Dose and time dependence of chromosomal aberration yields of bone marrow cells in male Chinese hamsters after a single i.p. injection of aflatoxin B1

The frequency of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells, after a single i.p. aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) dose, was examined in male Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus). There was a significant increase in aberrant cells within 5 days of administration of a dose of 0.1 micrograms-5 mg AFB1/kg, and on the 36th day. After a single dose of 5 mg AFB1/kg the enhanced frequency of aberrant cells was monitored up to day 104 with no sign of a decrease to control level. The results indicate that the minimum mutagenic effect of an AFB1 dose in this system is 0.1 micrograms/kg. Attention is drawn to the long-term presence of chromosomal aberrations even after a single i.p. exposure to AFB1.     

Comutagenic and coclastogenic effects of selenium in vitro and in vivo

The comutagenic activity of selenium was investigated using in vitro and in vivo techniques, including the liquid suspension modification of the standard Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay, the metaphase analysis of chromosome aberrations in CHO cells and in mouse bone marrow as well as the micronucleus assay in mouse bone marrow. 4 h growth of S. typhimurium TA1535 in a nutrient broth containing 2.9 x 10(-5) M but not 1.16 x 10(-5) M Na2SeO3 caused an up to 10-fold increase of the number of N-methylnitrosourea (MNU, 2.0-2.5 mM)-induced his+ revertants and an up to 2-fold elevation of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG, 1.48 x 10(-5))-induced mutation rate. Pretreatment of bacteria with Na2SeO3 alone had no effect on the spontaneous mutation level. The combined treatment of CHO cells with MNNG (1.25 x 10(-5) M) or tobacco smoke (TS, 2-3 puffs generated by a cigarette inhalation machine) plus Na2SeO3 (0.58-1.16 x 10(-5) M) starting 2 h and 4 h before the MNNG or TS treatment respectively resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in the percent of metaphases with chromosome aberrations. Furthermore, treatment for 7-14 days of male BDF1 (C57Bl x DBA2) or CC57W mice with Na2SeO3, added to the drinking water at a concentration of 10 ppm, potentiated by 2-3 times the chromosome-damaging activity of urethane (0.5-1.0 g/kg, i.p.) in mouse bone marrow, as measured by the formation of micronuclei or chromosome aberrations. In addition, Na2SeO3 increased up to 43.8% the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) induced by mitomycin C (MMC, 1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in BDF1 mouse bone marrow. Treatment of mice with Na2SeO3 alone had no effect on the spontaneous level of MNPCE. All these findings are consistent with a comutagenic and coclastogenic activity of selenium both in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes, in vitro as well as in vivo after pretreatment of target cells with the trace element.     

硒的抗癌机制研究——亚硒酸钠对环磷鸟苷的作用

 AFB_1和NDEA与正常小鼠肝切片培养5min即可使cGMP分别升高一倍及一倍半(p<0.001);当有Na_2SeO_3(1μg/mL培养液)存在时,此作用可被消除,单独加入Na_2SeO_3对cGMP无影响。培养介质中存在磷酸二酯酶抑制剂茶碱时,除cGMP基础水平提高外,上述作用均相同。荷腹水型肝癌(HepA)小鼠腹水细胞中cGMP比正常肝中cGMP水平高三倍,连续4天腹腔给硒(Na_2SeO_3、1mg/kg体重)可使癌细胞中cGMP下降一倍。此剂量对正常小鼠肝中cGMP无影响;Na_2SeO_3(1μg/mL)与腹水细胞在体外短时间培养时,对细胞存活无影响,却可使cGMP含量下降。     

Incidence of chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow of monkeys and their progeny after exposure to aflatoxin B1

A mutagenic effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was studied in somatic cells of primates. It is shown that AFB1 elevates the chromosome aberration frequency in bone marrow cells of two monkey species: Macaca mulatta and Papio hamadryas. Genome mutations were found in these experimental primates simultaneously with chromosome aberrations. The AFB1-induced chromosome aberrations were revealed at least during two years of the study. The fact of the chromosome aberration frequency increase was established in Macaca babies born from females who received AFB1 in pregnancy.     

Effects of inorganic selenium compounds on oxidative DNA damage

Exposure of Escherichia coli or mammalian cells to H2O2 results in cell death due to iron-mediated DNA damage. Since selenium compounds have been examined for their ability to act as antioxidants to neutralize radical species, and inorganic selenium compounds are used to supplement protein mixes, infant formula, and animal feed, determining the effect of these compounds on DNA damage under conditions of oxidative stress is crucial. In the presence of Fe(II) and H2O2, the effects of Na2SeO4, Na2SeO3, SeO2 (0.5-5000 microM), and Na2Se (0.5-200 microM) on DNA damage were quantified using gel electrophoresis. Both Na2SeO4 and Na2Se have no effect on DNA damage, whereas SeO2 inhibits DNA damage and Na2SeO3 shows antioxidant or pro-oxidant activity depending on H2O2 concentration. Similar electrophoresis experiments with [Fe(EDTA)](2-) (400 microM) and Na2SeO3 or SeO2 show that metal coordination by the selenium compound is required for antioxidant activity. In light of these results, Na2SeO4 may be safer than Na2SeO3 for nutritional supplements.     

Protective effect of vitamin E against chromosomal aberrations and mutation induced by sodium chromate in Chinese hamster V79 cells

The effect of vitamin E on chromosomal aberrations and mutation caused by Na2CrO4 was investigated in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Pretreatment with 25 microM alpha-tocopherol succinate (vitamin E) for 24 h prior to chromate exposure (2.5-5 microM) resulted in a decrease of metal-induced chromosomal aberrations. Na2CrO4 (2.5-7.5 microM) induced mutations at the HGPRT locus, but only within a very limited concentration range. This mutagenic response could also be suppressed by pretreatment with vitamin E. These results suggest that vitamin E can protect cells from the clastogenic and mutagenic action of chromate compounds, possibly through its ability to scavenge chromium(V) and/or free radicals.     

Selenium modified mutagenicity and metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in an S9-dependent system

Selenium added to the incubation mix containing rat-liver S9 modified both the metabolism and mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and several of its metabolites. Selenium (Na2SeO3) inhibited the S9-dependent mutagenic effects of BaP on Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 as indicated by the number of histidine-dependent revertants counted. This inhibition was concentration-dependent over a range of 12.5 to 100 ppm. When used as the substrate the BaP metabolites 7,8-dihydrodiol, 9,10-dihydrodiol and 3-hydroxy also produced significantly fewer revertants in TA100 when selenium was included in the incubation mix. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of metabolites from S9-dependent metabolism of BaP indicated that selenium inhibited the formation of 3-hydroxy-BaP, 9,10-dihydrodiol, 7,8-dihydrodiol, 1,3- and 3,6-quinone. Eluting samples on an alumina column to isolate the conjugated metabolites showed that selenium caused 12% less binding to glucuronides, no significant differences in binding to sulfate esters or glutathione but the amount of unmetabolized BaP and unconjugated metabolites was increased by 48%. These results suggest that selenium inhibits S9-dependent BaP metabolism therefore reducing the mutagenic effects of this compound.     

Na_2SeO_3对血影收缩蛋白(spectrin)与肌动蛋白(actin)相互作用的影响

Na_2SeO_3不影响肌动蛋白(actin)的聚合,但它可通过与血影收缩蛋白(spectrin)作用而间接促进actin的聚合。Na_2SeO_3的作用具有浓度依赖性:低浓度(0.5-5.0ppm)可提高actin聚合过程的成核速度及延伸速度,高浓度则产生相反的效应。巯基试剂如N-乙基马来酰亚胺(NEM)可消除硒的效应。因此,推测适量的硒可能导致spectrin构象发生一定变化,增强spectrin与actin的结合,降低actin链解聚的倾向性,从而稳定红细胞膜骨架。     

Na_2SeO_3对血影收缩蛋白(spectrin)与肌动蛋白(actin)相互作用的影响

Na_2SeO_3不影响肌动蛋白(actin)的聚合,但它可通过与血影收缩蛋白(spectrin)作用而间接促进actin的聚合。Na_2SeO_3的作用具有浓度依赖性:低浓度(0.5-5.0ppm)可提高actin聚合过程的成核速度及延伸速度,高浓度则产生相反的效应。巯基试剂如N-乙基马来酰亚胺(NEM)可消除硒的效应。因此,推测适量的硒可能导致spectrin构象发生一定变化,增强spectrin与actin的结合,降低actin链解聚的倾向性,从而稳定红细胞膜骨架。     

硒对红细胞膜稳定作用的浓度依赖性

 Na_2SeO_3对人红细胞膜骨架具有稳定作用,但这种作用依赖于Na_2SeO_3的浓度。在低离子强度下,4℃透析人红细胞膜,实验组加入不同浓度的Na_2SeO_3,对照组不加Na_2SeO_3。结果表明,0.1—0.8ppm Na_2SeO_3的存在比对照组具有较高的Na~+,K~+-ATP酶活性、膜脂流动性。用N-[3-芘]-马来酰胺作探针,反映两者构象也有差异。如果在透析液中加入较高浓度的Na_2SeO_3(>1.0ppm)则会产生与低浓度相反的结果。人红细胞膜~31P-NMR的测试也表明,加入0.4ppm与4.0ppm Na_2SeO_3会产生不同的结果。与对照组相比较,低浓度使化学位移各向异性值(△σ)下降,而高浓度则使△σ增加。     

The effect of selenium on the function of the anion transporter (Band 3) of erythrocyte membranes.

The transport activity of Band 3 of spectrin-stripped inside-out erythrocyte membrane vesicles (IOVs) or resealed ghosts was enhanced in the presence of trace amounts of Na2SeO3 (0.2-0.5 p.p.m.); however, at higher concentrations of Na2SeO3 (> 4.0 p.p.m.), an inverse result was obtained. Reassociation of spectrin with IOVs has no effect either on the transport activity of Band 3 or on the enhancement of its activity by Na2SeO3. Sulfhydryl reagents (p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and N-ethylmaleimide) could also inhibit Band 3 activity and eliminate the selenium effect. It is suggested that SH groups are involved in anion transport of Band 3 and that the selenium effect is based on the interaction of SH groups of Band 3 with Na2SeO3.     

Potentiation of sodium chromate(VI)-induced chromosomal aberrations and mutation by vitamin B2 in Chinese hamster V79 cells.

The effect of vitamin B2, which is capable of reducing chromium(VI) to chromium(V), on chromosomal aberrations and mutation caused by Na2CrO4 was investigated in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Pretreatment with 200 microM vitamin B2 (riboflavin) for 24 h prior to exposure to Na2CrO4 (2.5-5 microM) resulted in an increase of metal-induced chromosomal aberrations and mutation at the HGPRT locus. These and other previous studies suggest that vitamin B2 enhances the clastogenic and mutagenic action of chromate compounds, through its ability to directly reduce chromium(VI) in cells.     

The modifying effect of selenium and vitamins A, C, and E on the genotoxicity induced by sunset yellow in male mice

The use of food additives in various products is growing up. It has attracted the attention towards the possible correlation between the mutagenic potential of food additives and various human diseases. This work evaluated the protective role of selenium and vitamins A, C and E (selenium ACE)(1) against the genotoxic effects induced by a synthetic food additive, sunset yellow, in mice. Six groups were studied including two control groups (negative and positive control), two groups are given single dose of sunset yellow (either 0.325, 0.65 or 1.3mg/kg body weight(2) alone or with selenium ACE) and two groups are given sunset yellow daily for 1, 2 or 3 weeks (0.325mg/kg b.wt./day alone or with selenium ACE), respectively. The study examined the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE's)(3) in bone-marrow cells, chromosomal aberration in somatic (bone-marrow) and germ cells (spermatocytes) after single and repeated oral treatment, and the induction of morphological sperm abnormalities. The results showed that sunset yellow had genotoxic effects as indicated by increased frequency of SCE's, by chromosomal aberrations in both somatic and germ cells, and by increased morphological sperm abnormalities and DNA fragmentation. The results also indicated that the oral administration of selenium ACE significantly reduced the genotoxic effects of sunset yellow, a result that may support the use of antioxidants as chemopreventive agents in many applications.     

Chromosome aberrations induced by aflatoxin B1 in rat bone marrow cells in vivo and their suppression by green tea

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced chromosome aberrations (CA) in rat bone marrow cells consisted mainly of gaps and breaks. Cells with exchanges and multiple CA were observed infrequently. The incidence of aberrant cells and the number of aberrations per cell were at their maximum levels 18 h after the AFB1 injection. They were dependent on the administered dose of AFB1. Rats given the hot water extract from green tea (GTE) 24 h before they were injected with AFB1 displayed considerably suppressed AFB1-induced CA in their bone marrow cells. Rats administered GTE 2 h before or after the AFB1 injection showed no suppressive effect. The suppressive effect of GTE on AFB1-induced CA paralleled the dose of GTE when given in the range between 0.1 and 2 g/kg body weight; higher doses produced no additional suppression. On the other hand, rats given the hot water extract from black tea or coffee 24 or 2 h before the AFB1 injection showed no suppressive effect. The administration of caffeine 24 h before the AFB1 injection suppressed AFB1-induced CA as well as the administration of caffeine 2 h before the AFB1 injection. However, the suppression rate with 2 h was larger than with 24 h. The suppression by ellagic acid was found only when it was given 2 h before the AFB1 injection. The administration of ascorbic acid or tannic acid did not significantly suppress AFB1-induced CA. The tannin mixture extracted from green tea (GTTM) showed a similar tendency to GTE, that is, the administration of GTTM 24 h before the AFB1 injection potently suppressed AFB1-induced CA, while the administration of GTTM 2 h before the AFB1 injection did not suppress them significantly. The suppressive effect of GTTM on AFB1-induced CA paralleled the dose of GTTM when given in the range of 75-450 mg/kg body weight.     

Protective effects of vitamins and selenium compounds in yeast

Antimutagens and anticarcinogens are known to play an important role in decreasing damages induced by oxidants. In this study, we investigated the genotoxic and antimutagenic potential of two selenium compounds (sodium selenite: Na(2)SeO(3); seleno-DL-methionine: C(5)H(11)NO(2)Se) and Vitamins A and E in yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An oxidative mutagen (hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), HP) was chosen as positive control. We determined the enzymatic activities involved in the protection against oxidative damages (catalase: CAT; superoxide dismutase: SOD; glutathione peroxidase: GPx) in the cytosolic extract of yeast cells. The results demonstrated that selenium compounds exerted both mutagenic and antimutagenic effect at different concentrations. Antimutagenesis was evident both in stationary and in logarithmic phase cells. Catalase, SOD, and GPx were significantly increased in the presence of all the compounds assayed. Vitamins A (retinol) and E (alpha-tocopherol) did not have toxic or mutagenic action.     

Evaluation of the mutagenic effect of the new fungicide trimorphamide

The new Czechoslovak fungicide trimorphamide was tested for its mutagenic activity. To evaluate the potential mutagenic effects on Drosophila, trimorphamide at 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0% was administered into the cultivation medium, and the sex-linked recessive lethal mutation detection test and the chromosome nondisjunction test were used. After administration of trimorphamide to mice at 60, 150 and 300 mg . kg-1 b.w. perorally, and 30, 70 and 150 mg . kg-1 b.w. intraperitoneally in single and repeated (5X) doses, a cytogenetic analysis of chromosomal aberrations in bone-marrow cells was performed. The cytogenetic analysis of human peripheral lymphocytes for chromosomal aberrations in vitro was performed 24 h after trimorphamide had been applied into the culture in concentrations 19.1 X 10(-3), 19.1 X 10(-4) and 19.1 X 10(-5) M. Under our testing conditions the trimorphamide concentrations used did not show any mutagenic effect upon Drosophila, compared with the controls. Also, under the conditions of the cytogenetic analysis, no significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in mouse bone marrow or in human peripheral lymphocyte was observed compared with the group of controls.     

Sister-chromatid exchange induction by sodium selenite: reduced glutathione converts Na2SeO3 to its SCE-inducing form

Sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) is an anticarcinogenic/antimutagenic agent that exhibits carcinogenic/mutagenic properties in some short-term test systems used for the detection of DNA-damaging agents. One such test system is sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) induction. Na2SeO3 induces SCEs only if red blood cells (RBCs) are present to 'activate' it to its SCE-inducing form. Here, the ability of reduced glutathione, a major component of RBCs, to serve as an RBC substitute in the activation of Na2SeO3 was determined. Reduced glutathione (10(-4) and 10(-3) M) was shown to be as capable as RBCs in activating Na2SeO3 (7.95 X 10(-6) M) to its SCE-inducing form. These data suggest strongly that the pathway normally utilized by RBCs in the metabolism of Na2SeO3 is the same as that in which Na2SeO3 is converted to its SCE-inducing form.     

AC1及AC3对白内障形成中晶状体氧化还原物质及硒含量的变化

观察了AC1和AC3对抗亚硒酸钠性白内障形成过程中晶状体的脂类过氧化作用,非蛋白质疏基水平及硒含量。结果表明,亚硒酸钠组大鼠,在晶状体混浊出现前已发生脂类过氧化作用及硒含量的明显增加,非蛋白质巯基含量的显著降低,并持续至核混浊期;而同时接受AC1或AC3的大鼠,晶状体非蛋白质巯基水平初期降低,然后逐渐恢复至正常。AC1可有效的对抗亚硒酸钠所致的脂类过氧化作用增加,而AC3的对抗效应需一定剂量及时程,两者对晶状体硒含量均无明显影响。     

Selenium: inhibition of microtubule formation and interaction with tubulin.

We have studied the interaction of Na2SeO3 with microtubule proteins and tubulin. This selenium compound inhibits the polymerization of MTP (half-inhibition occurred for Na2SeO3 10 microM), and to a lesser that of tubulin. This effect of selenite is related to the formation of disulfide bridges between tubulin sulfhydryl groups, inducing a conformational change of the protein. This is corroborated by the modified binding of colchicine and vinblastine in presence of selenium. The selenite inhibitory concentrations are similar to the toxic blood levels of selenium (40 microM).     

Induction and persistence of micronuclei, sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in splenocytes and bone-marrow cells of rats exposed to ethylene oxide

Studies on the induction and persistence of ethylene oxide (EO) induced chromosomal alterations in rat bone-marrow cells and splenocytes following in vivo exposure were carried out. Rats were exposed to ethylene oxide either chronically by inhalation (50-200ppm, 4 weeks, 5 days/week, 6h/day) or acutely by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) at dose levels of 50-100ppm.Spontaneous- and induced-frequencies of micronuclei (MN), sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosomal aberrations were determined in rat bone-marrow cells, and in splenocytes following in vitro mitogen stimulation. Unstable chromosomal aberrations were studied in whole genome using standard Giemsa staining technique and fluorescence in situ hybridisation using probe for chromosome #2 was employed to detect chromosome translocations.Following chronic exposure, the cytogenetic analyses were carried out at days 5 and 21 in rat splenocytes, to study the induction and persistence of sister-chromatid exchanges. Following chronic exposure, ethylene oxide was effective in inducing SCEs, and markedly cells with high frequency SCEs were observed and they in-part persisted until day 21 post-exposure. However, no significant effect was observed in rat splenocytes for induction of MN and chromosomal aberrations. Following acute exposure, both SCEs and MN were increased significantly in rat bone-marrow cells as well as splenocytes.In conclusion, this study indicates that ethylene oxide at the concentrations employed by intraperitoneal injection or inhalation in adult rats is mutagenic and can induce both SCEs and MN.