中华人民共和国农业部公告 第1897号

为加强外来入侵生物管理,防范外来有害生物传播危害,保障我因生态安全、农业生产和人体健康,我部制定了《国家重点管理外来入侵物种名录（第一批）》,现予公布。各有关部门要依据职能分工,加强外采入侵物种监测和防治。     

浅议我国外来物种入侵问题及其防治对策

随着世界经济的发展和全球经济一体化进程的加快,外来物种入侵已成为影响国家安全的主要因素之一。我国外来入侵物种数量繁多,已成为遭受外来生物危害最严重的国家之一,入侵物种已对我国生态系统、环境和社会经济造成了严重的影响。近年来,各国都积极采取措施,制定外来物种入侵管理政策,加强外来物种入侵立法,确保国家及国际生物安全。然而,我国现有的针对外来物种的相关法律法规存在明显滞后。本文综述了我国外来物种入侵的现状及相关立法,指出外来物种入侵可在不同生态系之间发生,揭示了行政区划与生态系差异造成外来物种入侵管理存在"自然与经济的错位"、国内管理方面存在"生态系统与行政区域的错位"的"双错位现象",分析了我国外来物种的管理现状及今后的发展方向,以期探求我国在国际背景下的外来物种管理对策,提出制定《外来入侵物种法》及相关法律的国家体系、建立跨部门协作科学研究体系以及建设行政管理体系,增强抵御外来物种入侵的能力,实施以防为主的管理策略。     

我国外来入侵生物防控现状、问题和对策

外来物种入侵已经威胁全球多个国家和地区,严重影响农林牧渔业生产,威胁生态系统稳定,是当前全球生物多样性丧失的主要原因之一,开展入侵物种防控已成为生物多样性保护与农业绿色发展的重点工作。我国已经成为全球遭受生物入侵威胁与损失最为严重的国家之一,截至2018年底,入侵我国的外来物种有近800种,已确认入侵农林生态系统的有638种,全国31个省（区、市）均有外来生物入侵发生并带来危害,半数以上县域都有入侵物种分布,几乎涉及所有类型的生态系统。本文对全球主要发达国家外来入侵物种发生情况及防控进行梳理发现,从国家层面立法开展外来入侵生物防控成为主流,制定长期防控战略并增加投入是入侵物种防控成功的关键。近些年,我国在外来入侵物种防控方面初步建立了工作机制,发布了重点管理外来入侵物种名录,完成了重点入侵物种的调查监测,开展了局部地区的防控措施,积极推动立法工作。根据国外生物入侵防治经验与我国实际情况,本研究提出我国外来入侵物种防控对策建议,包括加强法制建设、开展本底调查和启动重大防控工程等,为我国外来侵入生物的防控提供借鉴。     

澳大利亚外来入侵物种管理策略及对我国的借鉴意义

澳大利亚是一个岛状大陆,海洋运输业十分发达,通过贸易、旅游、运输等途径有意或无意引进有害外来物种的风险较大。澳大利亚政府高度重视外来入侵物种的管理工作,制定了《澳大利亚国家生物多样性保护策略》,针对外来杂草和通过压舱水载入的海洋外来入侵物种的管理制定了《国家杂草策略》、《杂草风险评价系统》和《压舱水指南》等法规和技术性文件,加强了对外来入侵物种的管理。本文简要介绍了澳大利亚外来入侵物种管理的有关策略和指南,并提出了我国在外来入侵物种管理方面的对策建议：（1）尽快建立相应的法规体系,实现外来入侵物种的依法管理;（2）加强机构建设,形成多部门的协调管理机制;（3）加强外来入侵物种管理制度的建设;（4）采取适当的引进预防、消除、控制和恢复措施;（5）开展科学研究,为外来入侵物种的管理提供科学依据;（6）制定教育和培训计划,提高公众意识。     

澳大利亚外来入侵物种管理策略及对我国的借鉴意义

澳大利亚是一个岛状大陆,海洋运输业十分发达,通过贸易,旅游,运输等途径有意或无间引进有害外来物种的风险较大。澳大利亚政府高度重视外来入侵物种的管理工作,制定了《澳大利亚国家生物多样性保护策略》,针对外来杂草和通过压舱水载入的海洋外来入侵物种的管理制定了《国家杂草策略》,《杂草风险评价系统》和《压舱水指南》等法规和技术性文件,加强了对外来入侵物种的管理。本文简要介绍了澳大利亚外来入侵物种管理的有关策略和指南,并提出了我国在外来入侵物种管理方面的对策建议;（1）尽快建立相应的法规体系,实现外来入侵物种的依法管理;（2）加强机构建设,形成多部门的协调管理机制;（3）加强外来入侵物种管理制度的建设;（4）采取适当的引进预防,消除,控制和恢复措施;（5）开展科学研究,为外来入侵物种的管理提供科学依据;（6）制定教育和培训计划,提高公众意识。     

“世界100种恶性外来入侵物种”在我国大陆的入侵现状

[目的] 明确世界自然保护联盟公布的“世界100种恶性外来入侵物种”在我国大陆发生分布现状,为我国制定外来入侵物种管控对象和分级管理对策提供依据。[方法] 基于在线数据库系统、文献报道以及外来入侵物种本底调查结果,采用分类统计方法,对物种的分类地位、原产地、在我国的入侵状态及其所在的生态系统进行分析。[结果] 世界100种恶性外来入侵物种已有82种在我国发生分布,包括本地种33种、外来入侵种32种、外来非入侵种16种,以及未明确入侵状态1种。其中,32种外来入侵种包括陆生无脊椎动物8种、哺乳动物2种、鱼类2种、两栖动物1种、爬行动物1种、水生无脊椎动物2种、陆生植物9种、水生植物4种、真菌1种、卵菌1种和病毒1种。以上物种主要分布在东南沿海地区和西南地区,而较少分布在西北地区和东北地区;约75%物种分布在农田、城镇、森林和湿地4类生态系统。[结论] 建议外来入侵物种管理部门重点关注尚未在国内发生分布的18种潜在外来入侵物种,并列入国家外来入侵物种相关管理对象,严防其传入与扩散;严密监控国内已发生且具有潜在危险的外来物种,防止其向可能入侵的生态系统边缘扩散;继续对在国内已发生的外来入侵种实施区域性分级控制管理措施。     

外来入侵物种管理中的排序体系研究进展

外来物种入侵是继生境破坏之后的第二大世界性的环境问题, 如何实现外来入侵物种分级, 对其进行有效管理是一个世界性的难题。研究总结了国内外外来入侵物种的排序体系, 从三个方面归纳了目前的排序系统: 1)针对所有入侵以及潜在入侵物种开展综合风险评估, 以此为基础提出防控管理清单; 2)针对已建群的外来入侵物种, 围绕不同管理目标进行入侵物种的排序, 包括以降低外来入侵物种对生物多样性影响为目的的外来植物排序、以生物防治为控制手段的外来物种排序、基于土地利用的种群管理排序; 3)针对区域管理提出外来入侵物种分区管理。认为外来入侵物种的入侵性、生态危害、分布范围、潜在分布和控制技术是实现排序的关键因素, 指标的选择与确定依赖于管理目标的设定。我国亟需确定外来入侵物种的优先控制区域, 并针对不同优先控制区域内外来入侵物种开展排序工作。     

广西及越南农业外来有害生物入侵现状

【背景】广西地理环境独特,与越南水陆相连,气候、作物等条件相似,边境贸易往来频繁,致使其成为我国遭受外来有害生物入侵最严重的地区之一。【方法】通过本底调查,分析总结了广西农业外来有害生物入侵的现状。【结果】广西主要入侵动物26种,入侵微生物18种,入侵植物21种,高风险入侵物种包括辣椒实蝇、木薯绵粉蚧、扶桑绵粉蚧、稻水象甲、黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒等;来自越南的潜在危险性有害生物共38种。【结论与意义】广西受外来有害生物入侵的风险加剧,并有进一步扩散蔓延的趋势。提出应对入侵生物的综合防控对策,为广西外来入侵有害生物的防控提供参考。     

中国外来入侵生物的危害与管理对策

本文探讨了外来入侵生物的概念及其在我国的危害状况,入侵原因,提出了外来入侵生物 预防及管理对策,随着国际贸易往来和旅游业的发展,生物入侵在我国不断加剧,正在成为威胁我国生物多样性与生态环境的重要因素之一,外来入侵种的生态代价是造成本地物种多样性不可弥补的消失以及物种的灭绝,其经济代价是农林牧渔业产量与质量的惨重损失与高额的防治费用,生物入侵在我国大部分是由于人为因素引起的,这些因素包括：缺乏对引进种的利益与风险进行评估,淡薄的生态意识与不顾生态后果的经济利益驱使下的盲目引进,缺乏严格的科学监管体系或监管不力,缺乏全面检疫的体系与机制。外来入侵生物的综合性与系统性研究已成为当今我国生态环境保护、农业生产和经济可持续发展的重大研究领域,我国对外来入侵生物的预防与管理应着重于国家能力、研究能力,监测与管理能力三大体系的建设上,根据我国国情和目前的紧急现状应制定出优先行动计划,对特定外来种的入侵生物学基础研究,特定生态系统或地理区域入侵种现状及影响的关键评估研究,特定外来入侵生物对生态环境影响的风险评估体系及经济损失的模式研究、发展控制外来有害生物的环保型技术与方法研究,外来生物受控制后生态系统的恢复与栖息生境的复原技术与方法等,无意 目前亟待研究的课题。     

我国外来入侵物种防控标准体系建设现状及建议

本文系统分析了近年来国际组织、区域性组织和我国外来入侵物种防控标准的制定情况及标准体系建设现状。分析结果表明:在国际上以CBD、WTO-SPS等国际规则为依据,审定通过44个国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPMs);南美洲植保委员会(COSAVE)、欧洲地中海植保组织(EPPO)、北美植保组织(NAPPO)制定了400多个地区标准;我国现有外来入侵物种防控相关标准620余项,尤其“十三五”期间,新制定标准269项,其中,国家标准105项、行业标准118项、地方标准46项。这一系列标准的制定发布,确保了我国农业生产安全、生态安全和可持续发展,但仍存在外来物种风险等级划分、检测鉴定、调查监测、综合防控等技术标准不健全等突出问题。构建涵盖外来物种引入、风险评估、早期监测预警、灭除与控制及生态修复全过程标准体系,满足我国外来物种入侵防控工作需要,有利于提高行业管理部门的工作效率,指导全国科学开展外来入侵物种防控工作。     

Prunus serotina in Italy: a challenging candidate for the national list of priority invasive alien species

Abstract

In accordance with the European regulation on Invasive Alien Species (IAS), the black cherry tree (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) has recently been indicated as one of the 96 species proposed for the development of the national list of priority invasive alien species in Italy. The species, native to North America, is recognised as one of the most harmful IAS in Europe, given its high spread potential and the associated ecological and economic impacts reported in its alien range. Although P. serotina is recognised as a pest within the EU, plants are still available on the market, confirming intentional introduction as a current potential pathway for this species arrival into new areas. Since a comprehensive overview of the main features characterizing the invasive potential of this species is still lacking, we aim to underpin the high priority status of P. serotina as a IAS of main concern in Italy by outlining the main biological features, pathways and impacts of the black cherry in its secondary range. Management measures to be potentially included in specific action plans are also summarised.     

Introduction pathways of economically costly invasive alien species

Biological Invasions - Introduction pathways play a pivotal role in the success of Invasive Alien Species (IAS)—the subset of alien species that have a negative environmental and/or...     

Impacts of Alien Invasive Species on Freshwater Fauna at Risk in Canada

Freshwater aquatic organisms in North America are disproportionately imperilled when compared to their terrestrial counterparts due to widespread habitat alteration, pollution, overexploitation and the introduction of alien species. In this review, we examine the threat factors contributing to the endangerment of freshwater fishes and molluscs in Canada and further examine the nature of alien invasive species introductions affecting aquatic species at risk. Habitat loss and degradation is the predominant threat factor for Canadian freshwater fishes and molluscs that are listed as Extinct, Extirpated, Endangered and Threatened. Alien invasive species are the second most prevalent threat for fishes, affecting 26 of 41 listed species. Alien invasive species are a threat in most parts of Canada where listed fishes are found. Most (65%) of the alien invasive species affecting listed fishes are the result of intentional introductions related to sport fishing, and the majority of these introductions are unauthorized. Fifteen fishes and two plant species are cited as alien invasive species that impact listed fishes with brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) being the most prevalent. Alien species are a threat to 6 of 11 listed mollusc species. All six species are threatened by the alien zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Great Lakes basin. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Impact on indigenous species biodiversity caused by the globalisation of alien recreational freshwater fisheries

One of the most insidious threats to fish conservation around the world is deliberate or accidental introduction of fish species. The impact of alien invasive sport fish is for the most part unpredictable in time and space, with the introduction of relatively few species having resulted in many extirpations of indigenous fish species worldwide. More nations need to quantify biodiversity loss caused by alien sport fishes. The spread of alien invasive fishes does not respect political boundaries. Therefore total global costs to aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning resulting from these introductions need to be assessed. The global invasive species database of the Global Invasive Species Programme, highlights eight fish species among the one hundred `World's Worst Invasive Alien Species'. Three of these fish species (two trout and one bass species) were introduced solely for sport. Historically the social value of recreational fishing was usually more important than conserving biodiversity. Globalisation of alien fish species for sport is best illustrated by rainbow trout – now in 82 countries, and still spreading, along with the associated expensive angling gear, magazines and accommodation infrastructure. Such sport species have become part of the global consumer society. The nature and extent of the globalisation phenomenon is addressed with regard to how introduction of alien fish for recreational angling has impacted on biodiversity; trophic cascades at a local level and the unassessed total cumulative global trophic cascades; and some of the motives that underlie promotion of this sport within the complexity of globalisation as we know it today. Alien invasive recreational fish species are now recognised as a global environmental degradation problem resulting in loss of biodiversity and therefore require a global solution. Parallel trends such as globalisation of environmental education and the internet must be encouraged to counteract the damage caused and reverse the trend. This globally concerted campaign requires utilizing environmental education forums aimed at the angling community, general public and policy makers; networking with existing alien invasive groups; legislation; better understanding of processes; development of environmental economic evaluation tools; international bio-invasion control; wider use of the precautionary approach and utilization of the present globalisation of ecological thought.     

Developing and testing alien species indicators for Europe

Alien species indicators provide vital information to the biodiversity policy sector on the status-quo and trends of biological invasions and on the efficacy of response measures. Applicable at different geographical scales and organizational levels, alien species indicators struggle with data availability and quality. Based on policy needs and previous work on the global scale, we here present a set of six alien species indicators for Europe, which capture complementary facets of biological invasions in Europe: (a) an combined index of invasion trends, (b) an indicator on pathways of invasions, (c) the Red List Index of Invasive Alien Species (IAS), (d) an indicator of IAS impacts on ecosystem services, (e) trends in incidence of livestock diseases and (f) an indicator on costs for alien species management and research. Each of these indicators has its particular strengths and shortcomings, but combined they allow for a nuanced understanding of the status and trends of biological invasions in Europe. We found that the scale and impact of biological invasions are steadily increasing across all impact indicators, although societal response in recent years has increased. The Red List Index is fit-for-purpose and demonstrates that overall extinction risks (here shown for amphibians in Europe) are increasing. Introduction pathway dynamics have changed, with some pathways decreasing in relevance (e.g., biological control agents) and others increasing (e.g., horticultural trade) providing a leverage for targeted policy and stakeholder response. The IAS indicators presented here for the first time on a continental basis serve as a starting point for future improvements, and as a basis for monitoring the efficacy of the recent EU legislation of IAS. This will need a better workflow for data collection and management. To achieve this, all main actors must work toward improving the interoperability among existing databases and between data holders.     

Effects of nonindigenous species on diversity and community functioning in the eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea)

An increase of xenodiversity in plankton and benthos in the eastern Gulf of Finland was observed from 1998 to 2004. Nonindigenous species account for 4.8% of all species found and up to 96% of total biomass. Invasive benthic omnivores, the alien amphipods Gmelinoides fasciatus and Pontogammarus robustoides and the predaceous fish Perccottus glenii with their versatile diets strongly affect the community structure. Invasive sessile seston-feeders that directly (through grazing and water clearance) and indirectly (through recycling of nutrients) interact with other ecosystem components, are mainly represented by the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, which affect the structure of benthic and planktonic communities as well as benthic-pelagic coupling. The invasive predatory cladocerans Cercopagis pengoi and Evadne anonyx and larvae of D. polymorpha are only temporary components in the zooplankton, which is limiting their overall effect. Alien benthic bioturbators, the polychaetes Marenzelleria neglecta and the oligochaete Tubificoides pseudogaster account for a high proportion of total abundance and biomass but their effects on native species need further research.     

Flowering phenology of invasive alien plant species compared with native species in three Mediterranean-type ecosystems

Background and Aims

Flowering phenology is a potentially important component of success of alien species, since elevated fecundity may enhance invasiveness. The flowering patterns of invasive alien plant species and related natives were studied in three regions with Mediterranean-type climate: California, Spain and South Africa''s Cape region.

Methods

A total of 227 invasive–native pairs were compared for seven character types across the regions, with each pair selected on the basis that they shared the same habitat type within a region, had a common growth form and pollination type, and belonged to the same family or genus.

Key Results

Invasive alien plant species have different patterns of flowering phenology from native species in the three regions. Whether the alien species flower earlier, later or at the same time as natives depends on the climatic regime in the native range of the aliens and the proportion of species in the invasive floras originating from different regions. Species invading at least two of the regions displayed the same flowering pattern, showing that flowering phenology is a conservative trait. Invasive species with native ranges in temperate climates flower earlier than natives, those from Mediterranean-type climates at the same time, and species from tropical climates flower later. In California, where the proportion of invaders from the Mediterranean Basin is high, the flowering pattern did not differ between invasive and native species, whereas in Spain the high proportion of tropical species results in a later flowering than natives, and in the Cape region early flowering than natives was the result of a high proportion of temperate invaders.

Conclusions

Observed patterns are due to the human-induced sympatry of species with different evolutionary histories whose flowering phenology evolved under different climatic regimes. The severity of the main abiotic filters imposed by the invaded regions (e.g. summer drought) has not been strong enough (yet) to shift the flowering pattern of invasive species to correspond with that of native relatives. It does, however, determine the length of the flowering season and the type of habitat invaded by summer-flowering aliens. Results suggest different implications for impacts at evolutionary time scales among the three regions.Key words: Biological invasions, flowering phenology, genetic inertia, Cape Floristic Region, California, Spain, Mediterranean-type ecosystems, water availability, climatic origin     

Environmental and anthropogenic determinants of the spread of alien plant species: insights from South Africa’s quaternary catchments

Alien plants invasion has negative impacts on the structure and functionality of ecosystems. Understanding the determinants of this process is fundamental for addressing environmental issues, such as the water availability in South Africa’s catchments. Both environmental and anthropogenic factors determine the invasion of alien species; however, their relative importance has to be quantified. The aim of this paper was to estimate the importance of 32 explanatory variables in predicting the distribution of the major invasive alien plant species (IAPS) of South Africa, through the use of Species Distribution Models. We used data from the National Invasive Alien Plants Survey, delineated at a quaternary catchment level, coupled with climatic, land cover, edaphic, and anthropogenic variables. Using two-part generalized linear models, we compared the accuracy of two different sets of variables in predicting the spatial distribution of IAPS; the first included environmental correlates alone, and the second included both environmental and anthropogenic variables. Using Random Forest, we explored the relative importance of the variables in producing a map of potential distribution of IAPS. Results showed that the inclusion of anthropogenic variables did not significantly improve model predictions. The most important variables influencing the distribution of IAPS appeared to be the climatic ones. The modeled potential distribution was analyzed in relation to provinces, biomes, and species’ minimum residence time.