不同水位管理对恢复泥炭地土壤CO2、CH4排放的影响

泥炭地水文条件影响泥炭地生物地球化学循环,控制和维持着泥炭地生态系统的结构和功能,是泥炭地生态恢复的重要前提。然而,目前关于恢复泥炭地土壤碳排放对不同水位的响应尚不明确。以长白山区天然（NP）、退耕（DP）及实施不同水文管理的恢复泥炭地（低水位（LR）、高水位（HR）与高低交替水位（H-LR））为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对研究区泥炭地进行生长季（6-10月）土壤CO₂、CH₄排放监测。结果表明：温度和水位变化是研究区泥炭地土壤CO₂、CH₄排放季节变化的主控因子。H-LR受水位控制的影响,生长季土壤CO₂排放速率波动剧烈,其它水位管理恢复区土壤CO₂排放速率呈单峰型排放模式,且均与近地表温度呈指数相关（P<0.05）。除HR外,土壤CO₂排放速率与水位呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。生长季,研究区HR土壤CH₄排放速率呈双峰型,H-LR与NP的土壤CH₄排放呈单峰型,与近地表温度呈指数相关（P<0.05）,LR水位与CH₄排放速率显著正相关（P<0.05）。研究区不同水位管理恢复泥炭地土壤碳排放差异显著,虽然HR的土壤CO₂-C累积碳排放量显著低于其它水位恢复区,但其土壤CH₄-C累积碳排放量和综合增温潜势显著高于其它水位恢复区（P<0.05）。LR的累积碳排放量显著低于退化泥炭地,且其综合增温潜势最低。因此,建议在泥炭地恢复初期将低水位管理作为短期策略,以更好地恢复泥炭地碳汇功能,减弱其增温潜势。     

改变凋落物输入对川西亚高山天然次生林土壤呼吸的影响

2019年5月-10月,采用LI-8100A土壤碳通量自动测量分析仪对川西米亚罗林区20世纪60年代采伐后经自然更新恢复形成的岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）次生针叶林（针叶林）、红桦（Betula albo-sinensis）+青榨槭（Acer davidii）+岷江冷杉次生针阔混交林（针阔混交林）和青榨槭+红桦+陕甘花楸（Sorbus koehneana Schneid）次生阔叶林（阔叶林）的土壤呼吸及土壤温湿度因子（对照、去除凋落物和加倍凋落物）进行观测。结果显示：去除和加倍凋落物对土壤温湿度的影响不显著,且3种林型之间的土壤呼吸速率差异不显著。与对照相比,去除凋落物使针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林的土壤呼吸速率分别降低了17.65%、21.01%和19.83%（P<0.05）;加倍凋落物则分别增加6.76%、7.28%、8.16%（P>0.05）。3种林分土壤呼吸速率均与土壤温度极显著指数相关,与土壤湿度不相关。对照Q₁₀值变幅为2.01-3.29,去除凋落物降低了3种林型的Q₁₀值;加倍凋落物分别提高了针叶林和降低了针阔混交林和阔叶林的Q₁₀值。土壤呼吸速率仅表现在天然次生林对照处理中受到土壤pH、有机质、可溶性有机氮和草本Pielou均匀度指数的显著影响。研究结果表明,天然次生阔叶林和针阔混交林凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献及Q₁₀值高于天然次生针叶林,说明在未来CO₂浓度及温度升高背景下,地表凋落物增加并未引起天然次生林土壤呼吸速率成倍增加,更有利于该区域天然次生林尤其是针叶林的土壤碳吸存。     

大气CO2浓度升高对春玉米土壤呼吸的影响

为探讨春玉米不同生育期土壤呼吸速率对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应,以黄土高原旱作春玉米为研究对象,通过改进的开顶式气室（OTC）模拟大气CO₂浓度升高的环境,在田间条件下设置自然大气CO₂浓度（CK）、OTC对照（OTC,CO₂浓度同CK）与CO₂浓度升高（OTC+CO₂,OTC系统自动控制CO₂浓度700 μmol/mol）3种处理。研究了旱区覆膜高产栽培春玉米播前（V0）、六叶期（V6）、九叶期（V9）、吐丝期（R1）、乳熟期（R3）、蜡熟期（R5）及完熟期（R6）土壤呼吸速率对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应特征,以及大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤呼吸速率的温度与水分效应的影响。研究发现,OTC+CO₂处理土壤呼吸速率,与CK相比,在R3和R5期分别增加43%、104%（P<0.05）,与OTC相比,R3和R5期分别提升了63%、109%（P<0.05）;OTC处理与CK相比,在整个生育期对土壤呼吸影响不显著;3种处理条件下,土壤温度和水分随生育期变化趋势基本一致,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度和水分分别呈指数相关和抛物线型相关;结果表明：大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤呼吸的影响因生育期而异,土壤温度和土壤水分是影响旱地农田土壤呼吸的重要因素,CO₂浓度升高会使土壤呼吸温度效应值（Q₁₀）降低,土壤呼吸对土壤水分响应的阈值提高。     

武夷山国家公园不同林地土壤呼吸动态变化及其影响因素

探明亚热带山岳型国家公园不同林地利用方式下土壤呼吸（R_s）的动态变化规律以及影响因素,对准确评价和预测该区域以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的碳收支具有重要的现实意义。以武夷山国家公园为研究对象,利用Li-8100开路式土壤碳通量测定系统对茶园、锥栗（Castanea henryi（Skam） Rehd.et Wils.）林、马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb.）林和裸地的土壤呼吸及近地面气温、土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤养分和土壤微生物碳（MBC）、氮（MBN）进行测定。结果显示：（1）与近地面气温、土壤温度和土壤湿度相同,不同林地的R_s均呈现夏 > 春 > 秋 > 冬的季节动态,R_s的季节均值按大小排序为茶园（3.10 μmol m^-2 s^-1） > 马尾松（2.96 μmol m^-2 s^-1） > 锥栗（2.32 μmol m^-2 s^-1） > 裸地（1.43 μmol m^-2 s^-1）,锥栗和裸地之间、锥栗与马尾松之间均差异显著（P<0.01）。除马尾松林外,其他林地水热因子（近地面气温、土壤温度和土壤湿度）的单因子二次多项式模型对R_s的拟合度最高。水热因子共同建立的复合模型中,土壤温度、湿度的幂-指数模型对茶园R_s的拟合度较高,土壤温度和土壤湿度能够解释R_s变化的80%,马尾松林的R_s较适用于土壤温度、湿度建立的对数函数模型,而三因子线性模型（进入回归法）对锥栗林和裸地的R_s的拟合度最优,R²分别为0.565和0.281。（2）茶园和锥栗林的碳、氮、磷含量均高于马尾松林和裸地,MBN含量茶园 > 马尾松 > 锥栗 > 裸地。茶园的R_s与全磷（TP）、有效磷（AP）、全钾（TK）、速效钾（AK）含量呈极显著（P<0.01）正相关,马尾松林的R_s受TP、TK、AK含量的影响极显著（P<0.01）,锥栗林的R_s与TK、AK、MBN含量呈现显著（P<0.05）正相关,裸地的R_s受MBN含量影响较为显著（P<0.05）,4种林地土壤呼吸与养分的多元逐步回归方程R²均接近1。综上,茶园和马尾松林土壤呼吸速率较高,且所有林地的土壤呼吸均呈现夏 > 春 > 秋 > 冬的季节动态。温度和湿度与土壤呼吸的相关性强,是水热条件丰富的亚热带山岳地区土壤呼吸季节变化的主导因素,其中武夷山茶园土壤呼吸对水热因子的响应在4种林地中最为敏感。除温度和湿度外,各林地土壤呼吸受P、K元素的影响较大,其中茶园主要受P元素影响,马尾松林地受K元素影响较多。     

温度和水分变化对冻土区泥炭地土壤氮循环功能基因丰度的影响

以大兴安岭多年冻土区泥炭地为研究对象,通过室内模拟增温实验,研究温度升高对不同深度（0-150 cm）土壤氮循环功能基因丰度的影响。同时针对0-20 cm和20-40 cm土壤设置两个水分处理,分别为土壤原始含水量和淹水状态,研究水分变化对表层土壤氮循环功能基因丰度的影响。结果表明温度升高显著提高了活动层（0-60 cm）、过渡层（60-80 cm）、永冻层（80-100 cm）中nifH、nirK基因丰度,温度升高显著提高了活动层（0-40 cm）和过渡层（60-80 cm）中nirS基因丰度。温度升高显著提高了过渡层（60-80 cm）NH₄⁺-N和较深永冻层（140-150 cm）NO₃^--N的含量,但降低了过渡层（60-80 cm）NO₃^--N和较深永冻层（120-150 cm）NH₄⁺-N的含量,相关性分析表明,NH₄⁺-N含量与nifH和nirS基因丰度呈显著正相关,NO₃^--N含量与nirK基因丰度呈显著正相关,说明温度升高能够通过改变微生物丰度促进过渡层固氮作用和反硝化作用。在增温条件下,淹水处理使表层土壤nirS和nirK基因丰度及NH₄⁺-N含量降低,但提高了NO₃^--N含量,说明淹水造成了过度还原的条件使反硝化底物浓度降低,降低反硝化微生物活性进而抑制了土壤反硝化作用。该结果对于明确未来气候变化影响下冻土区泥炭地土壤氮循环过程具有重要意义。     

色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林不同层次土壤CO2浓度对短时降雨的响应

为阐明不同层次土壤CO₂浓度日变化特征及对短时降雨的响应,以西藏东南部色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉（Abies georgei var. smithii）林为研究对象,在自然降雨条件下,分析短时降雨及水分再分布过程中各层次土壤CO₂浓度变化特征。结果表明：在0-60 cm层次内,土壤CO₂浓度随土壤层次的加深而显著增加（P < 0.01）,二者之间呈显著对数函数关系（R=0.9764,P < 0.01）;短时降雨脉冲使表层5 cm土壤CO₂浓度显著下降,而10 cm层次土壤CO₂浓度显著增加;在降雨和水分再分布阶段,5 cm与10 cm层次土壤CO₂浓度之间极显著负相关,10、20、40 cm和60 cm之间均呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）;5 cm层次土壤含水量显著影响0-60 cm剖面CO₂浓度,降雨阶段,二者之间极显著线性正相关（P < 0.001）,而水分再分布阶段,二者之间符合极显著幂函数负相关（P < 0.001）。即降雨引起表层土壤含水量的快速增加,显著提高土壤剖面CO₂浓度,而降雨停止后,有利于土壤CO₂向土表的释放;土壤温度和含水量对CO₂浓度的影响效应在各层次之间表现不一致,除40 cm均为正效应外,其他各层均表现为相反的影响效应。这些结果表明,短时降雨使各层次土壤含水量增加,减少土壤表面CO₂释放量,使下层土壤体系中CO₂浓度升高,在分析土壤CO₂通量时间变化时,应考虑短时降雨对不同层次土壤CO₂的影响。     

氮添加和凋落物去除对黔中喀斯特地区柳杉人工林土壤呼吸的影响

凋落物是土壤呼吸的主要碳源,日益增加的大气氮沉降通过改变森林凋落物的输入与分解影响土壤呼吸。为揭示氮沉降及凋落物管理对森林土壤呼吸及其组分的影响,以贵州省国有扎佐林场15年生柳杉人工林为研究对象,设置4个氮添加处理:对照(CK,0 gN m^-2 a^-1)、低氮(LN,15 gN m^-2 a^-1)、中氮(MN,30 gN m^-2 a^-1)和高氮(HN,60 gN m^-2 a^-1),并在每种氮添加处理下设置去除凋落物和保留凋落物两种处理,于2021年3月-2022年2月利用LI-8100测定土壤呼吸速率,并分析氮添加及凋落物处理对土壤呼吸速率影响,确定影响土壤呼吸速率变化的主要因子。结果表明:氮添加和去除凋落物处理没有改变土壤呼吸速率的时间变化,土壤呼吸速率月均最大值出现在7月,月均最小值出现在2月。氮添加对土壤呼吸速率无显著影响(P > 0.05),除CK外,去除凋落物处理会显著降低土壤呼吸速率(P < 0.05)。凋落物对土壤总呼吸速率的贡献率为8.6%-28.5%,且LN处理下凋落物对土壤呼吸速率的贡献率最大。土壤呼吸速率与5 m土壤温度呈显著指数相关(P < 0.01),与5 cm土壤湿度呈显著负线性相关(P < 0.01)。土壤温度解释了土壤呼吸速率变异的58.5%-79.5%,土壤湿度解释了土壤呼吸速率变异的26.4%-39.5%,以土壤温度和湿度构建的双变量模型拟合效果均好于单因子模型,土壤温湿度共同解释土壤呼吸速率变异的59.1%-85.8%。结论表明在大气氮沉降增加的背景下,温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因素,凋落物管理是调控土壤呼吸的关键过程。     

江苏滨海湿地芦苇和互花米草光合特性对模拟增温的响应

滨海湿地生态系统具有较高的初级生产力,是地球生态系统主要的碳库之一。然而,气候变暖和外来物种入侵通过改变植物光合特征性能使这一碳库的稳定性存在诸多的不确定性。利用在江苏盐城芦苇湿地和互花米草湿地建设的两个增温观测站,采用便携式光合荧光测量系统研究了本土植物芦苇（Phragmites australis）和入侵物种互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）光合特性对模拟增温的响应特征和机制。光合作用日调查变化曲线显示,增温使芦苇的净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和水分利用效率（WUE）都发生了显著的下降,但互花米草的各同名参数却表现出相反的变化特征,表明增温使互花米草的生理机能增强,促进了光合作用;根据P_n和胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）的变化趋势推断互花米草和芦苇光合速率变化均为非气孔限制因素驱动。利用直角双曲线修正模型拟合的光响应曲线结果显示,芦苇增温组的光响应曲线位于对照组下方,互花米草增温组的光响应曲线位于对照组上方;增温降低了所研究植物的光补偿点（LCP）,表明增温可提高两种植物利用弱光的能力;增温增加了互花米草光补偿点（LCP）和光饱和点（LSP）间值域范围,从而揭示了增温可有效提高互花米草利用光合有效辐射的能力;增温降低了芦苇的暗呼吸速率（R_d）,芦苇受到增温的胁迫,在减缓新陈代谢的同时也减弱了光合作用,而互花米草表现出相反特征。由此推测增温条件下入侵植物互花米草同化大气CO₂的能力（即碳汇能力）优于本土植物芦苇,这也是互花米草成为入侵物种的主要原因之一。     

鄱阳湖沉水植物区不同深度土壤甲烷排放对温度水分变化的响应

采集鄱阳湖沉水植物区0-10 cm和10-30 cm土壤样品,通过设置2个温度（18℃和28℃）和2个水分（淹水2 cm和土柱取出水面后的实际土壤水分含量）处理组合,进行持续2年的甲烷（CH₄）排放室内培养实验,以探讨不同深度土壤CH₄排放对温度、水分变化的响应差异,以及温度、水分和土层对湿地土壤CH₄排放的交互影响。结果表明：0-10 cm和10-30 cm土壤CH₄排放速率变化范围分别为0.01-3.63 μgCH₄-C kg^-1d^-1、0.02-1.99 μgCH₄-C kg^-1d^-1;均值分别为0.72和0.15 μgCH₄-C kg^-1d^-1。温度、水分和土层3因素及其交互作用均对土壤CH₄排放有显著影响（P<0.01）,且土层的影响最大。两水分处理下的CH₄排放对温度变化的敏感性均表现为0-10 cm（Q₁₀为1.78、3.26）高于10-30 cm土层（Q₁₀为1.04、1.08）。CH₄平均排放速率及累计排放量均表现为0-10 cm显著高于10-30 cm土层,且培养前期高于培养后期,显示基质有效性对土壤CH₄排放的重要影响。     

干旱对土壤剖面不同深度土壤CO2通量的影响

由于全球气候变化,预计未来我国亚热带地区干旱频率和持续时间将会增加。森林土壤CO₂的释放是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,然而,有关不同深度土壤CO₂通量对干旱响应的理解仍相当有限。选择武夷山针叶林（Coniferous Forest,CF）和常绿阔叶林（Evergreen Broadleaved Forest,EBF）为研究对象,于2014年6月至2015年12月,采用梯度法计算10、30 cm和50 cm深度各层土壤CO₂通量,探讨模拟干旱对其影响。结果表明：CF和EBF样地土壤CO₂浓度均随土壤深度的增加而升高。CF和EBF样地对照（CK）处理10 cm深度土壤CO₂生产量分别占总CO₂生产量的53.5%和55.7%,表明土壤CO₂生产量主要来源于浅层土壤,这可能与浅层土壤有高的有机碳含量及细根生物量主要分布区有关。干旱处理使CF和EBF样地不同深度土壤CO₂通量均显著减少。在两个样地土壤CO₂通量的温度敏感性（Q₁₀）值均随着土壤深度的增加而减少。干旱处理显著减少了CF样地浅层土壤的Q₁₀值（P=0.02）,对深层土壤影响不显著（30 cm：P=0.30;50 cm：P=0.23）;而在EBF样地干旱处理显著减少了深层土壤的Q₁₀值（30 cm：P=0.02;50 cm：P=0.01）,对浅层土壤影响不显著（P=0.32）。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.