气候变化下阔叶山麦冬的潜在适生区预测

基于MaxEnt最大熵模型和ArcGIS10.2软件,利用阔叶山麦冬(Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H.Bailey)205条有效分布记录和10个生物气候变量,对现代和未来4个时期ssp245和ssp585气候情景下阔叶山麦冬潜在适生区进行预测,评估了制约阔叶山麦冬现代潜在分布区的主导气候因子。结果表明,训练及测试的AUC值范围分别为0.9861—0.9877和0.9849—0.9869,阔叶山麦冬现代潜在适生区的预测结果可信度较高。现代气候条件下阔叶山麦冬的潜在适生区主要分布于中国江西、安徽、广西、浙江、重庆及四川东部等地;总适生区面积占比为0.73%,其中高度、中度、一般适和低度适生区分别为0.08%、0.12%、0.17%和0.36%。影响其现代潜在适生区分布的主导气候因子为温度(bio11、bio10和bio4)和降水量(bio18和bio16)。未来4个时期2种气候情景下阔叶山麦冬适生区总面积较现代呈下降趋势,特别是在ssp585情景下,2090s时期适生区面积减少达到了0.68%。以上结果都为阔叶山麦冬的栽培、引种以及进一步探究单个气候因子对阔叶山麦...     

基于MaxEnt模型的濒危植物丹霞梧桐潜在适生区预测

模拟预测濒危植物丹霞梧桐(Firmianadanxiaensis)的潜在适生区,对合理指导保护该植物有重要意义。通过MaxEnt(最大熵模型)和ArcGIS,基于广东南雄丹霞梧桐自然保护区野外实地调查的16个分布点,及生物气候、地形和地貌覆被多重环境变量,对丹霞梧桐在广东南雄丹霞梧桐自然保护区的潜在适生区进行模拟预测。结果显示,模拟训练集和测试集的AUC值分别为0.851和0.913,预测结果准确性高。丹霞梧桐的高、中适生区主要分布在南雄丹霞梧桐自然保护区南部,占总面积40.45%;影响丹霞梧桐分布的主要环境因子包括地貌成因、土地覆被、最旱季降水量、坡度及等温性等,其中地貌成因(贡献率75.8%)是影响丹霞梧桐潜在分布的最主导因子。综合分析表明,丹霞梧桐的潜在适生区为海拔150—300 m、坡度30°—55°、年度气温范围28.3—28.6℃,最旱季降水量135—137 mm之间的侵蚀分化低丘陵丹霞地貌,适生的气候条件为温度相对较高、降水量少的区域。上述研究结果可为丹霞梧桐的保护与恢复提供理论依据。     

入侵害虫葡萄根瘤蚜在中国的潜在适生区预测

葡萄根瘤蚜(Viteus vitifoliae Fitch)是源自北美的外来入侵害虫,对我国葡萄产业具有严重威胁。本研究应用最大熵(Max Ent)生态位模型和地理信息系统(GIS),预测了葡萄根瘤蚜在我国的潜在适生区,采用ROC曲线分析法验证了预测结果,对其在我国各葡萄主产省份的适生区面积比例进行了统计,并对影响葡萄根瘤蚜分布的各种环境因子进行了分析。结果表明:葡萄根瘤蚜在我国有广泛的潜在分布区,适生度较高的地区主要集中于华东沿海、黄土高原和华中地区,经纬范围大致为100°E—124°E,24°N—43°N;该种在除新疆之外的主要葡萄生产省份均具有较高的适生性,潜在的适生区远大于目前的分布范围,仍有巨大的入侵潜力和风险;葡萄根瘤蚜入侵区分布主要受温度(尤其是低温)的影响,水分和土壤质地属性对葡萄根瘤蚜分布的限制作用明显不及温度条件;在未来气候变暖的趋势下,葡萄根瘤蚜的适生范围有可能向北、向高海拔地区偏移。     

中国斑叶蝉族昆虫地理分布格局聚类分析

分析了斑叶蝉族昆虫在中国以及贵州动物地理区的分布情况,探讨其分布格局形成、起源和演化原因。根据中国和贵州斑叶蝉族的地理分布数据,运用MEGA 6.0、SPSS 22.0和ArcGIS 10.2等软件,对斑叶蝉族昆虫的区及亚区分布进行支序聚类分析,结果表明我国斑叶蝉族现代分布中心为西部山地高原亚区、华南区的台湾亚区及滇南山地亚区,分布热点地区为西双版纳地区、海南地区和台湾地区。贵州斑叶蝉现代分布中心为黔东低山丘陵省、黔北中山峡谷省和黔南低山河谷省,分布热点地区为铜仁北部的沿河地区、遵义的务川地区及贵州黔东南州的榕江、雷山地区。斑叶蝉族昆虫中国分布区形成的顺序先是东北区,其次是青藏区和蒙新区,最后是西南区、华北区、华南区和华中区。贵州分布区形成的顺序先是黔西高原中山省和黔中山原丘陵省,其次是黔南低山河谷省,最后是黔北中山峡谷省和黔东低山丘陵省。中国分布区中,B21和B22聚类群属级阶元的相似性最高,区间关联性最强。在贵州分布区中黔东低山丘陵省和黔北中山峡谷省属级阶元的相似性最高,物种交流最为频繁。目前,斑叶蝉族昆虫的地理分布格局主要是历史气候变化、当前气候条件以及植被覆盖等生态环境共同作用的结果;区系起源和演化主要受地质构造运动作用;斑叶蝉在各区的分布相似性可能与气候变化引起的物种由南向北扩散有关。     

安徽农林昆虫地理区划探析

安徽地跨我国北亚热带与南温带。根据气候、地貌特点,划分为5个大区12个亚区：1．淮北滑淮南温带平原区,包括黄泛平原亚区、淮北平原亚区和沿洼低地平原亚区;2．江淮南温带—北亚热带丘陵台地区;3．沿扛北亚热带平原低山区,包括江北平原低山亚区和沿江江南平原亚区;4．皖南北亚热带丘陵山地区,包括北部低山丘陵亚区、中部中山低山亚区和南部中山低山亚区;5．皖西北亚热带丘陵山地区。包括南坡丘陵低山亚区、中部低山中山亚区和北坡丘陵低山亚区。     

基于MaxEnt模型的珙桐在中国潜在适生区预测

珙桐为我国特有珍稀树种,预测珙桐潜在适生区可为珙桐物种保护与研究提供重要参考。基于387条中国境内样本分布数据和27个环境因子,利用MaxEnt模型与地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS),对珙桐在中国的潜在适生区进行预测,并通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线对模型精度进行验证。结果表明:ROC曲线下面积(AUC)平均值为0.951,模型预测结果准确性较高,适合珙桐的潜在适生区预测;珙桐潜在适生区主要位于四川、云南、贵州、湖南、湖北、重庆、陕西和西藏等地区,高适生区呈不规则环状分布,西起横断山区,北达秦岭-武当山-荆山一线,东抵张家界-雪峰山一带,南至贵阳,在西藏东南部的雅鲁藏布江河谷和安徽西部的大别山地区也有分布;气温年较差、年降水量、最冷月最低温、昼夜温差、降水量变异系数等5个环境因子对珙桐潜在适生区预测影响最大,其他环境因子,如地形、土壤、水文等影响较小。     

基于DIVA-GIS的紫玉兰地理分布及适生性分析

基于39个地理分布信息和19个生物气候因子,利用BIOCLIM生态位模型对紫玉兰(Yulania liliiflora(Desr.) D. L. Fu)潜在适生区进行预测。结果显示,紫玉兰自然分布于云南、四川、贵州、湖北、甘肃、重庆、福建等地海拔300～1600 m的中低山区。当前气候条件下,贵州苗岭是其主要适生区;随着全球气候变暖(CO2浓度倍增情况下),紫玉兰的适生区有向高海拔地区收缩的趋势,而在分布区的东北界,其潜在分布范围将扩散至湖南中部和浙江东部地区。影响紫玉兰地理分布格局的重要因素是水热条件的综合效应。ROC曲线检验的AUC值(0.998)表明,采用BIOCLIM模型对紫玉兰潜在分布区的预测结果准确性较高。本研究在气候变暖的大环境下分析紫玉兰的适生性,可为紫玉兰种质资源的保护利用提供依据。     

陕南茶树栽培区域生态与地方品种分布

陕南秦巴山区是亚热带北缘地区。由于生态环境复杂,地区差异性大,茶树栽培与引种受到一定限制。大致以汉江谷地粮作区为界,南部大巴山北麓低山丘陵区为适栽区;北部秦岭南麓低山丘陵区则为次适栽区。地方茶树群体品种有7个,约由28个地方品种组成,呈斑、块状分布。     

气候变化下矩镰荚苜蓿的地理分布格局及潜在适生区预测

该研究基于标本和文献信息,选取19个环境因子和1个海拔因子,利用ArcGIS软件和MaxEnt模型对矩镰荚苜蓿(Medicago archiducis nicolai)在5个气候情景(末次间冰期、末次盛冰期、全新世纪中期、当前和未来气候)下的地理分布进行空间重建,模拟预测了气候变化背景下的分布格局和潜在适生区变迁。预测结果显示：(1)当前气候下,矩镰荚苜蓿集中分布在青藏高原东缘与黄土高原的交汇地带,具体包括青海东部 南部、甘肃中部 西南部、四川西北部、宁夏南部、西藏东部和陕西西部边缘。(2)高海拔、寒冷和干燥是矩镰荚苜蓿适生区的主要环境特征。(3)不同气候下潜在适生区的总面积变化相对稳定,但高度适生区对气候变化较敏感,从末次间冰期到末次盛冰期,高度适生区从青海东部的河湟谷地向甘肃中部的洮河谷地东移,全新世纪中期又西移至河湟谷地,但始终没有迁离出陇中盆地。(4)未来气候(2070s)背景下,矩镰荚苜蓿的高度和中度适生区面积较当前气候有小幅增加,但潜在适生区面积和分布格局仍保持稳定。研究表明,在青藏高原东缘地带,由昆仑山、祁连山和秦岭三大山脉造就的高原盆谷,为矩镰荚苜蓿提供了安全的就地避难所,形成了其独特而稳定的狭域分布格局,未来气候变化(2070s)对该植物不会造成很大威胁。     

未来气候变化对粤港澳地区杜鹃花适生区的影响

位于我国南方丘陵的粤港澳地区拥有丰富杜鹃花资源,长期以来受杜鹃花不适宜在高温低海拔地区进行开发利用等思想的影响,该区域野生杜鹃花的开发、保护与利用研究寥寥无几,但低海拔野生杜鹃花在气候变化下正面临较高灭绝风险。基于粤港澳地区杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)14个筛选后的野生物种229个标本点位数据,利用最大熵模型(Maxent)模拟粤港澳地区野生杜鹃花在2070年低、中、高3种温室气体排放模式(RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5)下的适生区范围大小与方向的变化及其主导环境变量。研究发现未来粤港澳地区野生杜鹃花的适生区范围整体呈缩小趋势,且随着温室气体排放浓度的增加,即从RCP2.6到RCP8.5,越来越多杜鹃花物种适生区呈现向高纬度、高海拔方向迁移的趋势;对杜鹃花分布影响最大的变量为最冷月的最低温、温度季节性和最干月降水量。本研究通过探究气候变化对野生杜鹃花适生区范围的影响,以期为粤港澳地区野生杜鹃花的保护与开发利用提供科学指导。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.