反映出珠江口海域颗粒有机碳为陆源和水生源混合来源,其分布呈现沿盐度梯度自口门内向口门外逐渐递增,底层高于表层的特点。陆源输入和海洋生物生产是影响δ13C值分布的主要原因。运用二元混合模型计算得知,珠江口北部和中部海域POC以陆源有机碳为主,贡献率平均为64%;南部海域POC以水生源有机碳为主,贡献率平均为68%。与20多年前相比,POC的分布特征与来源已经发生了改变,珠江口海域含沙量减少与营养盐含量增加可能是导致POC组成发生变化的主要原因。     

Spatial distribution of extractable organohalogens in northern pink shrimp in the North Atlantic

Extractable organohalogens (EOX) are organic compounds that contain chlorine, bromine and/or iodine, which can be separated from the matrix by liquid/liquid or liquid/solid extraction. A combination of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and solvent extraction methods has been developed for the determination of EOX from the shrimpPandalus borealis. Levels of EOX were evaluated for spatial trends for shrimp caught in several areas off the Labrador coast, off the coast of Nova Scotia, and off the coast of Maine. Muscle contained 1.09–6.05 Μg EOCl/g tissue and 105–498 Μg extractable organochlorine (EOCl)/g lipid; 0.0607–0.288 Μg extractable organobromine (EOB)r/g tissue and 4.74-10.5 Μg EOBr/g lipid; and 0.014–0.048 Μg extractable organoiodine (EOI)/g tissue and 1.03–1.76 Μg EOI/g lipid, respectively. The levels of EOC1 in roe were 1.60–12.34 Μg/g tissue and 39.0-146 Μg/g lipid. In roe, the EOBr levels were 0.707–1.03 Μg/g tissue and 6.96–13.5 Μg/g lipid; and EOI levels were 0.123–0.349 Μg/g tissue and 1.42–4.11 Μg/g lipid. The EOCl, EOBr, and EOI levels in roe increased noticeably from north to south along the coast of Labrador. Samples taken from the coast of Maine and from Canso Hole were typically higher in EOCl levels than those taken from Labrador. The results for EOBr and EOI were in the same range as those from Labrador.     

Distribution and fate of anthropogenic nitrogen in the Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem of Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Wetlands are important for the protection of water quality of rivers and lakes, especially those adjacent to agricultural landscapes, by intercepting and removing nutrients in runoff. In this study, the 15N tracer technique was applied to study the distribution and fate of anthropogenic nitrogen (15N-fertilizer) in Calamagrostis angustifolia Kom wetland plant-soil microcosms to identify the main ecological effects of it. 15NH415NO3 solution (14.93 mg N/L, 20.28 at.% 15N) was added to each microcosm of the first group, which was approximate to the current nitrogen concentration (CNC) of farm drainage, and 29.86 mg NIL 15NH415NO3 solution was added to another group, which was approximate to the double nitrogen concentration (DNC) of farm drainage, while no nitrogen (NN) was added to the third group. The results suggest that the Input of anthropogenic nitrogen has positive effects on the biomass and total nitrogen content of plant, and the positive effects will be elevated as the increase of its Input amount. The increase of 15N-fartilizer can also elevate its amounts and proportions in plant nitrogen. Soil nitrogen is still the main source of plant nitrogen, but its proportion will be reduced as the increase of 15N-fertilizer. The study of the fate of 15N-fartilizar indicates that, in CNC treatment, only a small proportion is water-dissolved (0.13±0.20%), a considerable proportion is soil-immobilized (17.02±8.62%), or plant-assimilated (23.70±0.92%), and most is lost by gaseous forms (59.15±8.35%). While in DNC treatment, about 0.09±0.15% is water-dissolved, 15.33±7.46% is soil-immobilized, 23.55±2.86% is plant-assimilated, and 61.01±5.59% is lost by gaseous forms. The double input of anthropogenic nitrogen can not elevate the proportions of plant-assimilation, soil-immobilization and water-dissolution,but it can enhance the gaseous losses.     

Salinity and the distribution of Cladocera in Warri River,Nigeria

Hydrobiological investigations of the water quality and plankton of Warri River started in 1981, shortly before the commissioning of the Delta Steel Plant on the banks of the river at Aladja. The 150 km of river gradates from pure freshwater through brackish to marine and so provides a suitable habitat for a study of the limits of migration of any group of zooplankton. The Cladocera of Warri River consists of two bosminids, thirteen chydorids, three daphniids, three macrothricids, one moinid, and two sidids. All except the sididPenilia sp. are well known freshwater forms, which are limited in longitudinal distribution to areas with salinity below 2.5‰. Penilia sp. found in Warri River were restricted to the truely brackish-water areas with salinity values of 7‰ −8‰. In this respect they represent the first reported brackish water Cladocera in Africa. They also differ fromPenilia avirostris Dana found in marine habitats in certain morphological details, and so the Warri RiverPenilia may be a new taxon.     

The application of sterol biomarkers to the study of the sources of particulate organic matter in the Solo River system and and Serayu River,Java, Indonesia

Sterols were analyzed in suspended particles collected in January 1991 in the Solo River system and in the Serayu River, Java, Indonesia. Free sterols were extracted from particles larger than 0.7 μm and analyzed, after derivatization into their trimethylsilyl esters, by GC and GC/MS. Concentrations of total sterols ranged from 438 to 7922 ng/1, or from 2.4 to 183.8 ng/mg of total suspended matter, which varied from 3.3 to 400 and 471 mg/l, respectively in the Serayu River and at the downstream station in the Solo River. POC concentrations also varied in a wide range, from 0.91 to 4.72 and 6.13% of TSM, respectively at the above stations, and were associated with sterol/POC values ranging from 0.15 to 1.75 μg/mg. Eleven structures of C₂₇, C₂₈ and C₂₉ sterols and associated stanols were identified. 28Δ^3,22 was only found at downstream stations in the Solo River and in the Serayu River. This unique distribution, different from that of other C₂₇, C₂₈ and C₂₉ sterols, suggests a predominantly autochthonous origin for these compounds associated with an increased planktonic biosynthesis near the estuary. Concentrations of 28Δ⁵, 29Δ^5,22 and 29Δ⁵ showed similar spatial distributions and increased downstream, reflecting the significant accumulation of organic matter originating from the vegetation of the various drainage basins. Values of the autochthonous versus terrigenous sterol index, defined as 27Δ⁵/29Δ^5,22 + 29Δ⁵ were in the 1.4–1.9 range at upstream stations, whereas at downstream stations lower values were found, 0.4–0.6, which also corresponded to higher concentrations of TSM and lower POC values. Insofar as the stanol/stenol values can be used to estimate the bacterial activity of oxic waters, simultaneous variations of C₂₇, and C₂₉ stenol/stanol pairs suggest rather different bacterial degradation capacities of autochthonous versus allochthonous organic matter. The wide differencies between the values of the stenol/stanol pairs observed in one of the main tributaries and in downstream stations of the Solo River is evidence that allochthonous organic matter is much more resistant than autochthonous matter. The low index value observed in the Serayu River indicates the highly refractory nature of both autochthonous and allochthonous organic material.     

The distribution of cadmium,copper, lead,zinc and calcium in the tissues of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus sampled from one uncontaminated and four polluted soils

Summary The tissue distribution of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Ca in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus living in non-polluted and heavy-metal polluted soils was investigated. Cd, Pb and Zn were primarily accumulated within the posterior alimentary canal. As the whole-worm Pb burden increased, the proportion of the metal accumulated within this tissue fraction increased. A similar pattern was found for Zn. By contrast, 70%–76% of the Cd burden was found in the posterior alimentary canal, irrespective of the whole-worm Cd content. The accumulation of Cd, Pb and Zn primarily in the posterior alimentary canal prevents dissemination of large concentrations of these metals into other earthworm tissues, and may thus represent a dextoxification strategy based on accumulative immobilisation. Cu was distributed fairly evenly in the tissue fractions investigated. There was no evidence of sequestration of this metal. The apparent lack of a detoxification strategy may contribute to the well-known susceptibility of earthworms to low environmental Cu concentrations. Indeed, earthworms from the site of highest soil Cu (Ecton) were markedly smaller than those from the other sites sampled. The highest Ca concentrations were found in the anterior alimentary canal, and were related to calciferous gland activity. A large proportion of Ca was also stored as a physiologically available pool in the posterior alimentary canal. Despite huge variations in soil Ca concentrations, the body wall Ca levels were fairly similar in L. rubellus from all the study sites. Thus, L. rubellus may become physiologically adapted to soils of exceptionally low Ca concentration. The observations are discussed in the context of the merits of analysing specific tissues, rather than whole organisms, for the purpose of monitoring metal bioaccumulation.     

Widespread occurrence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Ontario,Canada, and predicted habitat suitability for the emerging Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans

Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, is associated with massive amphibian mortality events worldwide and with some species’ extinctions. Previous ecological niche models suggest that B. dendrobatidis is not well‐suited to northern, temperate climates, but these predictions have often relied on datasets in which northern latitudes are underrepresented. Recent northern detections of B. dendrobatidis suggest that these models may have underestimated the suitability of higher latitudes for this fungus. We used qPCR to test for B. dendrobatidis in 1,041 non‐invasive epithelial swab samples from 18 species of amphibians collected across 735,345 km² in Ontario and Akimiski Island (Nunavut), Canada. We detected the pathogen in 113 samples (10.9%) from 11 species. Only one specimen exhibited potential clinical signs of disease. We used these data to produce six Species Distribution Models of B. dendrobatidis, which classified half of the study area as potential habitat for the fungus. We also tested each sample for B. salamandrivorans, an emerging pathogen that is causing alarming declines in European salamanders, but is not yet detected in North America. We did not detect B. salamandrivorans in any of the samples, providing a baseline for future surveillance. We assessed the potential risk of future introduction by comparing salamander richness to temperature‐dependent mortality, predicted by a previous exposure study. Areas with the highest species diversity and predicted mortality risk extended 60,530 km² across southern Ontario, highlighting the potential threat B. salamandrivorans poses to northern Nearctic amphibians. Preventing initial introduction will require coordinated, transboundary regulation of trade in amphibians (including frogs that can carry and disperse B. salamandrivorans), and surveillance of the pathways of introduction (e.g., water and wildlife). Our results can inform surveillance for both pathogens and efforts to mitigate the spread of chytridiomycosis through wild populations.     

不同气候类型下四川草地土壤有机碳空间分布及影响因素

为探讨不同气候类型下, 草地土壤有机碳含量的分布特征及其影响因素, 以四川省广元市、雅安市和凉山州为研究地区, 对区域内分层土壤(0-10、10-20、20-30 cm)有机碳含量、氮含量, 根系碳含量、土壤pH值、土壤容重、草地物种组成和盖度等进行了分析, 探讨不同气候类型下引起土壤有机碳含量变化的主要原因。结果表明: (1) 3个地区草地总土壤有机碳含量差异显著, 量差依次为雅安>凉山>广元, 均出现土壤碳表聚现象, 并随深度增加而递减; (2)雅安草地不同分层土壤有机碳含量占比与广元和凉山具有明显差异, 其中雅安0-10 cm土壤有机碳含量占比显著降低, 而10-20 cm占比显著升高, 土壤有机碳随土层深度增加其降幅与后两者相比略微平缓; (3)广元10-20 cm土壤有机碳含量与草地丰富度指数正相关, 20-30 cm土壤有机碳含量与Shannon-Winner指数负相关, 而分层土壤有机碳则与土壤pH值和土壤氮含量正相关, 雅安和凉山分层土壤有机碳分别与土壤pH值和土壤氮含量正相关; (4)主成分分析显示, 影响3个地区草地土壤有机碳总量变化的主要因素是气候因素, 次要因素是植被因素。     

Abundance, diversity, and patterns of distribution of primates on the Tapiche River in Amazonian Peru

This work presents data on the relative diversity, abundance, and distribution patterns of primates in a 20 km2 area of the Tapiche River in the Peruvian Amazon. Population data were collected while the study area was both inundated and dry (March to September 1997) using conventional line-transect census techniques. Survey results reflected the presence of 11 primate species, but population parameters on only eight of the species will be presented, including saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis), Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis), brown capuchins (Cebus apella), white-fronted capuchins (Cebus albifrons), monk sakis (Pithecia monachus), red titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus), red uakaris (Cacajao calvus), and red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). Woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha), night monkeys (Aotus nancymaae), and pygmy marmosets (Callithrix pygmaea) were also seen in the area. The data for the smaller-bodied primates is similar to that reported almost 18 years earlier, but the data for the larger-bodied primates reflect a loss in the number of animals present in the area. Pressure from hunters and the timber industry may account for declining numbers of large-bodied primates, while it appears that natural features peculiar to the conservation area contribute to the patchy pattern of distribution.     

Distribution Patterns,Species Assemblages and Habitat Selection of the Stoneflies (Plecoptera) from Two Mediterranean River Basins in Southern Spain

The stonefly distribution and its relationship with habitat changes, based on stream physico chemical features, were investigated in two Mediterranean river basins (Guadaira and Guadalete, S Spain). Plecopteran nymph distribution varied along an elevation gradient. Both stonefly species richness and species diversity increased with altitude. Stoneflies were able to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions but were absent from low altitude sites, temporary streams with high salinity values and high water temperature. A total of 13 stonefly species were found in the study area, from which Tyrrhenoleuctra minuta (Klapálek ) and Protonemura sp. were dominant. The most widespread species were Nemoura lacustris and Capnioneura mitis. Three distinct species assemblages were observed according to their distribution patterns, but with similar environmental preferences. Capnioneura petitpierreae and T. minuta showed preferences to low altitude sites, whereas C. mitis and N. lacustris were found throughout all sites. T. minuta and N. lacustris inhabited permanent and temporary sites, while the same species and C. mitis also were found in semipermanent streams. Temporally, most stoneflies were caught during winter (85.9%), especially at the low altitude sites.     

黄河三角洲植被空间分布特征及其环境解释

为了解黄河三角洲地区植被空间分布与环境因子之间的关系,通过局地植被样方调查、区域遥感影像提取归一化植被指数(NDVI)及地形高度、地下水位埋深、表层土壤Cl~-含量等环境数据采集,综合样地植被与环境数据进行了除趋势对应分析(DCA)和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA),并对区域NDVI与主要环境变量进行了单因子相关性分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果显示:DCA排序可将黄河三角洲植被分为翅碱蓬、柽柳-翅碱蓬、芦苇-柽柳、芦苇4个主要群落类型(群丛),DCCA与DCA排序图总体相似,但DCCA更清晰地表明其第一轴主要代表的是潜水Cl~-浓度等关键水盐因子,且随着水土环境系统盐分含量的减小,群落由翅碱蓬逐渐向芦苇演变。区域典型植被群落和NDVI分布格局与变化趋势受地下水位埋深和潜水Cl~-浓度2个环境因素影响较大(NDVI与2个环境变量间建立的二元回归方程R~2=0.57),而土壤Cl~-含量的植被效应实际上受地下水位埋深和潜水Cl~-浓度的影响。在区域地下水普遍浅埋条件下,地下水成为影响植被生长与分布的生态环境最敏感要素,而地下水位埋深和潜水Cl~-浓度是这一要素中的2个关键因子,尤其是后者梯度变化对天然植被分布格局起重要的控制作用。     

Occurrence,abundance and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Nyando River catchment,Kenya

A baseline study was conducted of the occurrence of macroinvertebrates at 26 sites in the Nyando River catchment in 2005–2006. A total of 13 orders and 16 families of Arthropoda, Mollusca, Platyhelminthes and Annelida were collected, with the order Ephemeroptera being most abundant in the up- and mid-stream reaches, followed by Hemiptera and Plecoptera respectively. The downstream sections of the river were dominated by Hirudinea and tubificids, as the water quality deteriorated mainly due to local land use, raw sewage effluent discharge and annual floods. Insects and annelids were the main invertebrates found and the extent of pollution increased from mid-section (Site 15) downwards as the river flowed into the Winam Gulf. Stringent management measures are required to safeguard the environment and ecosystems of Lake Victoria.     

沿黄稻区灰飞虱越冬种群的时空分布及抽样技术研究

2009—2010年间系统调查了河南省境内沿黄稻区灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallén越冬种群的时空动态变化,并在田间调查的基础上,运用聚集度指标法和改进的Iwao回归分析法对沿黄稻区灰飞虱越冬种群的空间分布格局、理论抽样数及序贯抽样技术进行了研究。结果表明,灰飞虱在沿黄流域主要以少量3、4龄若虫进行越冬,11月下旬进入越冬期,翌年4月上中旬为越冬代种群发生高峰期,成、若虫虫量分别为22头/m2、43头/m2;灰飞虱成虫在5月中旬开始向水稻田迁飞,迁入高峰时虫量在450头/m2以上;灰飞虱越冬代成虫在麦田中空间分布型的聚集性指标大于1,空间分布型为聚集分布型,在此基础上得出灰飞虱田间调查的理论抽样数公式:N=t2/D2(0.324/m+0.086),并且描述了灰飞虱种群序贯抽样的Iwao模型:Tn=25n±15.4n~(1/2)。研究结果为田间灰飞虱的准确抽样调查和有效防治提供了科学依据。