不同寄主对南亚果实蝇生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】探究葫芦科和茄科寄主果实对南亚果实蝇生长、发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】构建南亚果实蝇在南瓜、黄瓜、冬瓜和西红柿上的种群生命表,评价南亚果实蝇在4种寄主上的适应性。【结果】南亚果实蝇在南瓜上的成虫前期存活率(87.96 %)和繁殖力(361.26粒·雌^-1)均显著高于南亚果实蝇在黄瓜(80.00%和288.34粒·雌^-1)、冬瓜(72.03%和84.80粒·单雌^-1)和西红柿(69.69%、76.55粒·单雌^-1)上的成虫前期存活率和繁殖力。以南瓜为寄主的南亚果实蝇的内禀增长率(0.10)和净增值率(90.63)显著高于以黄瓜(0.08和74.37)、冬瓜(0.07和35.62)和西红柿(0.07和26.03)为寄主的南亚果实蝇内禀增长率和净增值率。【结论】南亚果实蝇在4种寄主上均能完成世代周期,但是南瓜是南亚果实蝇最适宜的寄主。     

寄主植物挥发物对梨小食心虫受孕雌虫的引诱作用初探

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck),是一种世界性的蛀果害虫。利用产卵选择试验研究了15种寄主植物挥发物对梨小食心虫受孕雌虫的产卵引诱活性。室内试验表明:受孕雌虫对不同挥发物的产卵选择趋性不同,其中对叶醇和己酸丁酯表现出明显的产卵选择趋性。为验证寄主挥发物对受孕雌虫的实际诱捕效果,进行了田间诱捕试验。结果发现,挥发物中己酸丁酯、苯甲腈、叶醇、E-2-己烯醛以及乙酸己酯诱捕到的雌虫均为受孕雌虫,显著高于空白对照及其他物质,其中己酸丁酯的平均诱捕量最多,苯甲腈次之,E-2-己烯醛、乙酸己酯这两种物质的平均诱捕量分别为第三、第四,叶醇的诱捕量低于乙酸己酯,其余物质的诱捕量均较低。综合室内及田间试验结果发现,寄主植物挥发物对受孕雌虫的引诱作用也随它们之间的作用距离表现出一定的差异性。     

榴莲果肉挥发物对橘小实蝇雄虫的引诱作用

【目的】实蝇类雄成虫对某些含有甲基丁香酚或覆盆子酮等特殊化合物的花类具有强烈的趋性。具有强烈气味的水果挥发物对果实蝇属昆虫的引诱作用尚未有研究。【方法】在杨桃园研究榴莲、菠萝蜜、菠萝及番荔枝4种新鲜水果气味对橘小实蝇的引诱作用,利用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用技术(GC-MS)提取并分析榴莲果肉挥发物成分。【结果】结果显示,榴莲果肉挥发物对橘小实蝇雄虫的引诱效果最显著;榴莲果肉挥发物共得到22个峰,鉴别到20种化合物。绝大部分为酯类物质(>90%),少数为醇类(0.50%)、醛类(0.45%)和含硫化合物(4.23%);诱捕试验显示,2-甲基丁酸乙酯对橘小实蝇雄虫的引诱数量显著高于2-甲基丁酸甲酯、丙酸丙酯、二甲基硫醚、辛酸乙酯、己酸甲酯以及榴莲鲜果肉。【结论】本试验结果将为下一步研发高效桔小实蝇引诱剂提供依据。     

酪蝇雌虫卵巢提取物对其雄虫的引诱效果

【目的】本文研究目的是验证酪蝇Piophila casei雌虫卵巢是否存在性信息素,并为酪蝇性信息素研究提供科学依据。【方法】测定了酪蝇雄虫对不同剂量的雌虫卵巢提取物的行为选择反应和触角电位反应,还利用模拟仓储实验测定了不同剂量的雌虫卵巢提取物对酪蝇雄虫的诱捕效果。【结果】当酪蝇雌虫卵巢提取物的剂量分别为0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5头当量时,雄虫对0.5、1、1.5头当量的雌虫卵巢提取物有选择反应,雄虫对这5个剂量的雌虫卵巢提取物均具有触角电位反应。酪蝇雌虫卵巢提取物对雄虫诱捕效果的模拟仓储实验结果显示:当酪蝇卵巢提取物的剂量分别为2、4、6、8、10头当量时,在非选择性实验中各当量的雌虫卵巢提取物对雄虫均有引诱效果,在选择性实验中雌虫卵巢提取物的剂量为2头当量时,对雄虫的引诱效果最好。【结论】酪蝇雌虫卵巢提取物对雄虫有显著的引诱效果,表明酪蝇雌虫卵巢中存在吸引雄虫的化学成分,即酪蝇的性信息素。     

不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇对寄主气味的行为反应

【目的】探究番石榴果实气味对番石榴实蝇Bactroceracorrecta行为的影响,为番石榴实蝇的化学生态防治提供理论依据。【方法】利用风洞观察箱观察性未成熟、性成熟未交配和交配3种不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇雌、雄成虫对单个番石榴果实气味的定向反应,对不同生理状态的雌、雄虫的飞行速度进行了分析。【结果】番石榴果实气味对不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇雌雄成虫均能产生显著的引诱效果,交配雌虫降落到气味源的数量最多,其次是性成熟未交配的雄虫,性未成熟的雄虫降落数最少。不同生理状态下的番石榴实蝇雌雄成虫逆风飞行的速度均显著高于空白对照,性成熟的番石榴实蝇雌成虫的逆风飞行速度均高于雄成虫。【结论】不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇雌雄虫对寄主番石榴气味具有不同的敏感性和选择性,已交配雌虫反应最强,其次是性成熟未交配的雄虫,性未成熟的雄虫的反应最弱。     

两种对云斑天牛有林间诱捕效果的植物源物质

【目的】为了探明对云斑天牛Batocera horsfieldi(Hope)有效的引诱物质。【方法】研究了云斑天牛对白蜡树、山核桃、黄山栾树和野蔷薇4种寄主植物的室内取食偏好性,采用动态顶空吸附法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析了植物挥发物成分,然后利用触角电位-气相色谱联用技术(GC-EAD)测定植物挥发物对云斑天牛触角的反应,最后对相关化合物进行了野外诱捕试验。【结果】结果表明:云斑天牛最喜欢取食的寄主植物是白蜡树,其次是黄山栾树和山核桃,野蔷薇没有取食;寄主植物挥发物成分中,萜烯类和烷烃类等物质占主要成分,不同寄主植物的挥发物中多种成分存在显著性差异;壬醛引起了云斑天牛显著的GC-EAD反应;最后,林间诱捕试验结果显示,顺-3-己烯醇和壬醛分别在林间诱捕到了一定量的云斑天牛,并且都是雄虫,同时顺-3-己烯醇还诱捕到了星天牛Anoplophora chinensis(Forster)。【结论】试验结果说明,顺-3-己烯醇和壬醛是两种对云斑天牛具有林间引诱效果的植物源物质,同时,顺-3-己烯醇是云斑天牛和星天牛共享的植物源引诱物质。     

绿豆象成虫对绿豆豆荚挥发物的触角电位和行为反应

【目的】探究对绿豆象Callosobruchus chinensi有引诱作用的植物挥发性物质。【方法】采用触角电位(EAG)仪和Y型嗅觉仪分别测定了绿豆象成虫对绿豆Vigna radiata豆荚挥发物的触角电位和选择行为反应。【结果】EAG测定结果表明,已交配的绿豆象雌虫对23种绿豆豆荚挥发物的EAG反应值存在显著差异,对苯甲醛、2-己烯醛、己醛、辛醛和水杨醛5种醛类化合物的EAG反应值相对较高,其中对2-己烯醛的反应值最大,达20.68;且绿豆象成虫EAG反应值在1~100μg/μL浓度下,均随挥发物浓度的提高而增强,但已交配和未交配绿豆象雌雄成虫的EAG反应值无显著差异。行为试验发现,当5种醛类物质浓度达100μg/μL时,已交配绿豆象雌、雄成虫均对苯甲醛和2-己烯醛有显著正趋性,对己醛有显著负趋性,对辛醛和水杨醛无显著趋性。【结论】绿豆豆荚挥发物中2-己烯醛和苯甲醛与绿豆象偏爱选择密切相关。     

4种引进的引诱剂制剂对桔小实蝇引诱效果评价

在果园试验评价了从美国引进的4种引诱剂与1种国产引诱剂对桔小实蝇的诱集效果,结果表明国产甲基丁香酚液体制剂(CME)诱捕实蝇成虫数量最大,为493.2头/诱捕器,雌虫率为9.0%,且持效期长达60 d;美国甲基丁香酚固体制剂(MEU)的诱捕实蝇成虫数量次之,为250.2头/诱捕器,雌虫率为0.4%,持效期39 d;醋酸铵+腐胺复合固体制剂(2C)、蛋白颗粒剂(PB)和醋酸铵+腐胺+三甲胺复合固体制剂(3C)3种美国产食物引诱剂中以2C诱捕实蝇成虫效果最好,诱虫数为152.8头/诱捕器,雌虫率为96.6%,持效期36 d;PB的诱虫数为49.0头/诱捕器,雌虫率为56.3%,持效期39 d;3C诱虫数为8.4头/诱捕器,雌虫率为92.8%,持效期18 d。     

东方绢金龟雌成虫对桃树挥发物的触角电位和行为反应

【目的】东方绢金龟Maladera orientalis是我国重要的园林植物害虫。本研究通过鉴定对东方绢金龟具有引诱作用的桃树挥发物成分,为植物源引诱剂的开发奠定基础。【方法】利用顶空吸附法收集桃树枝叶挥发物,使用气质联用(GC-MS)及气相色谱触角电位(GC-EAD)鉴定桃树挥发物中对东方绢金龟雌成虫有电生理活性的物质组分;以正己烷为对照,使用触角电位(EAG)仪和Y型嗅觉仪分别测试东方绢金龟雌成虫对鉴定出的活性物质的EAG和行为反应。【结果】从桃树挥发物中共鉴定出6种活性物质,包括反-2-己烯醛、顺-3-己烯乙酸酯、反-3-己烯醇、顺-3-己烯醇、水杨酸甲酯以及1种未知化合物。当剂量为1和10μg时,东方绢金龟雌成虫对反-2-己烯醛的EAG反应值最大;当剂量为100μg时,东方绢金龟雌成虫对顺-3己烯乙酸酯的EAG反应值最小。行为反应试验结果表明,东方绢金龟雌成虫对100μg的反-3-己烯醇和顺-3-己烯醇表现出显著的趋性。【结论】桃树挥发物中的反-3-己烯醇和顺-3-己烯醇对东方绢金龟雌成虫有显著的吸引作用。     

聚集信息素和寄主植物挥发物对光肩星天牛和星天牛的引诱作用

【目的】光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis和星天牛A.chinensis经常混合发生,危害共同的寄主,且共享相同的聚集信息素。本研究旨在评价聚集信息素和寄主植物挥发物对这两种星天牛的引诱作用。【方法】通过取食面积法,测定了两种星天牛对复叶槭Acer negundo、青皮垂柳Salix babylonica和苦楝Media azedarach 3种寄主枝条的室内取食偏好性;采用动态顶空吸附法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析了寄主植物挥发物成分;通过在浙江余姚和慈溪的野外诱捕试验,分析了聚集信息素和植物挥发物对两种星天牛的诱捕效果。【结果】室内选择性和非选择性取食试验结果都显示,光肩星天牛最喜食的寄主植物是复叶槭,其次是青皮垂柳,再次是苦楝;而星天牛对这3种寄主植物的选择顺序与光肩星天牛相反,最喜食苦楝,其次是青皮垂柳,再次是复叶槭。寄主植物挥发物成分中,以萜烯类和芳香族化合物居多,每种寄主挥发物都有几种特有的成分,且不同寄主植物的挥发物中多种成分之间存在显著性差异。野外林间诱捕试验结果显示,聚集信息素与苦楝混合配方MK(4-庚氧基丁醇+4-庚氧基丁醛+莰烯+顺-3-己烯-1-醇+罗勒烯+β-石竹烯)、聚集信息素M(4-庚氧基丁醇+4-庚氧基丁醛)、苦楝配方K(莰烯+顺-3-己烯-1-醇+罗勒烯+β-石竹烯)和柳树配方L(壬醛)都同时诱捕到了光肩星天牛和星天牛。其中,聚集信息素与苦楝混合配方MK对光肩星天牛和星天牛的诱捕效果最好,都表现出比单独使用信息素或者植物挥发物更高的诱捕效果;聚集信息素诱捕到的光肩星天牛和星天牛中雌虫比例更高,而植物挥发物诱捕到的光肩星天牛和星天牛中雄虫比例更高。【结论】本研究进一步证实了聚集信息素4-庚氧基丁醇和4-庚氧基丁醛是光肩星天牛和星天牛共享的信息素;同时,壬醛、莰烯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇、罗勒烯和β-石竹烯是光肩星天牛和星天牛共享的植物挥发物。聚集信息素和植物挥发物联合使用可以应用于光肩星天牛和星天牛的林间监测技术。     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.     

下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨配子体发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察了叉蕨属(Tectaria)下延叉蕨(Tectaria decurrens)和芽胞叉蕨(T.fauriei)的配子体发育过程,记录了配子体各发育阶段的特征。结果表明:(1)下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨的孢子均为单裂缝,具周壁,由周壁形成纹饰,孢子极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或肾形。(2)孢子萌发方式为向心型。(3)原叶体发育方式为三叉蕨型。(4)成熟原叶体心脏形,两翼向斜上方扩展。(5)均具单细胞和多细胞毛状体,在丝状体或片状体阶段出现。研究认为,从配子体发育角度看,叉蕨属是较进化的陆生真蕨类;毛状体的类型、位置和出现时间等特征在叉蕨属种间存在差异,可作为该属种间分类的特征。     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

New species of Phaeoramularia, Pseudocercospora and Stenella from Western Ghats of India

Four new species of the hyphomycete genera Phaeoramularia viz. Ph. caesalpinae, Pseudocercospora viz., Ps. tiliacearum, Stenella, viz. S. argyreiae and S. grewiae occurring on Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae), Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae), Argyrea sp. Lour (Convolvulaceae) and Grewia sp. L. (Tiliaceae), respectively are described and illustrated here. All these fungi were collected from Western Ghats of India.     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.