呼吸道感染样本病毒宏基因组学技术及其应用进展

呼吸道感染在世界范围内造成巨大的医疗负担,导致呼吸道感染的病原非常多,快速准确判断感染病原对有效地预防控制及临床诊治至关重要。高通量测序及病毒宏基因组学技术近年来不断发展并越来越多地用于呼吸道感染的临床诊断及研究中。本文就呼吸道感染样本病毒宏基因组学技术(呼吸道感染样本前处理、高通量测序文库的准备、测序数据处理方法)及其应用进展进行简要的综述。     

中国部分地区蝙蝠携带病毒的宏基因组学分析

蝙蝠携带有60多种病毒,其中许多对人有高度致病性.为了解中国蝙蝠携带病毒的自然本底、蝙蝠病毒的多样性和挖掘潜在的病毒病原,通过基于Solexa高通量测序的病毒宏基因组学技术对从吉林、云南、湖南采集的蝙蝠组织进行病毒组学研究,获得了11 644 232条读长(Reads),并拼接出44 872条重叠序列(Contig).通过核酸序列注释发现,其中8.2％(4 002/44 872)的重叠序列与病毒相关,能进一步注释到36个病毒科,包括19种脊椎动物病毒、6种植物病毒、4种昆虫病毒和4种噬菌体.通过对重叠序列的遗传进化分析、多序列比对显示,被注释为细小病毒、腺联病毒、博卡病毒、腺病毒、小双节RNA病毒等的重叠序列与已知病毒相似,部分序列却又呈现出明显的序列差异.通过对腺病毒和博卡病毒进一步的PCR扩增证实了此研究方法可靠.旨在了解我国蝙蝠携带病毒组的构成,对建立高效的野生动物源人兽共患病的监测方法提供参考.     

中国广西龙虎山野生猕猴粪便的病毒宏基因组学分析

非人灵长类携带的病毒种类繁多,其中部分对人具有致病性。为深入了解我国野生猕猴携带病毒的状况,本研究应用MiSeq高通量测序及生物信息学分析技术,对从广西采集的280份猕猴粪便标本进行了病毒宏基因组学的分析。高通量测序共获得了233 726 79条读长(Reads),其中4641条序列与病毒相关,进一步注释到27个病毒科(包含细小病毒科中的细小病毒亚科和浓核病毒亚科),包括其中5种脊椎动物病毒(占78.2%)、6种昆虫病毒(占5.5%)、11种植物病毒(占10.4%)、其他的病毒(占9.8%);遗传进化分析结果显示,被注释为萨佩罗病毒、肠道病毒、细小病毒、腺相关病毒等序列与已知病毒相似,部分序列呈现明显的差异;应用PCR扩增进一步证实了病毒序列的真实存在。本研究初步确定了广西地区猕猴粪便中病毒的病毒谱,为深入分析和研究其中有潜在公共卫生意义的病毒奠定了基础。     

宏基因组学及其在口腔微生物研究中的应用

宏基因组是指环境中所有微生物的遗传物质总和。宏基因组学技术可以最大限度地利用环境中的微生物资源,受到了国内外微生物研究者的重点关注。口腔中寄居着大量的微生物群落,以往对口腔疾病微生物的研究大多局限于单纯的细菌培养技术,然而,由于培养技术的局限性,部分微生物很难或根本不能培养,宏基因组学技术打破了这一局限性,帮助人类发掘更丰富的口腔微生物资源。最近,以宏基因组学测序为基础的研究描绘出了口腔生态系统的图谱,越来越多的实验证明口腔微生物组在各种口腔疾病甚至全身系统性疾病中的重要作用。同时,这也为基于人类微生物组的诊断和治疗开辟了新的途径。本综述旨在说明宏基因组学是研究人类口腔疾病及全身疾病相关微生物的得力工具,而且具有广阔的发展前景,同时也讨论了宏基因组学在应用中有待克服的局限性。     

基于宏基因组学分析湘西腊肉的细菌多样性

目的 解析湘西成熟腊肉制品中微生物群落结构和种群丰度。 方法 采集湖南慈利县、辰溪县和古丈县3个样地成熟腊肉样品,提取样品细菌总DNA,利用454焦磷酸高通量测序法进行测序,并进行生物信息学分析。 结果 从慈利腊肉获得10 449条优质序列,聚类得到132个OTUs,注释为8个菌门,鉴定出82个属;其中变形菌门为主要细菌类群,占比90.1%;葡萄球菌属为优势菌属,占比47.6%。辰溪腊肉获得10 719条优质序列,聚类得到70个OTUs,归入5个菌门,37个菌属,变形菌门占比54.2%,为优势菌门;葡萄球菌属为第一大菌属,占比65.5%。古丈腊肉获得15 577条优质序列,聚类得到97个OTUs,分属于9个菌门,52个菌属,其中厚壁菌门占比84.5%,为最丰富的类群;葡萄球菌属为优势属,占比71.1%。3地区腊肉样品群落多样性高低依次为辰溪>慈利>古丈,湘西成熟腊肉中优势细菌类群为葡萄球菌,其次为鞘氨醇单胞菌和嗜冷杆菌。鞘氨醇单胞菌在腊肉样品中作为优势菌群为首次报道。 结论 湘西成熟腊肉中蕴含着丰富的微生物类群,鞘氨醇单胞菌可能与湘西腊肉独特风味形成有一定关联。     

海洋宏基因组学研究进展

宏基因组学作为研究微生物种群生态分布、群体遗传特征和基因相互作用的新兴学科,在未培养微生物资源的开发利用上取得了突破性进展,已成为海洋等极端环境中分离与鉴定新型工业酶制剂的有效工具。综述海洋宏基因组学研究进展,以及宏基因组学领域中如新一代测序技术等,以期为从海洋环境中开发具有工业潜力和应用价值的新型生物催化剂提供参考。     

宏基因组学在传染病防控中的应用进展北大核心CSCD

新发突发传染病暴发给全球公共卫生防控带来严峻挑战。快速识别致病病原体是应对新发突发传染病的首要问题,传统病原检测方法难以应对已知变异较大病原或未知病原,基于高通量测序的宏基因组学研究给病原识别鉴定带来了新的方法和思路。核酸提取、高通量测序和数据分析等关键技术方法不断发展,使宏基因组学成为新突发传染病防控的重要研究方向。宏基因组学可对传染病防控中的多种类型样本进行直接测序,获得高通量的测序数据,并结合病原核酸数据库,通过序列比对、变异进化分析等生物信息学方法,通过监测可疑样本对疫情暴发进行预测预警;识别传染病患者感染致病病原,为临床诊治提供指导;构建病原系统发育关系,追溯疫情潜在感染来源,最终实现新突发传染病病原的快速识别、分型、耐药及溯源分析。宏基因组学作为一项新兴技术,在传染病防控领域具有巨大潜力和发展空间。通过对宏基因组学在传染病病原监测、检测及溯源等方面的应用进展进行综述,以期为传染病防控提供新的视角。     

宏基因组测序在传染性疾病中的研究进展

微生物和人类已经共同进化几百万年了,微生物在维持宿主健康方面起到了非常重要的作用。随着下一代测序技术的进步,可以获得人体在不同环境下微生物群落的特征。本文综述了当前感染各种不同病原菌时复杂微生物群落的变化,病原菌包括HIV、乙肝病毒、流感病毒和结核分支杆菌,以及不同的身体部位。我们相信,增加对传染性疾病和微生物群落变化之间关系的认识,能够更好地管理疾病进展。然而,将来的研究可能需要更加整体化,通过分析人体宿主微生物与传染性疾病的发生机制之间的关系,以建立疾病的确切因果关系。     

病毒宏基因组学技术及其在医学领域的应用

病毒宏基因组学(Viral metagenomics,VM)无需知晓核酸序列,直接以环境中的病毒群落为研究对象,对研究环境中病毒的多样性、快速鉴定出已知和未知病毒,实时监测特定病毒的动态变化等具有重要价值。下一代测序(Next-generation sequencing,NGS)平台具备快速、自动化和高通量等综合优势,因此相对于一代Sanger测序技术,其测序能力大大提高。同时,近年来测序技术的不断改进、成本的不断降低、数据分析流程的普及以及对数据深入挖掘能力的显著性改进表明,在可预见的未来,病毒宏基因组测序将会成为常规检测项目,为未知病毒检测提供新的技术手段和思路。本文将从病毒宏基因组学的兴起,研究过程和在医学领域中的应用等方面进行综述。     

宏基因组学挖掘新型生物催化剂的研究进展

微生物蕴藏着大量具有工业应用潜力的生物催化剂。然而,传统培养方法只能从环境中获得不到1%的微生物。宏基因组学是通过提取某一特定环境中的所有微生物基因组DNA、构建基因组文库并对文库进行筛选,寻找和发现新的功能基因的一种方法。它绕过了微生物分离培养过程,成为研究环境样品中不可培养微生物的有力手段。因此,从宏基因组中挖掘新型生物催化剂一直倍受生物学家的关注。以下主要对宏基因组文库的样品来源、DNA提取方法、文库的构建和筛选策略的选择这4个方面的研究状况进行了综述,列举了近年来利用宏基因组技术所获得的新型生物催化剂,并对其今后的研究方向提出了展望。     

From deep sequencing to viral tagging: Recent advances in viral metagenomics

Culture‐independent high‐throughput sequencing has provided unprecedented insights into microbial ecology, particularly for Earth's most ubiquitous and diverse inhabitants – the viruses. A plethora of methods now exist for amplifying the vanishingly small amounts of nucleic acids in natural viral communities in order to sequence them, and sequencing depth is now so great that viral genomes can be detected and assembled even amid large concentrations of non‐viral DNA. Complementing these advances in amplification and sequencing is the ability to physically link fluorescently labeled viruses to their host cells via high‐throughput flow sorting. Sequencing of such isolated virus–host pairs facilitates cultivation‐independent exploration of the natural host range of viruses. Within the next decade, as these technologies become widespread, we can expect to see a systematic expansion of our knowledge of viruses and their hosts.     

Viral metagenomics analysis of planktonic viruses in East Lake, Wuhan, China

East Lake (Lake Donghu), located in Wuhan, China, is a typical city freshwater lake that has been experiencing eutrophic conditions and algal blooming during recent years. Marine and fresh water are considered to contain a large number of viruses. However, little is known about their genetic diversity because of the limited techniques for culturing viruses. In this study, we conducted a viral metagenomic analysis using a high-throughput sequencing technique with samples collected from East Lake in Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. The libraries from four samples each generated 234,669, 71,837, 12,820, and 34,236 contigs (> 90 bp each), respectively. The genetic structure of the viral community revealed a high genetic diversity covering 23 viral families, with the majority of contigs homologous to DNA viruses, including members of Myoviridae, Podoviridae, Siphoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, and Microviridae, which infect bacteria or algae, and members of Circoviridae, which infect invertebrates and vertebrates. The highest viral genetic diversity occurred in samples collected in August, then December and June, and the least diversity in March. Most contigs have low-sequence identities with known viruses. PCR detection targeting the conserved sequences of genes (g20, psbA, psbD, and DNApol) of cyanophages further confirmed that there are novel cyanophages in the East Lake. Our viral metagenomic data provide the first preliminary understanding of the virome in one freshwater lake in China and would be helpful for novel virus discovery and the control of algal blooming in the future.     

纳米孔测序技术在病毒性传染病检测及研究中的应用

快速、准确鉴定出病原体是临床感染性疾病诊断和传染病预防控制的基础。高通量测序基因检测技术突破了传统检测手段的时效性、灵敏度等的局限，为病原体检测和研究提供了便捷、高效的途径。本综述以高通量测序技术发展过程为基础，回顾纳米孔三代测序技术，及其在病毒性传染病检测鉴定及研究中的应用，并对该技术的应用前景及可能存在的问题进行阐述，期望它能在病毒性传染病的防控方面发挥更大的作用。     

人体肠道宏基因组生物信息分析方法

最近5年来,微生物组与人体健康之间的微妙关系已成为全球研究热点,特别是基于高通量测序的宏基因组技术推动了这个领域的发展。然而宏基因组生物信息学分析往往是开展研究过程中的难点。本文对宏基因组生物信息常规分析方法进行了介绍。     

环境微生物的宏基因组学研究新进展

宏基因组学以环境中微生物的基因组的总和为研究对象,从而规避了传统方法中绝大部分微生物不能培养的缺陷,因此近年来在环境微生物学研究中得到了广泛应用.本文重点介绍了宏基因组学技术中关键的两类技术:即以罗氏454及Illumina为代表的高通量测序技术和以基因芯片(GeoChip)为代表的基因芯片技术在微生物研究中的应用.测序技术可以发现新物种和新基因,但由于测序深度有限,定量性差,不易发现低丰度物种,且易受污染物干扰.芯片技术很好地克服了这些局限,但不易于发现新基因.本文介绍了这些技术近年来在气候变化、水处理工程系统、极端环境、人体肠道、石油污染修复、生物冶金等方面取得的部分代表性成果.在此基础上,对宏基因组技术在环境微生物研究方面的未来发展方向提出了预判和展望.我们认为由于两种技术各自的优缺点,今后将两类技术结合起来的综合研究会越来越多.另外,由于大量数据的处理方法已成为制约宏基因组学发展的瓶颈,相应的生物信息学技术开发将是未来科研的热点和难点.     

丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)在不同生态系统均发挥至关重要的作用,研究其多样性能够为AMF物种资源的保护和利用提供科学依据。AMF不能被离体纯培养以及自身的高变异性等因素严重阻碍了对其进行深入研究,随着研究方法的不断改进,尤其是新一代测序技术的运用,极大加速了人们对AMF物种多样性的认识。本文主要从AMF分类系统、不同宿主植物和不同生境中的AMF物种多样性及AMF物种多样性研究方法(包括形态鉴定、Sanger测序和高通量测序)方面介绍AMF物种多样性研究进展,并且探讨AMF物种多样性研究中存在的主要问题,认为在今后AMF物种多样性研究中不仅要注重运用新的研究手段,还应该着重解决AMF不能离体纯培养的问题。     

Comparative metagenomics analysis reveals how the diet shapes the gut microbiota in several small mammals

The gut microbiomes of the host are large and complex communities, which helps to maintain homeostasis, improves digestive efficiency, and promotes the development of the immune system. The small mammals distributed in Sichuan Province are the most popular species for biodiversity research in Southwest China. However, the effects of different diets on the structure and function of the gut microbial community of these small mammals are poorly understood. In this study, whole‐metagenome shotgun sequencing has been used to analyze the composition and functional structures of the gut microbiota of seven small mammals in Laojunshan National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, China. Taxonomic classification revealed that the most abundant phyla in the gut of seven small mammals were Bacteroides, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. Moreover, Hafnia, Lactobacillus, and Yersinia were the most abundant genus in the gut microbiomes of these seven species. At the functional level, we annotated a series of KEGG functional pathways, six Cazy categories, and 46,163 AROs in the gut microbiomes of the seven species. Comparative analysis found that the difference in the gut microbiomes between the Soricidea and Muridae concentrated on the increase in the F/B (Firmicutes/Bacteroides) ratio in the Soricidea group, probably driven by the high‐fat and ‐calorie digestive requirements due to their insectivorous diet. The comparative functional profiling revealed that functions related to metabolism and carbohydrates were significantly more abundant in Muridae group, which may be attributed to their high carbohydrate digestion requirements caused by their herbivorous diet. These data suggested that different diets in the host may play an important role in shaping the gut microbiota, and lay the foundation for teasing apart the influences of heritable and environmental factors on the evolution of gut microbial communities.     

Viral metagenomics reveals diverse viruses in the fecal samples of children with diarrhea

Diarrhea is the third leading cause of death in developing countries in children under the age of five. About half a million children die of diarrhea every year, most of which in developing countries. Viruses are the main pathogen of diarrhea. In China, the fecal virome of children with diarrhea has been rarely studied. Using an unbiased viral metagenomics approach, we analyzed the fecal virome in children with diarrhea. Many DNA or RNA viruses associated with diarrhea identified in those fecal samples were mainly from six families of Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Reoviridae. Among them, the family of Caliciviridae accounts for the largest proportion of 78.42%, following with Adenoviridae (8.94%) and Picornaviridae (8.36%). In addition to those diarrhea-related viruses that have already been confirmed to cause human diarrhea, the viruses not associated with diarrhea were also identified including anellovirus and picobirnavirus. This study increased our understanding of diarrheic children fecal virome and provided valuable information for the prevention and treatment of viral diarrhea in this area.     

MetCap: a bioinformatics probe design pipeline for large-scale targeted metagenomics

BackgroundMassive sequencing of genes from different environments has evolved metagenomics as central to enhancing the understanding of the wide diversity of micro-organisms and their roles in driving ecological processes. Reduced cost and high throughput sequencing has made large-scale projects achievable to a wider group of researchers, though complete metagenome sequencing is still a daunting task in terms of sequencing as well as the downstream bioinformatics analyses. Alternative approaches such as targeted amplicon sequencing requires custom PCR primer generation, and is not scalable to thousands of genes or gene families.ResultsIn this study, we are presenting a web-based tool called MetCap that circumvents the limitations of amplicon sequencing of multiple genes by designing probes that are suitable for large-scale targeted metagenomics sequencing studies. MetCap provides a novel approach to target thousands of genes and genomic regions that could be used in targeted metagenomics studies. Automatic analysis of user-defined sequences is performed, and probes specifically designed for metagenome studies are generated. To illustrate the advantage of a targeted metagenome approach, we have generated more than 300,000 probes that match more than 400,000 publicly available sequences related to carbon degradation, and used these probes for target sequencing in a soil metagenome study. The results show high enrichment of target genes and a successful capturing of the majority of gene families. MetCap is freely available to users from: http://soilecology.biol.lu.se/metcap/.ConclusionMetCap is facilitating probe-based target enrichment as an easy and efficient alternative tool compared to complex primer-based enrichment for large-scale investigations of metagenomes. Our results have shown efficient large-scale target enrichment through MetCap-designed probes for a soil metagenome. The web service is suitable for any targeted metagenomics project that aims to study several genes simultaneously. The novel bioinformatics approach taken by the web service will enable researchers in microbial ecology to tap into the vast diversity of microbial communities using targeted metagenomics as a cost-effective alternative to whole metagenome sequencing.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0501-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.