内消旋-二氨基庚二酸脱氢酶关键氨基酸位点的改造提高对烷基取代2-酮酸的催化活力

【背景】高效实现D-氨基酸的生物合成一直是人们关注的热点。内消旋-二氨基庚二酸脱氢酶(meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase,DAPDH)能够直接催化2-酮酸和氨合成D-氨基酸。【目的】提高DAPDH对烷基取代2-酮酸的催化活力,并解释其催化机制。【方法】以来源于嗜热共生杆菌(Symbiobacteriumthermophilum)的内消旋-二氨基庚二酸脱氢酶(StDAPDH)为模板,在前期结构分析结合被选择位点突变结果的基础上,确定对H227位进行定点饱和突变,并以D-丙氨酸、D-2-氨基丁酸、D-正缬氨酸、D-谷氨酸为底物进行筛选。【结果】获得突变体H227Q和H227N。突变体H227Q对丙酮酸、2-氧代丁酸、2-氧代戊酸、2-酮戊二酸的比活力比野生型分别提高了10.9、11.5、8.6和7.6倍。动力学参数表明,突变体H227Q同时提高了酶对底物的亲和力及催化常数,使其对丙酮酸的催化效率(k_(cat)/K_m)相较于野生型提高了9.4倍。利用分子模拟技术分析突变体H227Q与产物氨基酸之间的相互作用表明,227位的谷氨酰胺通过与氨基酸的羧酸形成氢键,使得氨基酸产物Cα上的氢和辅酶烟酰胺环C4原子之间的距离缩短。【结论】利用定向进化技术提高DAPDH对烷基取代2-酮酸的催化活力,有助于开发新型的高效生物催化剂,这些工作也为下一步继续进行更具挑战性的D-氨基酸研究提供了基础。     

嗜热共生杆菌内消旋-2,6-二氨基庚二酸脱氢酶中Y76对辅酶偏好性影响

辅酶NAD(H)相比NADP(H)有稳定性好、价格低廉及更广的辅酶循环方法等优势,因此在实际应用中常需将NADP(H)依赖型的脱氢酶改造成为NAD(H)依赖型的。来源于嗜热共生杆菌Symbiobacterium thermophilum的NADP(H)依赖型内消旋-2,6-二氨基庚二酸脱氢酶(meso-2,6-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase,St DAPDH)及其突变体酶是催化还原氨化合成D-氨基酸的优良催化剂,本研究试图改变其辅酶偏好性,增强其应用优势。对其晶体结构分析可知,氨基酸残基Y76距离腺嘌呤较近,R35及R36和辅酶上磷酸基团有直接相互作用。依氨基酸侧链基团性质对Y76进行了定点突变,发现不同突变子对两种辅酶的偏好性都发生了变化;对与磷酸基团直接作用的R35、R36进行的双突变R35S/R36V,导致酶对NADP+的催化活力降低;将R35S/R36V和部分Y76突变进行了组合,发现三突变组合以NAD+为辅酶时的活力均大于以NADP+为辅酶的活力,实现了辅酶偏好性转变。这些研究工作为进一步实现St DAPDH的辅酶偏好性完全转变提供依据。     

氨基酸脱氢酶的催化机理、分子改造及合成应用

氨基酸脱氢酶催化可逆的氨基酸氧化脱氨和酮酸的不对称还原胺化反应,热力学上反应平衡倾向于生成氨基酸方向,从原子经济学和对环境影响的角度来看,是具有极大优势的氨基酸合成方法之一。本文将主要阐述近年来在?-氨基酸脱氢酶催化机理、分子改造和合成应用方面的研究进展。     

荧光假单胞菌TM5-2中D-型氨基酸脱氢酶的鉴定和表达

从荧光假单胞菌TM5-2中得到一个含丙氨酸消旋酶基因的DNA片段(8.8kb),相邻的一个开读框(ORF)与甘氨酸/D-型氨基酸氧化酶基因相似。该ORF经过克隆、表达,并没有检测到甘氨酸/D-型氨基酸氧化酶的活性,推导而得的氨基酸序列与D-型氨基酸脱氢酶序列比较发现,ORF含有D-型氨基酸脱氢酶的所有重要的保守序列。经TTC培养基鉴定,其具有D-型氨基酸脱氢酶的活性,并对一系列D-型氨基酸有作用,最佳作用底物是D-组氨酸。     

转氨酶催化不对称合成芳香族L-氨基酸

芳香族L-氨基酸是合成许多药物、农药、精细化学品和食品添加剂的重要手性砌块(Chiral buildingblocks)。利用酶催化具有高活性和高立体选择性的特点合成手性砌块是目前不对称合成领域重要的研究方向。通过对不同来源转氨酶的进化分析,选择分别源自原核生物大肠杆菌Escherichia coli和真核生物酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisia中的两种具有代表性Ⅰ型芳香族转氨酶TyrB和Aro8,比较研究了两种转氨酶通过平衡逆转不对称氨化催化合成芳香族L-氨基酸的反应过程和催化效率。重组转氨酶TyrB和Aro8都能有效地合成天然芳香族氨基酸苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸以及非天然氨基酸苯甘氨酸。手性HPLC分析表明,合成的氨基酸都是L-构型的,e.e值等于100%。L-丙氨酸是适宜的氨基供体,转氨酶TyrB和Aro8都不能利用D-型氨基酸作为氨基供体。反应体系中氨基供体L-丙氨酸和氨基受体芳香族α-酮酸的最适摩尔比为4∶1。底物芳香族α-酮酸分子结构中芳香环上的取代基以及脂肪酸碳链部分的长度都对酶催化的转氨效率有显著的影响。在制备规模试验中,TyrB催化不对称转氨反应合成L-苯甘氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸和L-酪氨酸的比生产速率为0.28 g/(g.h)、0.31 g/(g.h)和0.60 g/(g.h),Aro8催化上述反应的比生产速率分别为0.61 g/(g.h)、0.48 g/(g.h)和0.59 g/(g.h)。研究结果对利用转氨酶通过平衡逆转不对称催化合成芳香族L-氨基酸的工业化应用具有指导意义。     

ω-转氨酶不对称合成手性胺及非天然氨基酸的研究进展

ω-转氨酶不对称合成手性胺及非天然氨基酸是目前生物加工过程的研究热点之一。ω-转氨酶具有优良的立体选择性及区域选择性,利用其进行生物催化生产手性胺,已被应用于医药、农药和化工等领域。本文中,笔者综述了ω-转氨酶的基本结构特性,并以转氨酶法制备西他列汀关键中间体等为例,同时阐述了该酶的高通量筛选方法及分子改造方面的研究进展,并对级联反应提高手性胺产量的策略作了进一步讨论。最后,本文简要总结了ω-转氨酶在不对称合成非天然氨基酸中的具体应用。     

非天然氨基酸N-Fmoc-D-β-4-吡啶丙氨酸的合成研究

以4-氯甲基吡啶盐酸盐和乙酰氨基丙二酸二乙酯为原料,经缩合、水解、拆分制得α-氨基酸N-Fmoc-D-4-吡啶丙氨酸,经活化后生成重氮酮,失去氮气,重排而制得N-Fmoc-D-β-4-吡啶丙氨酸。中间体和目的产物经熔点、旋光度、红外、核磁以及元素分析,其结构得到证实。     

非天然氨基酸及非天然蛋白合成的研究进展

非天然氨基酸是天然氨基酸的衍生物,其具有重要的生理和药理功能.由非天然氨基酸合成的非天然蛋白同样具有特别的功能与活性.非天然氨基酸插入蛋白质中的研究为新型生物材料和蛋白质药物等的合成和应用提供了新的指导方向.基于此,本文综述了非天然氨基酸的生物合成方法,分析了非天然氨基酸生物合成目前存在的难点,总结了非天然氨基酸插入蛋...     

非天然氨基酸N-保护的D-(L-)4-吡啶丙氨酸的合成研究

合成了非天然氨基酸N 保护的D (L ) 4 吡啶丙氨酸 ,其结构分别通过旋光度、核磁共振、红外、元素分析得到确证。     

面包酵母催化羰基不对称还原合成手性醇的研究

以2-辛酮和4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯(COBE)为模型底物分别考察了酵母细胞对直链甲基酮和陆羰基酯中的羰基不对称还原情况。实验发现不对称还原2-辛酮的产物主要是S型的2-辛醇,且对映体选择性很高。不对称还原COBE生成的主要是S(D)-型产物,反应COBE的转化率、光学选择性都比较高。同时发现COBE的浓度和产物对不对称还原都有一定负面的影响。     

Evaluation of D-amino acid oxidase from Rhodotorula gracilis for the production of alpha-keto acids: a reactor system

The study reports on the development of a bioreactor for the production of alpha-keto acids from D,L- or D-amino acids using Rhodotorula gracilis D-amino acid oxidase. D-Amino acid oxidase was co-immobilized with catalase on Affi-Gel 10 matrix, and the reactor was operated as a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) or stirred tank with medium recycling conditions. The optimum substrate concentration and quantity of biocatalyst were determined (5 mM and 1.2 mg/L, respectively). Under optimum operating conditions, product formation was linearly related to both substrate and enzyme concentration, showing the system to be highly flexible. Under these conditions, in a stirred tank, over 90% conversion was achieved in 30 min with a maximum production of 0.23 g of pyruvic acid/day/enzyme units. Product was recovered by ion exchange chromatography. The operational stability of the reactor was high (up to 9.5 h of operation without loss of activity) and the inactivation half-life was not reached even after 18 h or 36 bioconversion cycles. This represents the first case of a reactor developed successfully with a D-amino acid oxidase. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

D-氨基酸氧化酶研究进展

D-氨基酸氧化酶(D-amino acid oxidase:oxidoreductase, DAAO, EC 1.4.3.3)是一种以黄素腺嘌呤(FAD)为辅基的典型黄素蛋白酶类,可氧化D-氨基酸的氨基生成相应的酮酸和氨。在体内D-氨基酸的代谢中起着重要作用。主要介绍了D-氨基酸氧化酶的生理功能和应用、表达条件优化及通过定点突变对酶学性质的研究。     

MenD as a versatile catalyst for asymmetric synthesis

The thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzyme 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate synthase (MenD) from Escherichia coli K12, formerly known as SHCHC-synthase, catalyses the decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate and the subsequent addition of the resulting succinyl-THDP to isochorismate. Here, the enzyme is tested for unphysiologial C–C bond-forming reactions.Condensation of α-ketoglutarate after decarboxylation to a broad range of aldehydes gave α-hydroxyketones with isolated yields from 26 to 87% and 94 to 98% ee for addition to aromatic aldehydes. MenD accepts a wide range of aldehydes as acceptor substrates to produce chiral α-hydroxyketones with conserved regioselectivity where the activated succinylsemialdehyde serves selectively as the donor. Regioselectivity is inverted only for condensation of α-ketoglutarate with pyruvate (activated acetaldehyde) as donor. Besides α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate and oxalacetate are accepted as donors in combination with benzaldehyde and 2-fluorobenzaldehyde as acceptors, however with decreased activity of C–C bond formation.The physiological 1,4-addition of α-ketoglutarate to isochorismate was investigated for acceptor substrate variability. (2S,3S)-2,3-Dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate (2,3-CHD), which lacks the pyruvyl found in isochorismate, is converted to (5S,6S)-2-succinyl-5,6-dihydroxycyclohex-2-enecarboxylate. In contrast to the addition to carbonyls, the active site of MenD does appear to impose specific constraints on the acceptor substrate for 1,4-addition with α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids.     

Enantioselective synthesis of amines via reductive amination with a dehydrogenase mutant from Exigobacterium sibiricum: Substrate scope,co-solvent tolerance and biocatalyst immobilization

In recent years, the reductive amination of ketones in the presence of amine dehydrogenases emerged as an attractive synthetic strategy for the enantioselective preparation of amines starting from ketones, an ammonia source, a reducing reagent and a cofactor, which is recycled in situ by means of a second enzyme. Current challenges in this field consists of providing a broad synthetic platform as well as process development including enzyme immobilization. In this contribution these issues are addressed. Utilizing the amine dehydrogenase EsLeuDH-DM as a mutant of the leucine dehydrogenase from Exigobacterium sibiricum, a range of aryl-substituted ketones were tested as substrates revealing a broad substrate tolerance. Kinetics as well as inhibition effects were also studied and the suitability of this method for synthetic purpose was demonstrated with acetophenone as a model substrate. Even at an elevated substrate concentration of 50?mM, excellent conversion was achieved. In addition, the impact of water-miscible co-solvents was examined, and good activities were found when using DMSO of up to 30% (v/v). Furthermore, a successful immobilization of the EsLeuDH-DM was demonstrated utilizing a hydrophobic support and a support for covalent binding, respectively, as a carrier.     

Bile acids in asymmetric synthesis and chiral discrimination

An overview on the use of bile acid‐based compounds able to catalyze transformations, control the stereochemical course of a given reaction, recognize and bind other molecules, is presented. The recent developments in inclusion discrimination of chiral and achiral guests and enantioselective recognition achieved by bile acid are described with suitable examples. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

D-氨基酸在细菌生理中的结构性能和调节功能的研究进展

除最小的甘氨酸外,所有的氨基酸(amino acid,AA)都有手性,以D-氨基酸(DAA)或L-氨基酸(LAA)形式存在。DAA广泛存在于各类生物中,尤其是细菌。DAA虽没有参与蛋白质合成,但DAA尤其是非典型DAA在细菌生理中具有很多特殊功能。在结构性能方面,DAA是细菌细胞壁肽聚糖的重要组分,并参与组成某些非核糖体合成途径产生的生物多肽,少数细菌能产生含有D-Glu的γ-聚谷氨酸。对细胞个体而言,DAA能调节细菌表面电荷和自溶素活性,抑制细菌芽胞萌发,调节稳定期细胞壁的重塑及调节病原菌的毒力等。对细菌群落而言,DAA对生物膜的解聚和细菌生态也具有调控作用。此外,某些DAA还能直接作为营养支持某些细菌的生长,而有的DAA则具有抑菌作用。本文主要综述了DAA在细菌生理过程中发挥多项功能的研究进展。     

Hydantoinases and related enzymes as biocatalysts for the synthesis of unnatural chiral amino acids

A cascade of hydantoinase, N-carbamoylase and hydantoinracemase can be used for the production of natural and unnatural chiral D- and L-amino acids from chemically synthesized hydantoin derivatives. Potentially, 100% conversion and 100% optically pure amino acids can be obtained at the same time if racemic substrates are used. Recent research activities concentrate on newly isolated or improved enzymes and include directed evolution techniques, structure elucidation, studies of fusion proteins and the use of specially designed whole cell biocatalysts.