冬虫夏草固态培养菌丝中纤溶酶的纯化和酶学性质

【背景】血栓性疾病发病率逐年递增,发病人群呈现低龄化趋势,严重地影响着人们的身心健康。因此研发高效、安全、特异性强的溶栓药物具有重要的意义,是血栓性疾病预防与治疗研究领域的热点。【目的】对冬虫夏草菌丝固态培养过程中产生的纤溶酶进行分离纯化,并对纯化的纤溶酶进行酶学性质分析。【方法】通过硫酸铵盐析、阳离子交换色谱和Superdex 75凝胶过滤色谱分离纯化虫草纤溶酶。采用Bradford法测定样品中总蛋白质浓度,纤维蛋白平板法测定纤溶酶活性,Native-PAGE检测纯度,SDS-PAGE测定相对分子量。【结果】在固态培养中冬虫夏草菌丝可以产生至少两种纤溶酶,分别命名为OSP-1和OSP-2。纯化后OSP-1比活力达到4186.25U/mg,纯化倍数为41.69倍。OSP-1由两个亚基构成,相对分子量分别为27.60k D和23.83k D,是一种丝氨蛋白酶。酶学性质分析表明,该酶最适作用温度为40°C,最适pH为4.0。Cu2+可促进OSP-1酶活,而Zn2+会抑制酶活。除了具有较高的纤溶酶活性,OSP-1还可发挥激活纤维蛋白酶原的作用。在水解纤维蛋白原的过程中,该酶可依次降解γ、Aα、Bβ链。【结论】研究发现的OSP-1具有开发成新型溶栓药物的潜力。     

蛹虫草无性型深层培养液中纤溶酶的分离纯化和酶学性质研究

【目的】确立蛹拟青霉深层培养液中高纯度、高纤溶活性纤溶酶的分离纯化方法并测定其酶学性质。【方法】采用硫酸铵盐析、Sephadex G-25凝胶色谱、Phenyl-Sepharose HP疏水相互作用色谱、CM-Sepharose FF弱阳离子交换色谱和Superdex 75凝胶色谱对蛹拟青霉纤溶酶进行分离。用Lowry法测定蛋白质浓度,纤维蛋白平板法测定其纤溶活性,SDS-PAGE鉴定其纯度并确定其分子量,IEF法测定其等电点。【结果】研究发现,以蔗糖和豆饼为培养基主要基质时,蛹拟青霉深层培养可以产生至少两种纤溶酶。提纯后的纤溶酶Ⅱ比活力达到800.46 U/mg,总纯化倍数为30.07倍。纤溶酶Ⅱ的相对分子量和等电点分别为32 kD和9.3±0.2。纤溶酶Ⅱ是一种糖蛋白,总含糖量为0.98%(W/V)。该酶可以顺次降解人血纤维蛋白(原)的α、β和γ链。其最适作用pH及温度分别为7.4和41°C。Aprotinine与PMSF对该纤溶酶的活性完全抑制,推测此纤溶酶可能是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶。【结论】单一的高纤溶活性纤溶酶的获得和酶学性质的确定,为该酶开发成为新型溶栓药物提供了理论依据。     

地鳖纤溶活性蛋白的纯化及性质研究

通过硫酸铵分段沉淀、DEAE-纤维素柱和SephadexG-75柱层析从雌地鳖(Eupolyphagesinensiswalker)体内分离纯化到一种相对分子质量约为41.3kD的纤溶活性蛋白,纤维蛋白平板测定表明,该蛋白具有纤溶作用,经SDS-PAGE电泳显示为一条带,含糖量为10.5%。其水解纤维蛋白的比活力为547.86u/mg。该成分受蛋白抑制剂和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF的抑制,但EDTA对其影响不大,提示该成分属于丝氨酸蛋白酶类。该成分在40℃下基本稳定,最适温度40℃,最适pH为8.0,其激活纤维蛋白溶解酶(PLG)的机制与尿激酶(UK)有一定区别。推测其可能是一种新的地鳖纤溶酶组分。     

黑蚂蚁纤溶活性蛋白的分离纯化及其性质研究

通过硫酸铵分段盐析、DEAE-52离子交换和Sephacryl S-100分子筛层析从黑蚂蚁(Polyrhachis vicina Roger)中纯化到一种纤溶活性蛋白,再通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳测定其分子质量,Braford法测定蛋白浓度,蒽酮硫酸法测定其含糖量,纤维蛋白平板法测定其酶活性。并研究温度、p H改变及不同金属离子对其活性的影响。结果显示,分离得到的活性蛋白具有纤溶活性,其分子质量约为25 k D,蛋白浓度为2.804 1 mg/m L,糖含量为8.171 4%,酶活力为67.455 2 U/g。研究表明,该活性蛋白最适温度为45℃,最适p H为3.0,p H在4.0~8.0基本稳定,Na+、K+对其酶活性影响较小,Mg2+对该酶纤溶活性有强烈的激活作用,而Zn2+、Ba2+、Mn2+、Ca2+等对此酶活力有没明显的抑制作用。     

白灵侧耳纤溶酶的纯化及酶学性质分析

白灵侧耳子实体浸提液经过硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析和羟基磷灰石色谱柱层析后,纯化得到一种纤溶酶。该酶在SDS-PAGE中显单条带,其分子量约为30kDa。该酶在45℃以下,pH6.5-10.0的范围内稳定,最适pH为8.0,最适温度为25℃。金属离子K+对该酶有明显的激活作用,Zn2+、Mg2+、Cu2+对酶有部分抑制作用。金属离子鳌合剂EDTA和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF不抑制该酶活性,初步说明此酶既不是金属酶,也不是丝氨酸类蛋白酶。该酶既具有纤溶酶作用,又具有激活纤溶酶原的作用。     

菜花烙铁头蛇毒中一种具有激肽释放酶与纤维蛋白原溶酶活性的Jerdonase

通过DEAESephadexA 5 0阴离子交换、超细SephadexG 10 0分子筛和反相高效液相C4 色谱层析 ,从菜花烙铁头蛇毒冻干粉中纯化出一种具有激肽释放酶活性和α纤维蛋白原溶酶活性的丝氨酸蛋白酶 ,命名为Jerdonase。在 12 .5 %胶浓度的SDS还原电泳条件下 ,该酶分子量大约为 5 5kD ,在非还原电泳条件下 ,分子量大约为 5 3kD。此酶是一种糖蛋白 ,含有约 35 .8%的中性糖。它的N末端氨基酸序列为IIGGDEENINEHPFLVALYDA ,其序列和蛇毒中其他丝氨酸蛋白酶具有非常高的序列相似性。Jerdonase能够催化BAEE、S 2 2 38和S 2 30 2的水解 ,其水解活性可被PMSF抑制 ,但是EDTA对此没有影响。Jerdonase能优先水解人纤维蛋白原的Aα链 ,同时伴随有微弱的Bβ链水解活性。另外 ,此酶能够水解牛低分子量的激肽原 ,释放舒缓激肽。总之 ,所有的结果表明Jerdonase是一个具有多功能活性的蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶     

一株新的豆豉纤溶酶产生菌的研究

从全国各地采集豆豉样品,经富集培养并利用纤维蛋白平板法获得一株形态与现存产纤溶酶微生物差异较大的菌株HS9.通过传统方法、化学方法以及16S rRNA序列分析对HS9进行分类鉴定,属于Pseudomonas aeruqinosa,是未见报道的产豆豉纤溶酶菌株.发酵培养HS9获得粗酶,经20%～70%硫酸铵梯度盐析、Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤以及CM-Sepharose Fast Flow阳离子交换层析分离纯化后,得到了电泳纯酶.通过SDS-PAGE了解该酶分子量约为34 kD,pH 8.0～8.5时酶活性最高,最适作用温度48℃,作用方式为直接水解纤维蛋白,胃蛋白酶抑制剂在工作浓度1μmol/L时能完全抑制其活性,推测该酶为天冬氨酸蛋白酶,是一种新型的豆豉纤溶酶.     

枯草芽孢杆菌BS-26菌株纤溶酶的性质分析及活性组分的分离纯化

[目的]溶栓疗法是血栓性疾病安全且有效的治疗手段,从微生物中寻找溶栓药物是一种理想有效的途径,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)BS-26菌株发酵液具有很强的体外纤溶活性,本文分析了发酵液中纤溶酶的性质并对活性组分进行了分离纯化.[方法]利用纤维蛋白平板法检测纤溶酶活性,利用硫酸铵分级盐析、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换层析和聚丙烯酰胺制备电泳等方法,进行分离纯化.[结果]此菌株产生的纤溶酶在50℃以下和pH5.0～11.0范围内具有较好的稳定性,最适作用温度为42℃;最适pH值为9.0;Mg2 、Ca2 对此酶有明显的激活作用,而Cu2 能完全抑制酶的活性;174.2μg/mL的苯甲基磺酰氟、1000μg/mL的鸡卵类粘蛋白和1000μg/mL大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂能完全抑制酶活性,初步说明此酶属于丝氨酸蛋白酶类;体外溶纤作用表明,该酶溶解纤维蛋白的方式是直接溶解,而不是通过激活纤溶酶原.从该菌株的发酵液中获得了一种纤溶酶组分,比活力达8750 U/mg,回收率为3.2%,所获得样品纯度相对于发酵液提高了41倍,该酶在SDS-PAGE中是单肽链蛋白,分子量为32 kDa.[结论]获得了一种纤溶酶的单一组分,为纤溶酶发酵产品的大规模纯化及进一步研制和开发新的溶栓药物提供重要理论依据.     

广西沿海裸体方格星虫纤维蛋白溶解酶的研究

采用离心、硫酸铵分级盐析、离子交换、凝胶过滤层析等方法进行分离纯化,从裸体方格星虫内脏得到纤维蛋白溶解酶(纤溶酶),SDS-PAGE聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定为单一组分,相对分子质量为33250;酶学分析结果最适反应温度约为45℃,最适反应pH值为7.5 Ba2+离子对该酶活力有一定的抑制作用,而Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Na+和Ag+不影响该酶的活性。裸体方格星虫纤溶酶纤溶活性完全被苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)抑制,为丝氨酸蛋白酶;此外,裸体方格星虫纤溶酶具有直接溶解纤维蛋白和激活纤溶酶原的双重作用,对预防和治疗血栓性疾病具有一定的药用价值。     

浙江蝮蛇蛇毒蛋白水解酶(蛋白酶a)的酶学性质及生物学活性研究

应用离子交换及凝胶柱层析,从浙江蝮蛇(Agkistrodon halys Pallas)蛇毒中分离纯化出一种具有酪蛋白水解活性的蛋白酶a。经研究表明,以酪蛋白为底物,该蛋白酶a作用的最适pH值为9.5,最适温度为45℃,Km值为1.33×10~(-5)mol/L,酶活性受EDTA抑制。蛋白酶a不水解TAME,BAEE等精氨酸脂。实验表明,蛋白酶a具有纤维蛋白溶解作用而无出血毒性,EDTA和半胱氨酸可抑制其纤溶活性。     

Purification and characterization of an extracellular β-xylosidase from the rumen anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix frontalis

The purification of beta-xylosidase (beta-D-xyloside xylohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.37) from Neocallimastix frontalis was performed by ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and preparative isoelectric focusing. The enzyme had a molecular mass of 180,000 Da, an isoelectric point at pH 4.35 and catalysed the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside optimally at pH 6.5 and 35 degrees C with a Km of 0.33 mg ml-1. The enzymatic activity was strongly increased by the presence of Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+ or Mg2+ and completely inhibited by Hg2+ and p-chloromercuribenzoate. The purified protein also had a low level of xylanase activity.     

Purification and characterization of histidinol dehydrogenase from cabbage

Histidinol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.23) activity was determined in several plant species and in cultured plant cell lines. The enzyme was purified from cabbage (Brassica oleracea) to apparent homogeneity. To render complete purification, a new, specific histidinol-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography was developed. The apparent molecular mass of the protein is 103 kDa. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the protein migrated as a single band with a molecular mass of 52 kDa, giving evidence for a dimeric quaternary structure. By isoelectric focusing, the enzyme was separated into six protein bands, five of which possessed the dehydrogenase activity when examined by an activity staining method. The Km values for L-histidinol and NAD+ were 15.5 and 42 microM, respectively. Enzyme activity was stimulated by addition of Mn2+, but was inhibited in the presence of Ba2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, or Cu2+. Histidinol dehydrogenase is the first histidine enzyme that has been purified to homogeneity and characterized from plants. This plant enzyme catalyzes the NAD-linked four-electron dehydrogenase reaction leading from histidinol to His. The results indicate a similar pathway of His in plants and show furthermore the last two reaction steps to be identical to those in microorganisms.     

Isolation and characterization of a novel phytase fromPenicillium simplicissimum

Eighty-three isolates from different soil samples exhibited the potential for producing active extracellular phytase. The most active fungal isolate with phytase activity was identified as Penicillium simplicissimum. In shaking culture with enrichment medium, the highest extracellular phytase activity of the producing strain was 3.8 U/mL. The crude enzyme filtrate was purified to homogeneity using ultrafiltration. IEC and gel filtration chromatography. The molar mass of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 65 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The saccharide identification with periodic acid-Schiff reagent (PAS) and activity recognition by 1-naphthyl phosphate was all positive. The isoelectric point of the enzyme, as deduced by isoelectric focusing, was pH 5.8, the optimum pH and temperature being pH 4.0 and 55 degrees C, respectively. The purified enzyme revealed broad substrate specificity and was strongly inhibited by Fe2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+; however, no inhibition was found by EDTA and PMSF. Phytase activity was inhibited when 2 mmol/L of dodecasodium phytate was added and the Km for it was determined to be 813 mmol/L.     

Purification of a 51 kDa endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Staphylococcus aureus

A bacteriolytic enzyme obtained from the culture fluid of Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P was purified to homogeneity utilizing dye-ligand affinity column chromatography, hydrophobic interaction high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and hydroxyapatite HPLC. Subsequent characterizations indicated that the purified enzyme acted as endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. The molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was 51,000 and the isoelectric point was higher than 10. The optimum pH for the enzyme activity on whole cells of Micrococcus luteus as a substrate was 8.0. Some heavy metal cations (Cu2+ and Zn2+) inhibited the enzyme activity at a concentration of 0.1 mM and others (Ba2+, Mg2+ and Co2+) showed a stimulating effect at a concentration of 1 mM.     

树状多节孢酸性磷酸酶的分离纯化与性质研究

树状多节孢Nodulisporium sylviforme是从东北红豆杉Taxus cuspidata分离、可产生紫杉醇的内生真菌。研究以树状多节孢为材料,利用液体发酵手段获得菌丝体,通过CM-cellulose阴离子交换柱层析、Q-Sepharose阳离子交换柱层析和FPLC凝胶过滤层析（Superdex 75）,获得纯化的树状多节孢酸性磷酸酶蛋白（Nod-ACP）。结合FPLC和SDS-PAGE分析,判定该磷酸酶为分子量44kDa单亚基蛋白。酶学性质研究表明,其最适pH值为3.0,最适温度为58℃。6     

Hieronymain I,a new cysteine peptidase isolated from unripe fruits of Bromelia hieronymi Mez (Bromeliaceae)

A new peptidase, named hieronymain I, was purified to homogeneity from unripe fruits of Bromelia hieronymi Mez (Bromeliaceae) by acetone fractionation followed by cation exchange chromatography (FPLC) on CM-Sepharose FF. Homogeneity of the enzyme was confirmed by mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF), isoelectric focusing, and SDS-PAGE. Hieronymain is a basic peptidase (pI > 9.3) and its molecular mass was 24,066 Da. Maximum proteolytic activity on casein (>90% of maximum activity) was achieved at pH 8.5–9.5. The enzyme was completely inhibited by E-64 and iodoacetic acid and activated by the addition of cysteine; these results strongly suggest that the isolated protease should be included within the cysteine group. The N-terminal sequence of hieronymain (ALPESIDWRAKGAVTEVKRQDG) was compared with 25 plant cysteine proteases that showed more than 50% of identity.     

Isolation and purification of an extracellular protease from a new strain of Bacillus subtilis, viz.NCIM 2711

A new extracellular protease having a prospective application in the food industry was isolated from Bacillus sUbtilis NCIM 2711 by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation from the cell broth. It was purified using DEAE-Cellulose and CM-Sephadex C-50 ion-exchange chromatography. With casein as a substrate, the proteolytic activity of the purified protease was found to be optimal at pH 7.0 and temperature 55 degrees C with Km 1.06 mg/ml. The enzyme was stable over a pH range 6.5-8.0 at 30 degrees C for 1 hr in presence of CaCl2 x 2H2O. At 55 degrees C, the enzyme retained 60% activity up to 15 min in presence of CaCl2 x 2H2O. EDTA and o-phenanthroline (OP) completely inhibited the enzyme activity while DFP, PMSF and iodoacetamide were ineffective. The enzyme was completely inhibited by Hg2+ and partially by Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Fe2+. The OP inhibited enzyme could be reactivated by Zn2+ and Co2+ up to 75% and 69% respectively. It is a neutral metalloprotease showing a single band of 43 kDa on SDS-PAGE.     

A Purified Zinc Protease of Pea Chloroplasts,EP1, Degrades the Large Subunit of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase

A previously reported endopeptidase (EP1) from pea chloroplasts was purified over 11,000-fold using a four-step protocol involving ultrafiltration, sucrose gradient centrifugation, isoelectric focusing, and high performance liquid chromatography gel filtration. The enzyme was determined to be a metalloprotease requiring bound Zn2+ and added Mg2+ or Ca2+ for proper activity. Its localization in the stroma of pea chloroplasts was confirmed by demonstrating its insensitivity to thermolysin when the envelope was intact. A contaminating serine protease that attacks EP1 was found. The contaminating protease was inhibited by 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride, but not by o-phenanthroline, whereas EP1 sensitivities were the reverse. EP1 is able to hydrolyze the large subunit of native ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase under physiological conditions.     

Purification and characterization of laccase from basidiomycete Fomitella fraxinea

A laccase was isolated from the culture filtrate of basidiomycete Fomitella fraxinea. The enzyme was purified to electrophoretical homogeneity using ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography, and gel-filtration chromatography. The enzyme was identified a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 47 kDa sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and gel-filtration chromatography, and had an isoelectric point of 3.8. The N-terminal amino acid sequence for the enzyme was ATXSNXKTLAAD, which had a very low similarity to the sequences previously reported for laccases from other basidiomycetes. The optimum and temperature for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonate) (ABTS) were 3.0 and 70 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme also showed a much higher level of specific activity for ABTS and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP), where the values of the enzyme for ABTS and 2,6-DMP were 270 and 426 microM, respectively, and the Vmax values were 876 and 433.3 microM/min, respectively. The laccase activity was completely inhibited by L-cysteine, dithiothreitol (DTT), and sodium azide, significantly inhibited by Ni+, Mn+ and Ba+2, and slightly stimulated by K+ and Ca+2.     

Isolation and characterization of a novel extracellular metalloprotease from Bacillus subtilis.

We have isolated and characterized two minor extracellular proteases from culture supernatants of a strain of Bacillus subtilis containing deletion mutations of the genes for the extracellular proteases subtilisin (apr) and neutral protease (npr) and a minor extracellular protease (epr) as well as intracellular serine protease-I (isp-1). Characterization studies have revealed that one of these enzymes is the previously described protease bacillopeptidase F. The second enzyme, the subject of this report, is a novel metalloprotease, which we designate Mpr. Mpr is a unique metalloprotease that has been purified to apparent homogeneity by using both conventional and high-performance liquid chromatography procedures. Mpr has a molecular mass of approximately 28 kilodaltons on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a basic isoelectric point of 8.7. The enzyme showed maximal activity against azocoll at pH 7.5 and 50 degrees C. Mpr was inhibited by dithiothreitol and a combination of beta-mercaptoethanol and EDTA. Activity was moderately inhibited by beta-mercaptoethanol and EDTA alone as well as by cysteine and citrate and only marginally by phosphoramidon 1,10-phenanthroline and N-[N-(L-3-trans-carboxyoxiran-2-carbonyl)-L-leucyl]-agmatine. Mpr was not inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. In addition, Mpr showed esterolytic but not collagenolytic activities. Our studies suggest that Mpr is a secreted metalloprotease containing cysteine residues that are required for maximal activity.