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1.
本文阐述了植物源驱蚊物质的主要活性成分、具有驱蚊作用的植物种类;讨论了植物源驱蚊剂的开发现状、存在问题及影响驱蚊效果的因素;提出了未来驱蚊剂的研究热点和方向。  相似文献   

2.
寄生性和捕食性天敌昆虫成虫普遍存在通过取食蜜粉源植物补充营养的行为,这可不同程度地促进天敌昆虫性成熟、延长其寿命、提高其生殖力或寄生率,以及搜寻寄主效率和子代雌性比率,从而显著提高天敌昆虫在生物防治中的控害能力和效果。蜜粉源植物花的结构及植物对天敌昆虫产生的嗅觉、视觉信号和花蜜花粉对天敌昆虫产生的味觉信号又显著影响天敌昆虫选择蜜粉源植物的行为和结果。但是,蜜粉源植物也可成为害虫的补充营养植物,从而提高害虫的为害能力。因此,需深入研究不同蜜粉源植物对天敌昆虫及害虫的作用,趋利避害,才可能应用蜜粉源植物成功调控天敌与害虫的益害比,实现害虫的可持续控制。  相似文献   

3.
植物源昆虫拒食活性物质的研究和应用   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
植物在与昆虫协调进化过程中形成了许多具有防御功能的次生代谢物质。作者对近年来植物源昆虫拒食活性物质的研究和应用进行了综述,其结构类型主要涉及萜类、生物碱类、酚类等,讨论了制约植物源昆虫拒食剂发展的因素并展望了植物源昆虫拒食剂在未来害虫综合治理中的作用。  相似文献   

4.
作物细菌性青枯病作为最严重的作物病害之一,传统的防治方法不能满足现代生态农业的要求,因而环保、高效的生物防治,特别是利用植物源活性物进行生物防治成为研究热点。综述了近年国内外利用植物源活性物防治作物青枯病的报道,概括了植物源活性物防治作物青枯病的成果,可为开发、研究新型生物农药提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
为延长枸杞鲜果的贮存时间,开发专用植物源保鲜剂,采用浸泡法初步研究18种植物提取物对枸杞鲜果的保鲜作用。结果表明,荷叶乙醇提取物和柠檬油对枸杞鲜果具有较好的保鲜活性,在1 g/L和1 mL/L剂量时,处理5 d后好果率分别为78.64%和72.22%,质量损失率分别为7.68%和8.13%,显著优于标准药剂1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP 0.25 μL/L,P<0.05);其次为肉桂油、丁香叶油、香紫苏油、卡楠加油、丹参提取物和知母提取物,好果率均在50%以上;最佳使用剂量筛选表明,荷叶乙醇提取物和柠檬油二者分别在2 g/L和400 μL/L时对枸杞鲜果的保鲜效果最好,处理5 d后枸杞鲜果好果率均在80%以上,显著优于1-MCP(0.25 μL/L)处理。可见荷叶提取物和柠檬油对枸杞鲜果具有较好的保鲜活性,值得进一步研究。  相似文献   

6.
中国植物源杀虫剂的研制与应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
郝乃斌  戈巧英 《植物学报》1999,16(5):495-503
我国植物资源极其丰富,而且应用植物杀虫历史悠久。近年来我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展迅速,获得了一批重要成果,并在某些方面接近或达到国际先进水平。本文简要综述我国植物源杀虫剂的研究现状,介绍了其杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、防治对象、杀虫机理及开发前景。从而为研究植物源杀虫剂奠定了基础。  相似文献   

7.
中国植物源杀虫剂的研制与应用   总被引:40,自引:1,他引:40  
我国植物资源极其丰富,而且应用植物杀虫历史悠久。近年来我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展迅速,获得了一批重要成果,并在某些方面接近或达到国际先进水平。本文简要综述我国植物源杀虫剂的研究现状,介绍了其杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、防治对象、杀虫机理及开发前景。从而为研究植物源杀虫剂奠定了基础  相似文献   

8.
从植物中寻找农药活性物质   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
从植物中寻找农药活性物质,判明结构,使之成为创新类型农药有效母体,是创制新农药品种的重要途径之一,受到当今全世界农药界的广泛重视。本文综合性介绍植物与农药的关系,该交叉学科研究的一般程序和方法以及通过对有效母体的结构改造,构一效关系的研究,创制新农药的研究过程。  相似文献   

9.
植物挥发性物质对昆虫作用的研究进展   总被引:32,自引:7,他引:32  
不同植物的挥发性物质对昆虫行为有着不同的调节作用,部分对害虫表现为引诱作用,部分对害虫表现为驱避和致死作用,有的则表现为寄主植物与天敌昆虫之间的互惠引诱定位作用。本文综述了近年国内外有关植物挥发性物质的研究概况及其对昆虫的不同作用,展望了其在未来害虫综合治理中的应用。  相似文献   

10.
应用干扰作用控制指数(the interference index of population control,IIPC)评价了3种异源植物次生物质对褐稻虱种群控制的干扰作用.结果表明,非嗜食植物薇甘菊、飞机草(浓度均为0.01 gDW/mL)和苦楝油(200倍)对褐稻虱种群的增长起着明显的干扰作用,其中对成虫产卵驱避的IIPC分别为0.4383、0.4308、0.4795,对褐稻虱种群的防治效果可达73.89%、76.07%和81.34%.其作用主要表现为对成虫的产卵驱避,对若虫的毒杀作用较弱,对褐稻虱种群的IIPC分别为0.2611、0.2393和0.1966;此外表明对褐稻虱种群的寄生性天敌安全.  相似文献   

11.
    
Quantitative information on dispersal of insects should be taken into consideration for making efficient pest management decisions. Such information was not available for the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), an important biocontrol agent in fruit orchards. A mark‐recapture experiment was carried out in Belgian orchards, where marked earwigs were released at a single point and recaptured after 1 month. Dispersal from this release point was analysed using an analytical formula of a simple diffusion model with disappearance (e.g., as a result of death) derived by Turchin & Thoeny (1993; Quantifying dispersal of southern pine beetles with mark‐recapture experiments and a diffusion model. Ecological Applications 3: 187) . The cumulative number of recaptured earwigs as a function of the distance of release was used to fit the model and estimate parameters. A derived expression, in terms of these parameters, was used to estimate the frequency distribution of the population, as the radius of a circle enclosing various proportions of the earwigs’ dispersal distances. In Belgium, populations of the European earwig can have two life‐history strategies, single‐ (SBP) and double‐brood populations (DBP). Therefore, mark‐recapture experiments were carried out on both population types. We fitted data from SBP (n = 10) and DBP (n = 16) successfully in both the diffusion model and in an exponential curve. Because of the biological relevance, estimates of the diffusion model were used for calculating the frequency distributions. Males and females dispersed the same distances. No differences were found between orchards with different spatial structures (apple and pear). According to literature data, mobility of earwigs is very low compared with other arthropods, which has consequences for the efficiency of biocontrol interventions, like mass releases of earwigs or the use of hedgerows for the establishment of healthy (source) populations. Quantitative results revealed that earwigs of SBP dispersed four times further than earwigs of double‐brood populations. For instance, 95% of the population remained within a radius of 28.6 m in SBP and 7.54 m in DBP.  相似文献   

12.
    
Agricultural improvements that reduce conventional pesticide use and support environmental aims are a priority. Current approaches develop promising alternative products but meet significant challenges in bringing them to market. This article reports findings of an Association of Applied Biologists event at which delegates from relevant industry sectors discussed the establishment of an effective integrated pest management innovation system linking multiple stakeholders. Interrelated recommendations were agreed upon, focused on structured gap analysis, co-design processes reflecting the complete innovation system, the approval process, application equipment, enhancing grower confidence, integrating knowledge exchange activities, promulgation of public good information and the need for an overarching national action plan and supporting legislation.  相似文献   

13.
番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta是一种世界性入侵性害虫,起源于南美洲,主要危害茄科作物。当前,番茄潜叶蛾主要防控手段为化学防治,但化学防治易引起害虫抗药性水平升高,对环境、非靶标物种造成危害,甚至还给人类身体健康带来负面影响。因此,环境友好的生物防治技术成为当前的研究热点,在多个国家和地区已经将生物防治技术用于番茄潜叶蛾防控。昆虫病原线虫(Entomopathogenic nematodes,EPNs)是害虫生物防治的常用生防作用物,也是害虫综合治理(Integrative Pest Management,IPM)策略中的重要组成部分。目前,关于利用昆虫病原线虫开展番茄潜叶蛾生物防治的研究内容比较零散,本研究系统梳理了全球范围内利用EPNs防治番茄潜叶蛾的研究进展,并从以下几个部分进行了综述:(1)昆虫病原线虫的分类及生物学特性;(2)应用昆虫病原线虫防治番茄潜叶蛾研究进展;(3)环境因素对昆虫病原线虫防效的影响;(4)昆虫病原线虫与其他防控措施联合施用技术。本文总结了提高利用昆虫病原线虫防控番茄潜叶蛾效力的方法,并对利用昆虫病原线虫防控番茄潜叶蛾的研究提出了展望。  相似文献   

14.
    
In 2014, the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was first spotted in northern Italy in the Nature Park of the Ticino Valley, its first detection in continental Europe. This polyphagous invasive species has the potential to cause serious losses to horticulture and agriculture. Particularly for its management in a Nature Park, environmentally friendly strategies are necessary. To develop baseline data for a biological control approach to the Italian outbreak of P. japonica, we conducted laboratory and field experiments testing several indigenous and commercial strains of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae against P. japonica larvae. In the laboratory, strains of H. bacteriophora caused greater mortality (ranging from 57% to 100%) than those of S. carpocapsae (3% to 77%). In micro‐plot field tests carried out at three different times, the most virulent indigenous EPN strain, H. bacteriophora ItH‐LU1, showed again the best results ranging from 44% to 93% against young larvae. Finally, in a large‐plot field trial, the commercial H. bacteriophora product provided 46% larval mortality. This study shows that H. bacteriophora strains have good potential as biological control agents of larvae of the invasive P. japonica in northern Italy.  相似文献   

15.
    
Insectivorous bats are efficient predators of pest arthropods in agroecosystems. This pest control service has been estimated to be worth billions of dollars to agriculture globally. However, few studies have explicitly investigated the composition and abundance of dietary prey items consumed or assessed the ratio of pest and beneficial arthropods, making it difficult to evaluate the quality of the pest control service provided. In this study, we used metabarcoding to identify the prey items eaten by insectivorous bats over the cotton‐growing season in an intensive cropping region in northern New South Wales, Australia. We found that seven species of insectivorous bat (n = 58) consumed 728 prey species, 13 of which represented around 50% of total prey abundance consumed. Importantly, the identified prey items included major arthropod pests, comprising 65% of prey relative abundance and 13% of prey species recorded. Significant cotton pests such as Helicoverpa punctigera (Australian bollworm) and Achyra affinitalis (cotton webspinner) were detected in at least 76% of bat fecal samples, with Teleogryllus oceanicus (field crickets), Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm), and Crocidosema plebejana (cotton tipworm) detected in 55% of bat fecal samples. Our results indicate that insectivorous bats are selective predators that exploit a narrow selection of preferred pest taxa and potentially play an important role in controlling lepidopteran pests on cotton farms. Our study provides crucial information for farmers to determine the service or disservice provided by insectivorous bats in relation to crops, for on‐farm decision making.  相似文献   

16.
    
The palm borer moth (Paysandisia archon, Burmeister) is a member of the Castniidae family originally from South America and is currently included in the A2 list of the OEPP/EPPO. This moth was introduced to Europe in 2000 through ornamental palms. Since its accidental introduction, it has become a major threat for natural stands of native palms, as well as for nurseries and gardens in the Mediterranean basin. To date, neither preventive nor control methods have been implemented for managing this pest under field conditions. In this review, we highlight the most relevant information on the biology of P. archon and summarize the available control strategies with a special focus on biocontrol-based treatments.  相似文献   

17.
    
Weaver ants (Oecophylla spp.) are managed in plantations to control insect pests and are sometimes harvested as a protein‐rich food source. In both cases, the amount of insect prey caught by the ants is imperative for returns, as more prey leads to more effective biocontrol and to a higher production of ants. Malaise‐like traps placed in trees may catch flying insects without catching ants, as ants may use pheromone trails to navigate in and out of the traps. Thus, ants may increase their prey intake if they are able to extract insects caught in traps. In a mango plantation in Tanzania, we estimated the amount of insects caught by simple traps (cost per trap = 3.9 USD), and whether Oecophylla longinoda was able to collect insects from them. On average, a trap caught 110 insects per month without catching any weaver ants. The number of insects found in traps with ant access was 25% lower than in control traps (ants excluded), showing that ants were able to gather prey from the traps. Ant activity in traps increased over time, showing that prey extraction efficiency may increase as ants customize to the traps. The prey removed from traps by ants constituted 5% of the number of prey items collected by O. longinoda under natural conditions (without traps), potentially increasing to 14% if ants learn to extract all insects. Thus, prey intake may be increased with 5–14% per 3.9 USD invested in traps. These numbers increased to 38 and 78%, respectively, when light was used to attract insects during night time. Combining ant predation with insect trapping is a new approach potentially building increased returns to ant biocontrol and to ant entomophagy.  相似文献   

18.
    
Streptomyces saraceticus strain 31 (SS31) exhibits antagonistic activities against a variety of phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi and nematodes. In our effort to integrate SS31 into an effective pest management programme for controlling plant pathogens, we assessed the toxicities of 74 pesticides commonly employed in agricultural production on SS31 using paper disc assays. Most of the test insecticides, acaricides, nematicides and plant growth regulators showed no antagonistic effects towards SS31. However, all six tested herbicides, glyphosate, paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium, quizalofop-ethyl, pendimthalin and butralin exerted strong inhibitory effects on SS31. Among the 42 tested fungicides, half of them, including acid amides, strobilurins, carbamates, antibiotics and morphine displayed no detrimental effects on SS31. Notably, copper-based fungicides demonstrated high toxicity to SS31. Although chlorothalonil and thiophanate methyl + streptomycin displayed inhibitory effects on SS31, applying these pesticides with SS31 in pot tests resulted in a lower Meloidogyne incognita galling index compared with the mock control under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, applying SS31 with carbofuran or ethoprop effectively controlled M. incognita. These findings can provide strategies to refine application timing and enhance the beneficial effects of SS31.  相似文献   

19.
病虫害严重威胁着作物安全生产。近年来,在RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)基础上开发病虫害防控策略的研究得到越来越多的关注。RNAi是真核生物体内的一种基因调控过程,如何将外源RNA有效地递送到靶标生物体内,是病虫害RNAi技术能否成功的关键之一。国内外学者进行了大量研究和实践,探究影响病虫害吸收和传递外源双链RNA(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA)的因素,探索提高dsRNA递送效率的方法,取得了重要的进展。本文对相关研究进行了梳理,简述了影响病虫害对dsRNA吸收和递送的因素,对外源RNA的递送策略进行了综述,讨论了纳米颗粒复合物在dsRNA递送中的应用前景,以期为相关研究提供参考。  相似文献   

20.
This was the first study to have surveyed the spatial and temporal structure of Apocrita wasps in lowbush blueberry fields, a unique native agricultural landscape in Maine and eastern Canada. The relative abundances of wasps associated with lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) were investigated in 33 blueberry fields throughout Washington County, Maine, USA. Native wasps were captured during the springs and summers of 1997 and 1998 in Malaise traps erected along a transect in each field. Vegetation sampling was also conducted along these transects to quantify available floral resources. Data indicate the abundance of the total wasp community was positively associated with the abundance of sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia L.). Relationships between trap capture of 13 wasp morphospecies and other flowering weeds were also investigated. Most taxa in 1998 were positively associated with one or more of the following flowering plants: bunchberry (Cornus canadensis L.), bush honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera P. Mill.), dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium L.), sheep laurel, and witherod (Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides L.). Similar results were not evident in 1997 because the method used to sample vegetation was not as extensive as that used in 1998. However, sheep laurel was positively associated with the wasp genera Microplitis spp. and Phanerotoma spp. during both years.  相似文献   

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