刺桐病虫害种类调查与防治

在泉州市中心市区进行全国首次的刺桐病虫害种类系统调查,发现危害刺桐的病害有5种,虫害有14中,其中外来病虫害有4种,国内未见报道的有5种,观察各主要病虫害的症状、发生特点,研究其防治措施.     

广东桃蛀螟发生分布与种群动态

桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée)是一种多食性的蛀果害虫,近年来其发生危害日趋加重。本研究通过田间调查,探究了桃蛀螟在广东的发生情况、分布及其种群动态。结果表明,广东桃蛀螟发生主要集中在粤东地区的河源市以及粤北地区的清远和韶关市,并在上述地区的板栗和鹰嘴蜜桃上发生严重危害,该虫在珠三角地区零星发生,在粤西、梅州和潮汕地区则尚未发生危害。除板栗和鹰嘴蜜桃外,受桃蛀螟为害的作物还有三华李、水晶梨、荔枝、龙眼、杨桃、向日葵和甜玉米,但受害较轻。桃蛀螟成蛾在广东河源一年有5个发生高峰,并以幼虫于11月下旬至翌年3月上旬越冬。     

澳门特别行政区园林绿化植物病虫害调查初报

对澳门主要区域园林绿化植物病虫害进行的初步调查,共采集到病害标本85份,昆虫标本315份,鉴定确认危害澳门园林植物的病害有64种,害虫77种;其中还发现属于检疫对象的椰心叶甲为害椰树。并对发生较普遍和严重的病虫害提出了一些防治措施和建议。     

厦门市桂花病虫害种类及防治

1998~2004年对厦门市桂花病虫害进行系统调查,查明桂花病虫害10种,其中病害6种,虫害4种;文中提出这些病虫害的防治方案。     

厦门城市园林绿化主要棕榈科植物病虫害调查研究

本文对厦门城市绿化主要栽培的棕榈科植物病虫害种类进行系统调查,共计44种病害,17种虫害,为厦门园林棕榈科植物病虫害的防治和深入研究提供了重要依据.     

马尾松苗叶枯病与防治

松苗叶枯病是危害马尾松苗木和幼树的主要叶部病害,对苗期和幼林生长影响较大。由于回归种植松树对苗木的需求,当前在苗圃生长过程中出现的叶枯病比较普遍。本文观察该病害的为害情况、症状、病原、发生情况、防治方法,与相似的病虫害区别等进行探讨,以培育健康苗木供造林需要。     

不同播期夏玉米二代玉米螟幼虫为害特点与防治对策

系统调查表明 ,不同播期夏玉米上二代玉米螟幼虫为害情况存在一定差异 ,由此根据玉米螟发生期与玉米生育期的对应情况 ,提出了 3种类型田玉米螟的防治对策     

福建省西洋参主要病害及其防治方法

西洋参抗病力弱。据文献报道,为害西洋参的病害种类有20余种之多。我国南方高山上气候温暖湿润,适宜于病菌繁殖蔓延。目前在福建省引种地发现的主要病害有立枯病、猝倒病、黑斑病,日烧病、锈腐病等。这些病害常导致植株提前倒苗,抑制了营养生长,影响根的增长量。如何积极预防,控制病害发生,直接关系到引种地西洋参能否巩固与发展。现对几年来西洋参引种栽培过程中发生的病害及其防治方法进行初步总结。     

月季主要病虫害种类调查及防治对策

对武汉生物工程学院校园内的月季上发生的病虫害的种类进行了调查,结果表明:危害月季的主要病害有月季黑斑病,主要虫害有月季叶蜂、月季长管蚜和月季卷象。同时,针对这四种病虫害提出了相应的防治措施。以期为校园月季的养护提供一定的理论及实践参考依据。     

云南稻作区主要有害生物发生动态及其复合为害

对云南不同稻作区286块水稻主栽品种稻田有害生物种类组成及其发生动态进行了系统调查,并结合文献资料讨论了云南水稻有害生物群落的演化趋势.结果表明:3种稻作区有害生物主要种类、发生动态及其复合为害特点差异显著,粳稻区叶鞘腐败病、白叶枯病、条纹叶枯病、叶蝉类、粘虫类、蛀茎类发生严重,籼粳交错区纹枯病、条纹叶枯病发生严重,籼稻区叶瘟病、纹枯病、稻纵卷叶螟、高于水稻冠层杂草发生严重;而稻曲病、稻飞虱和低于水稻冠层杂草在3种稻作区普遍存在且发生严重.杂草在水稻整个生长季节均有发生且种类较多,其中稗草、慈姑、眼子菜、紫背浮萍等在3种稻作区发生均较严重.粳稻区和籼稻区有害生物复合为害整体水平高于籼粳交错区.就云南水稻有害生物群落的演化而言,稻曲病、纹枯病和稻飞虱在各稻作区发生有进一步加重的趋势,杂草优势种类正在由以一年生杂草为主朝着以多年生恶性杂草为主的方向演化.     

近年广西银杏病虫害发生及防治对策

近年来 ,银杏病虫害在广西各栽培地区普遍发生。主要报导了在广西危害比较严重 ,造成较大经济损失的病虫害及其危害症状、形态特征、发生规律和防治措施。这些病虫害在广西多属首次发现报导。     

广东省菊花主要病虫害危害及其防治

介绍了广东省菊花主要病虫害的发生特点以及防治措施,为菊花病虫害的诊断提供参考。     

树木病虫害缺陷精准检测方法的综述和展望

我国疆土辽阔,有着丰富的森林资源。近年来,随着外来昆虫的入侵,全国树木病虫害的暴发率逐年上升,对我国生态经济造成了巨大的影响,但是树木病虫害的监测只能在局部地区,因而只能在已经暴发了较严重的病虫害后才能够发现和治理。树木病虫害如在早期未被发现和处理,可能会造成暴发的严重形势,且预防和治理将变得被动,因此,进行树木内部病虫害缺陷精准检测尤为重要。为更早和更加准确预报树木病虫害的发生,需要进行定期的检测和监控。针对早期传统方法如目测法、敲击辩声法和解剖观测法等方法的准确性低、时效性差和易对树木造成不可逆损害等缺点,近些年研究出了新的检测方法,包括指向性好、能量大的超声波检测法,低成本、穿透性强的应力波检测法,以及成像准确、适用于不同环境的电磁波检测法等。不同的检测方法分别有着相对应的成像算法,如走时法、频域分析法和Born近似法等。这些成像算法在分辨率、准确度、精度和计算速度上各有优势。通过对这3种检测方法的发展现状进行总结,了解各类检测方法的优缺点,有助于更好地针对不同情况下的树木病虫害做出精准检测,能够把树木病虫害暴发后的被动治理变成暴发前的主动预防,以提早做出应对方案。     

Bioecology of some key cashew insect pests and diseases in diverse habitats and landscapes in Tanzania

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is an economically important cash crop for many rural households in Tanzania. However, its production is constrained by some insect pests and diseases. As a prerequisite for the development of a more sustainable integrated insect pest and disease management strategy for cashew, information on the biology and ecology of the key insect pests and diseases in a changing environment, and on influencing biotic and abiotic factors, is needed. Surveys were conducted in the major cashew nut‐producing areas of Tanzania for two seasons: August to December, 2009, and August to December, 2010. Data on number of infested and infected shoots by key insect pests and diseases, natural enemies and associated farmer practices, namely synthetic pesticide use and intercropping systems, were collected from different subzones within agroecological zones. Our data showed that abundance and diversity of key cashew insect pests and diseases were influenced by agroecological zones and subzones. Intercropping was more commonly practised in the northern than in the southern zone. Agrochemicals were most frequently used in the southern agroecological zone and affected the occurrence of natural enemies, notably the weaver ant that was more abundant in the northern zone. Furthermore, our findings revealed that Helopeltis sp. and the powdery mildew remained the major constraints to cashew nut production in Tanzania.     

诱集植物在农业中的应用研究进展与展望

全世界每年因病虫害导致严重的农业经济损失, 为了减少病虫害的发生, 实际生产中通常使用大量化学农药, 然而农药的大量施用, 不仅造成环境污染和农产品安全问题, 还会使病虫害产生抗药性, 天敌种群受损, 从而导致病虫害爆发日益严重。种植诱集植物是一种环境友好型病虫害防控方法, 该方法主要是通过诱集植物吸引虫害和降低病害, 从而减少病虫害对主栽作物的危害, 达到保护主栽作物的目的, 最终减少农业上化学农药的使用。根据诱集植物自身特性, 将其分为五种主导作用类型: 传统诱集植物、致死型诱集植物、基因工程型诱集植物、生物辅助控制型诱集植物、化学信息素辅助作用型诱集植物等, 根据种植和利用方式, 将其分为: 围种诱集、间种诱集、连作诱集、与其它方式结合等。尽管关于诱集植物的研究已有近160年历史, 但有关高效诱集植物的筛选、诱集植物与主栽作物的优化配置模式与配套种植技术、诱集植物对靶标病虫害的作用机理、诱集植物在农业生产中的生态风险评估等仍不清楚, 且诱集植物仍具有较大开发潜力和应用价值, 如(1)开发应用诱集植物的环境污染修复功能及相关技术; (2)开发应用诱集植物的景观生态与休闲旅游功能及相关技术; (3)开发利用诱集植物对土壤的养分转化与固持提升功能(如固氮、固碳、固土功能等)、生物质能源功能、节能减排功能及相关技术; (4)开发应用诱集植物及其废弃物的经济产品功能及其可持续生产技术。论文综述了近年来国内外有关诱集植物的相关研究与实践应用, 旨在为诱集植物在农业生产中进行病虫害防治研究和应用提供相关参考。     

浅谈农田生态与水稻病虫害之关系

湖南素以“鱼米之乡”著称。全省拥有耕地面积3.47×10~6ha,1986年水稻播种面积4.33×10~6ha,总产2.6316×10~(10)kg。水稻各个生育时期都有病虫发生。现就影响病虫种群结构的几项主要生态因素分述如下。     

A ten-year study of population dynamics of citrus pests in the pesticide-reduced orchard

To determine the effectiveness of a pest management system that uses pesticides at a low level, we censused populations of seven insect pests and three plant diseases from 1980 to 1989 in a citrus orchard which was managed with a pesticide-reduced and pesticide-free protocols, in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. In the orchard, we controlled the pests solely by spraying petroleum oil once a year from 1980 to 1985, by not spraying insecticide in 1986, and spraying only germicide in 1987. The arrowhead scale population remained much lower level at which citrus trees begin to wither when petroleum oil was sprayed, whereas it rapidly increased and began to wither trees during the years without spraying petroleum oil. The Indian wax scale population rapidly increased only during a 2-year period and then declined. Although the infection level of the sooty mold was unusually high on the trees where the density of the scale was high, this pathogen did little damage to citrus trees. The population of the red wax scale gradually increased throughout the census period but did not reach the level at which citrus trees begin to be damaged. Other pests also caused negligible damages to citrus trees. The results indicated that the pesticide-reduced pest management system which was proposed by Inoue and Ohgushi (1976, 1977) is valid for the prevention of the outbreak of the arrowhead scale, and that is has the sufficient control efficiency for the other pests in citrus orchards.     

Plant protection and growth stimulation by microorganisms: biotechnological applications of Bacilli in agriculture

The increasing demand for a steady, healthy food supply requires an efficient control of the major pests and plant diseases. Current management practices are based largely on the application of synthetic pesticides. The excessive use of agrochemicals has caused serious environmental and health problems. Therefore, there is a growing demand for new and safer methods to replace or at least supplement the existing control strategies. Biological control, that is, the use of natural antagonists to combat pests or plant diseases has emerged as a promising alternative to chemical pesticides. The Bacilli offer a number of advantages for their application in agricultural biotechnology. Several Bacillus-based products have been marketed as microbial pesticides, fungicides or fertilisers. Bacillus-based biopesticides are widely used in conventional agriculture, by contrast, implementation of Bacillus-based biofungicides and biofertilizers is still a pending issue.     

水稻三种主要害虫复合为害损失的研究

三化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱类是南方水稻的主要害虫,常在水稻生长中后期同时造成为害。网室接虫试验表明：水稻产量损失率与三种害虫的密度呈线性关系,回归方程式为：y＝0．0870＋032431x1＋0．5075x2＋0．1583x3。文中对多种病虫复合为害损失预测模型的一般形式及复合防治指标的应用进行了讨论。