温度、光照强度对瓜实蝇成虫飞行行为的影响

【背景】瓜实蝇是我国南方瓜果的主要害虫。本试验分析了影响瓜实蝇成虫飞行行为及活跃度的原因,以便能更有效地控制瓜实蝇危害。【方法】在已知瓜实蝇的生物学特性及部分活动规律的基础上利用智能人工气候箱等设施,分别测定温度、光照对瓜实蝇的飞行行为的影响。【结果】瓜实蝇成虫在15℃下开始飞行,飞行活动的群体数量随着温度的升高而增加,最适飞行活动温度范围为20~30℃,低温10℃明显对其飞行行为有抑制作用,高温(35℃以上)明显对其有刺激作用,促进其飞行行为的发生。瓜实蝇成虫的活跃度在25~40℃下较高,均大于50%,在10、15和45℃下则为0。瓜实蝇成虫在2400 lx光照条件下开始飞行活动,飞行活动的群体数量随着光照强度的升高而增强,最适飞行活动的光照为9600 lx,但高强度光照12000 lx对其飞行行为有抑制作用。活跃成虫的数量随着光照强度的升高而增加。【结论与意义】温度、光照强度过高或过低对瓜实蝇的飞行行为都有抑制作用,适度的高温有促进作用。     

饲养温度对粘虫飞行和生殖能力的影响

系统地报道了粘虫整个世代在４种温度（２４、２７、３０、３３℃）饲养条件下成虫飞行、产卵、交配及寿命等方面的结果。对１日龄（未取食）成虫２０ｈ飞行能力测定表明,不同饲养温度中羽化的成虫飞行能力差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。其中以２７℃中羽化的粘虫蛾飞行距离最远（雌雄蛾分别平均为３１．０６、３０．８８ｋｍ）,飞行时间最长（雌雄蛾分别平均为７．８９、７．６８ｈ）,飞行超过３０ｋｍ个体为４２．４％,超过９ｈ为     

桔小实蝇飞行活动节律及其飞行能力

桔小实蝇在野外自然条件下,具有远距离扩散迁移能力。为了探讨桔小实蝇基于其生理生物学所能表达的基础飞行能力,本研究采用飞行磨系统,在实验室可控条件下,测定桔小实蝇飞行的日节律、不同食料饲养下的飞行能力以及多次飞行能力。研究表明:桔小实蝇飞行活动呈现明显的日节律,一天中呈现两个飞行时段,分别为7∶00至15∶00和17∶00至21∶00。不同食料饲养下,取食酵母糖水和糖水的桔小实蝇飞行能力显著强于取食清水。桔小实蝇经营养补充后可进行3-6 d的飞行,累计飞行可持续时间分别为4.21 h和3.74 h、最远飞行距离分别为5.74 km和5.24 km、平均飞行速度1.10 m/s和1.21 m/s。本研究为阐释桔小实蝇长距离迁移扩散成因提供了重要飞行生物学数据。     

温湿度对赤拟谷盗成虫飞行能力的影响

本文利用昆虫飞行磨研究了温度和湿度变化对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)雌、雄成虫飞行能力的影响;分别测定了23℃、26℃、29℃、32℃和35℃等5个温度,45%、65%和85%等3个湿度条件下,赤拟谷盗雌、雄成虫的飞行距离、时间和速度等反应昆虫飞行能力的参数。单次飞行距离、单次飞行时间、单次飞行速度、24 h累计飞行距离及时间分析结果表明,环境温度和湿度对赤拟谷盗雌、雄成虫的飞行能力有不同程度的影响,环境温湿度过高或过低均不利于赤拟谷盗雌、雄成虫飞行;温度为32℃时,赤拟谷盗雌成虫的单次飞行距离、飞行时间、飞行速度、24 h累计飞行距离和飞行时间分别为0.925 m、9.616 s、0.023 m/s、0.979 km和2.886 h;雄成虫的单次飞行距离、飞行时间、飞行速度、24 h累计飞行距离和飞行时间分别为0.638 m、6.035 s、0.014 m/s、0.674 km和3.175 h。在相对湿度45%、65%和85%时,雌成虫的单次飞行时间分别为6.998 s、9.616 s和6.431 s;雄成虫的单次飞行时间分别为3.163 s、6.035 s和0.208 s。飞行速度与相对湿度的关系与飞行时间相似。从飞行能力参数来看,雌虫的飞行能力优于雄虫。     

枣实蝇成虫飞行能力的测定

【目的】为了明确枣实蝇Carpomya vesuviana Costa成虫飞行扩散能力及相关因子对其飞行能力的影响。【方法】本研究以SUN-FL型智能昆虫飞行信息系统（飞行磨）吊飞方法, 测定了不同日龄、性别的枣实蝇成虫的飞行能力, 并探究了温度对枣实蝇飞行能力的影响。【结果】羽化后12 d左右的枣实蝇飞行能力最强, 雌虫平均飞行距离和最远飞行距离分别为1.037和3.192 km, 雄虫分别为0.943和3.085 km; 枣实蝇飞行能力随着日龄的增加呈现先增强后减弱的趋势; 相同日龄的雌成虫平均飞行距离、平均飞行时间略高于雄虫, 雌、雄虫的平均飞行距离、平均最快飞行速度、平均飞行时间之间没有显著性差异; 环境温度28～34℃为枣实蝇最佳飞行温度区间, 且31℃条件下飞行能力最强。【结论】由此可见, 枣实蝇成虫具有较强的迁飞扩散能力。     

温度对甜菜夜蛾飞行能力的影响

温度对甜菜夜蛾飞行能力有显著的影响（P<0.05）。在16～32℃内,成虫均能进行正常的飞行活动。24℃下的成虫飞行能力最强,在15 h的吊飞飞行中,成虫飞行距离最远（37.14 km）、飞行速度最快（0.87 m/s）、飞行时间最长（11.73 h）。温度低于２０℃或高于２８℃时,其飞行能力均显著降低。甜菜夜蛾在不同温度下飞行时对主要能源物质（甘油三酯）的利用效率不同。在较适宜的温度下,尽管成虫飞行消耗的甘油三酯较多,但单位飞行距离所消耗的甘油三酯却较少,即利用效率较高,表明成虫飞行能源物质利用效率的不同是导致其在不同温度下飞行能力产生差异的主要原因之一。     

温度和湿度对麦长管蚜飞行能力的影响

利用计算机控制的微小昆虫飞行磨系统测定了温度、湿度对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae飞行能力的影响。结果表明,适于飞行的温度为12～22℃,湿度为60%～80%。在温度8℃以下或25℃以上,其飞行能力明显降低。在温度18℃时,麦长管蚜的平均飞行时间、飞行距离最大分别为3.101 h、3.676 km。在相对湿度40%、60%和80%时,飞行时间分别为1.573 h、2.272 h和3.032 h,飞行距离与湿度的关系与飞行时间相似。飞行速度随温度的增高而加快,在相对湿度60%左右时,麦长管蚜的平均飞行速度较快。在20℃,相对湿度80%条件下,单个个体的最大飞行时间、最大飞行距离和最大飞行速度可达14.32 h、22.51 km和1.57 km/ h,表现出麦长管蚜具有较强的飞行能力。     

镉胁迫显著影响甜菜夜蛾成虫的飞行能力

【目的】重金属污染是目前全球面临的重要环境问题。本研究旨在评价镉污染对迁飞性昆虫甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua飞行能力的影响。【方法】利用昆虫飞行信息采集系统对不同浓度镉胁迫下（0, 0.20, 0.80, 3.20和12.80 mg/kg）不同日龄（1, 3, 5和7日龄）和不同性别甜菜夜蛾成虫飞行能力进行了研究。【结果】不同浓度镉胁迫对不同日龄和不同性别甜菜夜蛾成虫飞行能力的影响存在显著差异。以0.20 mg/kg处理下3日龄雌成虫飞行能力最强;平均飞行距离最远;为36.96 km。在所测日龄中;0.20 mg/kg的低浓度镉处理与对照相比飞行能力差异不显著;随着镉浓度的升高;雌雄成虫飞行能力均显著下降;重金属镉胁迫对雄虫飞行能力的抑制作用比对雌虫更加明显。【结论】镉胁迫对不同日龄和不同性别甜菜夜蛾成虫飞行能力具有显著影响。     

温度和寄主密度对雅脊金小蜂寄生和刺死米象幼虫的影响（英文）

本文通过研究雅脊金小蜂Theocolax elegans在6个不同温度梯度下对米象Sitophilus oryzae幼虫的寄生和取食能力,评价了雅脊金小蜂对米象的控制效果。雅脊金小蜂寄生米象的功能反应结果表明,在17℃～29℃的温度范围内,寄生蜂的寄主处理时间与温度成反比,从0.333天（17℃）到0.063天（29℃）。寄主搜索率也随温度变化而变化,17℃时最低（0.083头/天）,26℃时最高（1.521头/天）;当温度升高到29℃,寄主搜索率略有下降;但当温度升高到32℃,寄主搜索率明显下降。温度调节的功能反应模型表明,在26℃～29℃的温度范围内,寄生率较高。所以,在26℃～29℃时,雅脊金小蜂对米象有较好的控制效果。     

一日龄饥饿对粘虫成虫卵巢发育和飞行能力的影响

为了明确羽化后0～24 h (1日龄)饥饿处理对迁飞型粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)生殖系统和飞行系统发育的影响,对1日龄饥饿处理后粘虫的卵巢发育级别、产卵前期、飞行肌和飞行能力进行了系统研究。结果表明, 1日龄饥饿对粘虫成虫卵巢发育级别、产卵前期、中胸背纵肌干重、飞行能力等均有显著的影响。饥饿后成虫卵巢发育级别显著高于对照,产卵前期显著短于对照。成虫中胸背纵肌干重从饥饿后96 h开始下降,至120 h时饥饿粘虫(5.1 mg)显著低于对照(5.86 mg)。成虫飞行能力从饥饿后96 h开始显著低于对照,此时饥饿处理粘虫蛾的飞行距离平均为22.03 km,飞行时间平均为4.07 h,显著低于同时期的对照粘虫的飞行距离(42.3 km)和飞行时间(7.99 h),尽管在饥饿后72 h内差异不显著。实验结果显示,1日龄饥饿可以显著抑制粘虫飞行系统的发育,加速飞行向生殖的转变。     

寄主及寄主食物对雅脊金小蜂子代性比、体型和翅型的影响

通过三级营养关系的传递,研究不同寄主食物和寄主对雅脊金小蜂Theocolax elegans(Westwood)子代性比、体型和翅型的影响。结果表明:雅脊金小蜂寄生小麦粒中的玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky)或米象Sitophilus oryzae(L.)的子代蜂量均显著高于寄生玉米粒中的玉米象或米象的子代蜂量;寄生小麦粒中的米象与玉米象的蜂量之间差异不显著,雌雄性比之间也差异不显著。子代雌蜂个体的体长均显著长于雄蜂的体长;但在寄生玉米粒中的米象时,其子代雌蜂和雄蜂的个体大小是最小的。长翅型雅脊金小蜂在寄生小麦粒中的米象或玉米象时,其子代长翅型的个体数量显著多于寄生于玉米粒中的米象或玉米象的子代长翅型个体数量。因此,用小麦粒中的米象或玉米象来繁殖雅脊金小蜂较之用玉米粒中的玉米象或米象的繁殖效率更高。     

10℃下米象对糙米挥发性成分及前体物质的影响研究

米象Sitophilus oryzae是我国主要的储粮害虫之一,对多种谷物及其加工品均可造成严重危害。本研究为探明10℃下米象对糙米挥发性成分及前体物质（脂肪酸、氨基酸）的影响,使用顶空式固相微萃取气质联用技术（Headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS）对糙米挥发性成分进行提取、鉴定,气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)对糙米脂肪酸进行分析、高效液相色谱仪（High performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)对糙米氨基酸进行分析。结果显示：随着米象侵染时间的延长,糙米中脂质氧化和蛋白质水解不断在发生,8种氨基酸、11种脂肪酸存在显著差异。不同侵染时间内米象侵染对糙米挥发性成分有显著影响,通过偏最小二乘法-判别分析（Partial least squares discrimination analysis, PLS-DA）筛选出18种特征挥发性成分,其中1-十一醇、1-戊醇、二氢-5-十四烷基-2（3H）-呋喃酮、庚醛含量与侵染时间呈正相关,庚醇含量与之呈负相关。基于脂肪酸、氨基酸和特征挥发性成分含量的相关性分析得出,庚醇、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯与油酸、亚油酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸含量变化呈一定的相关性。以上结果表明在10℃条件下,米象仍存在缓慢的生命活动,促进了糙米氨基酸和脂肪酸的氧化降解,进而对挥发性成分的形成产生显著影响。     

Susceptibility of certain Egyptian and imported wheat cultivars to infestation by Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica

Stored wheat grains are vulnerable to attack by Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica, which deteriorate the quality of the infested commodities, depletes nutrition value and makes them unfit for human consumption. The susceptibility of two Egyptian local (MISR1 and SIDS12) and four imported wheat (Hard Australian wheat, American Hard Red Winter, American Soft Red Winter and Romanian wheat) cultivars to infestation by S. oryzae and R. dominica was investigated. The Romanian cultivar was the most susceptible at infestation level of 20 adults/250g. For the other two infestation levels (10 and 15 adults/250g), the Romanian and American (SRW) varieties showed high susceptibility to S. oryzae by 5.13 and 5.52% and 4.32 and 4.76% for both varieties, in respect. On the other hand, the infestation with R. dominica showed the minimum weight loss in Romanian wheat and unexpectedly showed maximum number of emerged adults after three months storage. Maximum means of damaged grains were recorded in Romanian and American (HRW) cultivars caused by S. oryzae and R. dominica infestations, respectively. Moreover, chemical changes were recorded in nutritional composition of the grains when they were subjected to infestation with 20 unsexed adults/250g wheat by S. oryzae and R. dominica for three months storage.     

Influence of growing location and cultivar on Rhyzopertha dominica （Coleoptera： Bostrichidae） and Sitophilus oryzae （Coleoptera： Curculionidae） infestation of rough rice

Long-grain rice cultivars Cocodrie, Wells, and XP 723 grown in three locations （Hazen, MO; Essex and Newport, AR, USA）, and medium-grain rice cultivars Bengal and XP 713 grown in two locations （Jonesboro and Lodge Corner, AR, USA）, were harvested and assayed for susceptibility to Rhyzopertha dominica （F.） （Coleoptera： Bostrichidae）, the lesser grain borer, and Sitophilus oryzae （L.） （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）, the rice weevil, on rice held at 27℃, 57% and 75% relative humidity （RH）. Separate samples from the same harvest lots were also analyzed for the physical characteristics of brown rice yield, percentage whole kernels and kernel thickness. Progeny production and feeding damage of R. dominica were significantly different among long-grain cultivars within two of the three locations （P 〈 0.05）, but not for location or RH （P ≥ 0.05）, while progeny production of S. oryzae was different among cultivars, location, and RH （P 〈 0.05）. On medium-grain rice, both cultivar and location were significant for progeny production of R. dominica, but not RH, while cultivar and RH were significant for progeny production of S. oryzae, but not location. On both rice types, feeding damage of R. dominica followed the same trends and was always strongly positively correlated with progeny production （P 〈 0.05）, but for S. oryzae there were several instances in which progeny production was not correlated with feeding damage （P ≥ 0.05）. Physical characteristics of both rice types were statistically significant （P 〈 0.01） but actual numerical differences were extremely small, and were generally not correlated with progeny production of either species. Results indicate that the location in which a particular rice cultivar is grown, along with its characteristics, could affect susceptibility of the rice to R. dominica and S. oryzae.     

Analysis of trough and peak of plasma melatonin circadian rhythm in ewes

This study evaluates the pattern of plasma melatonin during the trough and the peak of its daily rhythm. Blood samples from 8 ewes were collected every 3 h for a 48-h period. On the third day, blood samples were collected from 10:00 to 13:00 (trough) and from 20:00 to 23:00 (peak) every 20 min. Our results showed a robust daily rhythm of melatonin in both days of monitoring, with nocturnal acrophase. During the trough, a significant decrease was observed starting from the 10:40 with a progressive decrease about every 40 min. During the peak of the plasma melatonin daily rhythm, an increase was observed starting from the 20:40 with a progressive increase about every 40 min. These data could be taken in consideration to monitor the plasma melatonin variations during the 24 h, and for the administration of melatonin for breeding in ewes.     

Chemical constituents and fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Carum copticum against two stored product beetles

Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in plant-insect interactions and therefore such compounds may have insecticidal or antifeedant activity against insects. Carum copticum C. B. Clarke （Apiaceae） is one of these plants that have medicinal effects on humans. The chemical composition of the essential oil from dry seeds of C. copticum was studied by gas chromatography （GC） and gas chromatography mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Thymol （41.34%）,α-terpinolene （17.46%） and ρ-cymene （11.76%） were found to be the major constituents of the oil. In fumigant toxicity tests with the essential oil against adults of Sitophilus oryzae （L.） and Tribolium castaneum （Herbst） at 27 ±1℃ and 60% ± 5% RH, it was observed that S. oryzae （LC50 = 0.91 μL/L） were significantly susceptible than T. castaneum （LC50 = 33.14 μL/L）. The mortalities of the insect species reached 100% at concentrations higher than 185.2 μL/L and 12-h exposure time. The findings indicate the strong insecticidal activity of C. copticum oil and its potential role as a fumigant for storedproduct insects.     

Fumigant toxicity of Eucalyptus intertexta, Eucalyptus sargentii and Eucalyptus camaldulensis against stored-product beetles

Abstract:  Three essential oils extracted from the species of the family Myrtaceae found in Kashan (centre regions of Iran) were shown to have potent fumigant toxicity against three major stored-product insects: Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). These were the essential oils from Eucalyptus intertexta R.T. Baker, Eucalyptus sargentii Maiden and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. The mortality of 1- to 7-day-old adults of the insect pests increased with concentration from 37 to 926  μ l/l air and with exposure time from 3 to 24 h. The LC₅₀ values to the selected essential oils were between 2.55 and 3.97  μ l/l air for C. maculatus , 6.93 and 12.91  μ l/l for S. oryzae and 11.59 and 33.50  μ l/l air for T. castaneum . Fumigant effects of these essential oils were considered to warrant further research into their potential for commercial use.