蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius)发声器结构:发声膜与鸣声

蚱蝉单发声膜发出的click声波形由高幅值和低幅脉冲列(pulse train,PT)组成.高幅值PT含脉冲越多,主峰频率(main peak frequency,MPF)就越高.本文进一步阐明:1、高幅值PT多含有11个脉冲,当含有1,2,3个时,脉冲个数与MPF成准线性关系 超过三个为非线性关系.2、双发声膜发声的频带主要在2700Hz-6700Hz之间.数个click声组成的波形中,低幅值PT功率谱包络波近似于标准高斯型,MPF约为4900Hz;不同高幅值PT内含主脉冲的频率不同是MPF变化的主要因素.3、蚱蝉鸣声功率谱主要有三个子谱区A,B,及C,对应的频带依次约为2700Hz—3700Hz,3700Hz-5700Hz,及5700Hz—6700Hz.     

大鼠尾壳核-海马癫痫电网络的神经信息编码特征

目的：观察强直电刺激大鼠右侧尾壳核（CPu）时,CPu-海马（HPC）网络癫痫的神经信息编码特征。方法：雄性SD大鼠59只。急性或慢性强直电刺激CPu（acute tetanization of the right CPu or chronic tetanization of the right CPu,ATRC or CTRC）（60Hz．0．4～0．6mA,2s）诱导大鼠癫痫模型。结果：①ATRC可以诱导双侧HPC神经元出现非对称性癫痫相关性单位电活动．增加对侧HPC单位放电时间间隔（Interspike interval,ISI）点分布的分岔角度。②CTRC可以诱导双侧CPu网络出现尖波样连续发放,同侧振荡样网络发作具有明显的相位移动特征;频率变化顺序为70Hz、110Hz、35Hz以及30Hz．与时间呈显著的负相关;振荡波波峰间隔（Interpeak interval,IPI）和波峰振幅逐渐增大,与时间呈显著正相关。③CTRC后加ATRC可以分别诱导双侧CPu网络出现原发性后放电。结论：激活CPu可以跨大脑半球重建双侧CPu—HPC癫痫电网络．其神经信息编码特征可能成为癫痫发生的神经信息学基础。     

黑蝉(C.atrata Fabricius.)鸣声的方向性和第三气门的功能

黑蝉鸣声的波形结构无明显的方向性.单音节的重复周期和调幅脉冲列的间隔(I_1和I_2)分别为9.787±0.813ms、2.286±0.093ms和1.874±0.063ms.幅值特性有明显的方向性.主峰频率(MPF=5.47±0.11kHz)的幅值,头向和背向分别比尾向下降5.9dB和3.9dB,侧向和腹向分别增高1.1dB和2.3dB.两侧第三气门受阻后鸣声的波形结构和音色都产生明显变化.I_1和I_2分别为0.912±0.156ms和1.099±0.113ms,约为正常值的40—59%.有三个谱带,MPF为5775Hz,两侧谱带的峰值频率为4575Hz和7025Hz,分别下降1.5dB和3.4dB.     

蝉的变音调复合声和发声机制的分析

蛙鸣蝉(Meimuna opalifera (Walk).ab.punctata Kato)的自然鸣声为“ji…guái”的重复单变调复合声.“ji”为主音频约4800Hz的准单音;“guái”的波形和主音频呈明显的演变,优势主频约2100Hz和2800Hz的变音调声.鸟鸣蝉(Meimuna opalifera (Walk)var.formosana Kato)的自然鸣声由重复的“jiū…ruǎ”和“jiū…gū…”合成的双变调复合声.“jiū”为基频和主频分别约625Hz和2100—2300Hz的准单音;“ruǎ”的波形和主音频呈明显的演变,基音和优势主频分别约575—625Hz和1550—1750Hz的变音调声.“gū”为优势主频约625Hz的准单音.变音调复合声不仅与腹部运动有关,而主要取决于发声肌的收缩特性和发声膜肋结构的振动特性.     

川西北不同沙化程度草地植物功能性状及其驱动因子

以川西北不同沙化程度草地典型群落为研究对象,分析了不同沙化程度草地(未沙化草地、轻度沙化草地、中度沙化草地、重度沙化草地)植物功能性状之间的关系及其与地形和土壤因子的相关性,并对不同沙化程度草地植物功能性状进行了比较。结果发现:(1)从未沙化草地到重度沙化草地变化过程中,植物群落呈现出"湿生-中生-旱生"的演替格局,植物群落高度、盖度和物种丰富度随着沙化程度加剧而逐渐降低。(2)叶厚度(LT)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶组织密度(LD)、比根长(SRL)、根组织密度(RD)、叶氮含量(LN)、叶磷含量(LP)、根氮含量(RN)、根磷含量(RP)随着草地沙化程度的增加而降低。(3)未沙化地草本植物的植物功能性状最大,对资源的利用效率很高,其中SLA极差值最大(250.53),LT极差值最小(9.56),RD、SLA、RN、RP和LD具有较高的变异性,LT具有较低的变异系数,其保守性最高。(4)RN与所有的叶性状均有不同程度的相关性;SLA与LD呈极显著负相关关系,与RN呈显著正相关关系;SRL与LN呈极显著负相关关系,与RN呈显著负相关关系;LN与RN呈显著正相关关系。(5)逐步回归分析表明,功能性状与土壤因子间具有一定明显的相关性,可以通过土壤因子的定量分析来确定地上植物功能性状的变化趋势及可变范围。(6)灰色关联度分析发现,SLA、SRL、RD、LN、RP受海拔的影响较大,LT、LD、RN受坡向的影响最大,坡位对LP影响最大。研究表明,地形因子中海拔对植物功能性状影响较大,土壤因子中pH值对植物功能性状影响较大。     

不同地区蟪蛄蝉求偶鸣声的比较

北京西郊（BX）、陕西西安（SX）、四川峨嵋山（SE）、山东潍坊（SW）、福建福州（FF）和陕西杨陵（SY）地区蟪蛄蝉鸣声都含高潮声“Zhi…”声、脉冲的单一式调幅特性和高潮声的载波主频率（6433±375）Hz等基本相同,显示种的同一性。但是高潮声的基频和主频率的品质因数（Q3dB）等显示出不同程度的地区性种下差异。BX、SX和SE的基频相同（550Hz）,都为高Q3dB,即无明显的地区差异。SW和FF的基频分别为450Hz和650Hz,Q3dB都明显降低,即呈一定的地区差异。SY不仅呈节奏变化的单次声-高潮声-尾声的特有模式,而且基频增高为800Hz,即地区差异更明显。     

非洲蝼蛄(G.africana Palisot de Beauvois)的鸣声特点

本文对北京非洲蝼蛄(G.africana.)的鸣声特点进行了分析.非洲蝼蛄的鸣声类似由调幅单音节组成的哨声.单音节的频谱特性基本相一致,其载波的主峰频率(MPF)调谐度(Q_(3dB))和MPF下降20dB的带宽分别为2539Hz、17.3和479Hz.但是哨声和单音节的周期是不均一的.在由302个哨声组成的鸣声段中,哨声周期和每个哨声内单音节平均周期的主要分布区分别为115-225ms和12.90-15.75ms.这些结果可能为蝼蛄声诱捕装置的生物原型和数学模型的研究提供某些依据.     

猪尾鼠的分类,分布与分化

本文对猪尾鼠（Ｔｙｐｈｌｏｍｐｓｃｉｎｅｒｅｕｓ）的亚种分化、分布和亚种间的相互关系作了研究。它被划分为５个亚种．其中,分布于长江流域中上游一带的猪尾鼠为一新亚种（大娄山亚种,Ｔ．ｃ．ｄａｌｏｕｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）,以脑颅较隆突、眶间较窄、鼻骨后缘止于颌额缝之前为其特征;广西珠江以南的猪尾鼠为另一新亚种（广西亚种,Ｔ．ｃ．ｇｕａｎｇｘｉｅｎｓｉｓ）,以腹面污黄色,脑颅高隆而宽阔为其特征。通过对２２个可数性状和测量性状的聚类分析,结果表明：５个亚种可分为两组,其中,越南北部的沙巴亚种和广西南部的广西亚种为一组,性状相对特化;长江流域的大娄山亚种、云南的景东亚种和华东地区的指名亚种为另一组,性状相对原始。后一亚种组小,大娄山亚种和景东亚种有较多的相似性,关系比较密切,指名亚种保有较多的原始特征。猪尾鼠起源于更新世早期,起源地可能是华南大陆。现今的猪尾鼠在我国长江流域及其以南地区的分布几乎是连续的,向北可分布到秦岭南坡和甘肃南部,向酉到滇中哀牢山。江河的阻隔和地带性环境气候的差异和变化可能是导致猪尾鼠亚种分化的主要原因。     

空心莲子草口服治疗乳鼠流行性出血热病毒感染的研究

空心莲子草经口服治疗流行性出血热病毒（ＥＨＦＶ）感染的乳鼠。结果显示,５、７．５、１０．０ｍｇ三个剂量组的存活率各为８０％、７２．２％和４０．０％,平均存活天数（ＭＴＤ）为５６．５±０．９、５３．５±１．１和４１．５±２．７ｄ,而病毒对照组的存活率为０．０％,ＭＴＤ为２６．３±０．８ｄ,经该药治疗的感染鼠体内的ＥＨＦＶ抗原表达减少,而未经治疗的感染乳鼠体内的ＥＨＦＶ抗原则在全病程中都显示出较强的表述。治疗组抗病毒效果类似于病毒唑,且口服病毒唑毒性小。说明空心莲子草在体内对ＥＨＦＶ感染鼠有治疗作用。     

大鼠下丘神经元对重复刺激适应性的时频表征

自由声场下,通过给大鼠不同刺激呈现率（presentation rate,PR）的重复声刺激,用钨丝单电极记录神经元的放电信号,系统分析了下丘神经元对重复刺激的表征特性。作为发放率表征的刺激后脉冲发放数（spike count,SC）随着刺激重复不断减少,作为时间表征的首次发放潜伏期（first spike latency,FSL）逐渐延长,时间过程均呈指数形式变化。起始型神经元FSL 的时间常数大于SC,在FSL上呈现慢适应;持续性神经元FSL 的时间常数小于SC,在SC 上呈现慢适应。随着刺激呈现率PR 的增加,过渡过程的时间常数缩短,稳态SC减少,
稳态FSL延长。稳态SC 和FSL与PR呈对数线性关系,SC 的线性度更高。下丘神经元的适应性能够提高对新奇刺激的响应能力,为皮层下检测异常信息提供了可能。     

重组人生长激素的主要药效学研究

参照文献方法,观察了ｒｈＧＨ对正常大鼠（３月龄,平台期）生长发育作用的影响,ｉｍ,ｒｈＧＨ（０．０５、０．１５、０．４５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１）,连续１５天,结果表明：ｒｈＧＨ（０．１５、０．４５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１）同阳性对照生长激素ＮＩＢＳＣ标准品）一样,均可明显促进正常平台期大鼠的体重及尾长增加,大剂量组还可明显促进肝、肾及骨骼的生长发育,使肝、肾重量增加,胫骨骨骺端距离增大,同     

Effects of zinc deficiency and supplementation on plasma leptin levels in rats

The effects of zinc deficiency and supplementation on plasma leptin levels were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. After 6 wk on a zinc-deficient diet containing 0.65 ppm Zn/g, the mean body weight was significantly lower than that of normal or zinc-supplemented rats, which showed no difference among them. The plasma leptin and zinc levels were lowest in zinc-deficient animals and highest in those that received a normal diet and daily intraperitioneal injections of 3 mg Zn/kg. These results indicate that zinc deficiency leads to a significant inhibition in plasma leptin levels, whereas zinc supplementation significantly increases plasma leptin.     

大鼠学习记忆能力与nov基因表达的关系

采用主动回避法进行大鼠学习记忆训练 ,选出学习成绩好和差的大鼠 ,用原位杂交、免疫细胞化学结合图像分析方法观察nov基因表达的差异。结果显示 ,novmRNA和NOV蛋白阳性神经元主要分布于海马、扣带皮质和联合皮质锥体层、基底神经节和下丘脑等脑区。好成绩组NOV蛋白免疫反应最强 ,阳性细胞最多 ,差成绩组nov基因的表达比假性条件反射组的表达稍强。novmRNA的表达在各组之间无明显的差异。以上结果提示 ,nov基因可能参与学习记忆的调控过程 ,这种调控发生在NOV蛋白翻译水平。     

The time-related subcellular distribution of chromium in the rat liver cell after intravenous administration of Na2 51CrO4

After intravenous administration of Na₂ ⁵¹CrO₄ to rats the subcellular distribution of⁵¹Cr was determined at different time intervals after dosage. A time-related compartment shift from the cytosol into the mitochondrial and nuclear fractions was demonstrated. Dialysis studies indicated a firmer binding of⁵¹Cr to the mitochondrial and nuclear fractions than to the cytosol. Indirect evidence is presented that reduction from CrVI to CrIII takes place primarily inside the mitochondria. The hypothesis is put forward that reduction from Cr^VI to Cr^III may take place at any intracellular site where electron donors are available. Electron donors in the different intracellular organelles are discussed.     

Effects of Melatonin on Carbonic Anhydrase from Human Erythrocytes In Vitro and from Rat Erythrocytes In Vivo

The in vitro effects of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) on human carbonic anhydrase isozymes (HCA-I and HCA-II) from human erythrocytes and in vivo effects on rat erythrocytes carbonic anhydrase (CA) were determined. Human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes were purified by haemolysate preparation and Sepharose-4B-L tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity gel chromatography. The HCA-I enzyme, having a specific activity of 7337.5?EU/mg protein, was purified 843-fold with a yield of 60% and the HCA-II enzyme, having a specific activity of 17067?EU/mg protein, was purified 1962-fold with a yield of 22.7%. For in vitro experiments, the enzyme activity was minimal at 2×10-4?M melatonin concentration and increased above this concentration. Ten mg?kg-1 melatonin was administered intraperitoneally and showed a stimulatory effect on the enzyme. Time-dependent in vivo studies were conducted for melatonin in Sprague–Dawley type rats. It was found that CA activity in the rat erythrocytes was decreased by the melatonin after 1 and 3 hours to 2500±500.0 and 1875±239.4 respectively which were statistically significant (p<0.05) differences to the control (2660±235.8). However, CA activity was restored to its normal level after 6?h (2666±235.7) (p>0.05) probably due to metabolism of the melatonin. The findings indicate that melatonin may be pharmacologically useful in some diseases.     

Stereoselective and species-dependent kinetics of reboxetine in mouse and rat

Reboxetine, (RS)-2-[(RS)-α-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine methanesulphonate, is a racemic compound and consists of a mixture of the (R,R)- and (S,S)-enantiomers. In this study, brain and plasma levels of both enantiomers were determined in mice and rats after oral administration of reboxetine at doses (1.1 mg/kg, mouse; 20 mg/kg, rat) twice the respective ED₅₀ values in the antireserpine test. Plasma and brain concentrations of each enantiomer were measured up to 6 h postdosing using an HPLC method with fluorimetric detection after derivatization with a chiral agent (FLEC). In mice and rats, brain and plasma levels of the (R,R)-enantiomer were always higher than those of the (S,S)-enantiomer. After normalization for dose, the mean AUC_0-tz values of both the (R,R)- and (S,S)-enantiomers in mouse brain were about 23 and 32 times higher than in rat brain, respectively. In plasma, the corrected mean AUC_0-tz values were about 5 (R,R) and 10 (S,S) times higher in mice than in rats. These results provide evidence for the higher bioavailability and/or lower clearance of both enantiomers in mice than in rats, and for a higher penetration of both enantiomers into mouse brain compared to rat brain. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

激光照射、免疫抑制剂及二者配合应用对大鼠全胰十二指肠移植的影响Ⅰ大鼠糖尿病模型制备与全胰十二指肠移植术研究

用１％的Ａｌｌｏｘａｎ以５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ·Ｗ的剂量经尾静脉快速注射,成功地在健康雄性Ｗｉｓ－ｔａｒ大鼠制成了糖尿病模型。以健康大鼠为供体,成功地进行了模型大鼠全胰十二指肠移植术。为激光等抗移植排斥反应的深入研究打下了良好的基础。     

老年学习记忆减退大鼠脑突触体膜流动性改变

选用Morris水迷宫将老年大鼠分为学习记忆正常和学习记忆减退两部分,采用荧光偏振技术,对青年、老年记忆正常和老年记忆减退鼠脑分离实触体膜流动性进行测定,并检测神经节苷脂GM1对膜流动性的影响．结果表明老年记忆减退鼠新皮质、海马结构突触体膜荧光各向异性明显增加,即膜流动性显著降低,GM1对膜流动性有明显改善作用．相关分析表明新皮质、海马结构实触膜流动性与老年学习记忆减退密切相关,GM1的积极作用为临床治疗提供实验依据．     

Toxicity study in juvenile rats with the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist CP-601,927

BACKGROUND: CP‐601927 is a selective α₄β₂ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonist. The objective of this study was to assess the potential effects persisting into adulthood when CP‐601,927 was administered to neonatal/juvenile rats. Since the juvenile toxicity study was being performed early in the development program and this study would represent the longest dosing period yet evaluated, the study design incorporated standard endpoints typically evaluated in a general toxicity screening study. METHODS: CP‐601,927 was administered to Sprague‐Dawley rats from postnatal day (PND) 7–70 by oral gavage at doses of 0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg. During treatment animals were evaluated for growth, development, and sexual maturation. At the end of the treatment period general toxicity screening endpoints were collected (e.g., organ weights, histology, clinical chemistry). Following a 2‐week latency period, animals were evaluated for CNS function in a comprehensive behavioral training battery consisting of a functional observational battery, motor activity, acoustic startle response, and learning and memory evaluations. Reproductive competency was evaluated by mating treated rats and allowing pregnant dams to deliver and rear their litters until PND 10. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Treatment‐related findings included the death of 2 males receiving 3 mg/kg CP‐601,927, and transient reductions in body weight for both males and females during the third week of dosing which quickly recovered to control levels. The only treatment‐related alteration in behavior was decreased motor activity, which occurred only in females at the highest dose tested. CP‐601,927 had no effect on acoustic startle response, learning and memory, sexual maturation, reproductive capacity, or general toxicity endpoints. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:323–332, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Effect of selenium and protein deficiency on selenium and glutathione peroxidase in rats

Twenty-four weanling male Wistar rats were divided into four groups fed diets containing adequate or deficient levels of selenium (0.5 ppm [+ Se] or <0.02 ppm [−Se] and protein (15% [+Pro] or 5% [−Pro]), but adequate levels of all other nutrients for 4 wk to determine the effects of Se deficiency and protein deficiency on tissue Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity in rats. Plasma, heart, liver, and kidney Se and GSHPx were significantly lower in Se-deficient groups in relation to Se-sufficient groups. In Se-deficient groups, Se and GSHPx were significantly higher in −Se−Pro rats in heart, liver, and kidney. Data analysis showed that there were significant interaction effects between dietary Se and protein on Se and GSHPx of rats. It is assumed that under the condition of Se deficiency. a low level of protein may decrease Se and GSHPx utilization, increase GSHPx synthesis, and result in Se redistribution. This could account for high levels of Se and GSHPx in the −Se−Pro rats compared to −Se+Pro rats.