啤酒酵母自溶与细胞壁关系

啤酒酿造过程中正常情况下的酵母不会发生自溶,但如果细胞衰老死亡或操作不当则会出现酵母自溶现象.虽然自溶的细胞在生产中占的比例较小,但自溶后的酵母将胞内物质释放到酒液中,产生酵母味,严重影响了啤酒的口感和外观质量.早期研究认为酵母细胞壁在酵母自溶过程中不发生水解,即自溶后的细胞仅剩下空的细胞外壳.现在研究发现酵母在自溶时其细胞壁也会发生水解作用,葡聚糖酶将构成细胞壁成分的葡聚糖进行分解,分解产物最终释放到酒液里和细胞质内物质共同影响啤酒的质量.     

Lager啤酒酵母RLM1基因调控对其抗自溶性能的影响

啤酒酵母的自溶会严重影响啤酒的品质,而酵母的质量也被认为是啤酒酿造的关键因素之一。前期在啤酒酵母自溶的研究中发现细胞完整性途径中重要的转录因子RLM1基因与酵母自溶有密切关系。本研究在啤酒酵母单倍体菌株中对RLM1进行敲除与过表达,发现RLM1敲除后,酵母菌抗自溶性能差,而RLM1过表达则有助于酵母的抗自溶。另外,发现RLM1基因的敲除影响了酵母的抗渗透压性能、细胞壁损伤的耐受性、抗氮饥饿性能和温度耐受性。研究发现细胞壁组装及DNA损伤应答相关基因GAS1的表达随RLM1的过表达与敲除而调整,而CWI途径中其他相关基因的调控方式并没有明显的规律,推测RLM1可能主要影响了CWI途径中GAS1基因的表达,进而提高啤酒酵母在恶劣环境中的抗逆性。此研究结果对于进一步选育抗自溶啤酒酵母以及了解啤酒酵母的自溶机制提供了基础。     

膨胀素——一个引人注目的细胞壁松弛酶候选者

植物的生长是植物生理学中一个最基本且重要的问题。细胞膨胀生长（扩大和伸长）的前提是使细胞壁松弛和不可逆伸展。生物物理和生物化学分析表明,细胞壁衬质是控制细胞壁生长的最重要的因素[4]。目前,人们普遍认为,衬质多糖作为“链”（tether）,把纤维素微纤丝结合在一起[9];或作为“填补物”（filler）,防止微纤丝聚集[15,22,30]。并进一步认为,细胞壁松弛的机理是衬质多糖被水解断裂[1,9,13,14]。据报道,多种修饰酶（如葡聚糖酶[1,9,19]、葡萄糖苷酶[19,27]、半乳糖苷酶[17,31]、果胶甲酯酶[11]、IAA氧化酶[2]、过氧…     

海洋芽孢杆菌(Bacillus marinus)B-9987菌株抑制病原真菌机理

[目的]探讨海洋芽孢杆菌(Bacillus marinus)B-9987菌株的代谢产物BMME-1,对植物病原真菌茄链格孢菌的抑菌作用机理.[方法]分别使用分光光法、气相色谱-质谱GC-MS联用技术、红外光谱法等,检测了BMME-1处理病原真菌后,菌体渗透性、细胞壁及细胞膜成份的变化.[结果]BMME-1对茄链格孢菌的抑菌中浓度(MIC_(50))为6.2 mg/L,最小杀菌浓度(MFC)为50 mg/L,在MIC_(50)浓度或高于此浓度处理靶标菌,将导致菌体蛋白质、核酸等大分子物质的外流;处理菌株葡聚糖结构β-型糖苷键、碳-氧键(C-O)、碳-氢键(C-H)等基团的特征吸收强度降低,-OH、C=O的伸缩振动吸收强度升高;菌体细胞壁几丁质结构中酰胺I键吸收强度发生变化;与对照菌株的麦角甾醇含量(62.52±3.31%)相比,处理菌株麦角甾醇减少为(56.36±2.52)%,同时出现麦角固醇合成中间产物粪甾醇.[结论]BMME-1对病原真菌的抑制表现为:干扰细胞膜麦角甾醇的合成从而改变了细胞的通透性;对细胞壁葡聚糖结构的影响较大而几丁质次之.     

产朊假丝酵母细胞壁33 ku蛋白的功能研究

通过胰蛋白酶和枯草杆菌蛋白酶对产朊假丝酵母Candida utilis细胞壁的酶解,发现一种分子质量为33 ku的酵母细胞壁主要结构蛋白. 研究显示,在细胞壁上这种蛋白质与细胞壁绝大多数蛋白质成分不同, 它不被胰蛋白酶水解,但对枯草杆菌蛋白酶的作用敏感.33 ku蛋白存在于酵母菌整个对数生长期的细胞壁中,特别是在对数早期细胞壁中,它是唯一的对胰蛋白酶作用不敏感的蛋白质成分.实验证明,该蛋白质对维系酵母细胞壁骨架成分葡聚糖的相互连接和细胞壁的完整结构,具有重要作用,是一种重要的酵母细胞壁嵌合蛋白.     

白头翁汤正丁醇提取物对白念珠菌细胞壁抑制作用研究

目的探讨白头翁汤正丁醇提取物(Butyl alcohol extract of BaiTouWeng decoction,BAEB)对白念珠菌细胞壁的抑制作用。方法以spot assay检测BAEB对白念珠菌细胞活性的影响;流式细胞仪和酶标仪检测BAEB对白念珠菌细胞壁β-1,3-葡聚糖及几丁质变化;qRT-PCR检测白念珠菌细胞壁β-1,3-葡聚糖合成相关基因FKS-1及几丁质合成相关基因CHS1、CHS2、CHS3、CHS8的表达;透射电镜观察BAEB对白念珠菌细胞壁结构影响。结果 BAEB干预后白念珠菌活性降低,256、512、1 024μg/mL BAEB组白念珠菌细胞壁β-1,3-葡聚糖暴露与几丁质暴露逐渐增多(P0.05);1 024μg/mL BAEB干预组FKS1、CHS1、CHS2、CHS3、CHS8分别下调5.57、2.96、3.29、4.47、3.00倍;透射电镜观察BAEB干预后白念珠菌细胞壁结构有破损。结论 BAEB可通过增加β-1,3-葡聚糖和几丁质的暴露,抑制β-1,3-葡聚糖、几丁质及其生物合成相关基因的表达,进而破坏白念珠菌细胞壁完整性。     

钝顶螺旋藻突变株FBL细胞超微结构

利用透射电镜技术观察钝顶螺旋藻出发株和突变株FBL的细胞超微结构。观察结果表明L出发株和突变株均为多细胞丝状体,细胞间横隔膜清晰,细胞壁均由四层结构组成,细胞质膜内陷形成类囊体,类囊体由双层膜堆积而成,膜上附着藻胆体,类囊体与细胞壁呈垂直方向排列,细胞质内包含有充气液泡等细胞器。与出发株相比,突变株细胞壁表面较光滑,四层结构电子密度较深;类囊体膜增多、变发达;羧化体数量增多;横隔膜收缢明显。     

ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌株的选育

正ε-聚赖氨酸(PL)由链霉菌合成、分泌[1],对细菌、霉菌、酵母菌等有强烈的生长抑制作用,是一种被广泛应用的生物食品防腐剂。但野生型产生菌的ε-PL合成能力都比较低,利用物理和化学诱变,选育S-2-氨基乙基-L-半胱氨酸和甘氨酸抗性突变株,已见报道的最高摇瓶产量为2.11 g/L[2];应用等离子诱变技术和基因组重排技术,可将ε-PL最高摇瓶产量提高到3.11 g/L[3]。但传统的选育手段耗时、耗     

毛竹茎细胞壁半纤维素多糖的免疫细胞化学定位研究

本文以毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)为材料,采用免疫细胞化学标记方法对两种细胞壁半纤维素多糖成分,即木聚糖(Xylan)和(1-3)(1-4)-β-葡聚糖［(1-3)(1-4)-β-glucan］在毛竹茎中的分布进行了观察。结果表明,应用免疫细胞化学方法可以准确、有效地观察这两种半纤维素多糖成分在细胞壁中的分布;木聚糖分布在已木质化的组织细胞的细胞壁中,与细胞壁木质化有密切关系;(1-3)(1-4)-β-葡聚糖在幼竹茎基本组织中分布于短薄壁细胞细胞壁中及长薄壁细胞胞间层,而在老龄竹茎基本组织中,仅分布于短薄壁细胞细胞壁中,而长薄壁细胞细胞壁却无此成分,反映出长、短薄壁细胞细胞壁组成上的差异。     

酵母Ndi1p突变表达文库的建立和温度敏感株的筛选

Ndi1p(internal NADH脱氢酶)是酵母线粒体电子传递链的重要组成部分,参与酵母线粒体呼吸、凋亡等多种生理活动. 本文成功建立了酵母Ndi1p突变表达文库, 随机测序表明,每个基因平均含有2个突变. 利用本文库进行了Ndi1p温度敏感突变筛选, 获得了一定数量的温度敏感型菌株, 并对温度敏感机理做了简单探索. 结果表 明,温度敏感酵母在需要Ndi1p脱氢酶活性的培养基上对温度敏感;有趣的是,这些温度敏感株细胞如果在30 ℃生长但在37 ℃测试不表现出温度敏感性,这暗示高温影响温度敏感Ndi1p的生成, 正常温度下Ndi1p正确构象一旦生成则高温不能引起Ndi1p变性. Ndi1p突变表达文库的建立对于Ndi1p参与的细胞呼吸、凋亡等过程的机理研究将有一定意义.     

Increased Activity of Wall Hydrolytic Enzymes May Explain the Phenotype of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fragile Mutants

Fragile mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae require osmotic stabilizers and lyse in hypotonic solutions. A single recessive mutation, srb1, is responsible for their phenotype, but the cause of cell lysis remains uncertain. We have analyzed three possible mechanisms for this behavior: comparative amounts of wall per cell; their chitin content; and the relative activity of wall hydrolytic enzymes activated by osmotic shock. We found normal amounts of wall and higher amounts of chitin in the fragile mutants. Determination of lytic enzymes by radiolabel of the reducing ends of wall polysaccharides gave results suggesting that fragile mutants produce increased amounts of stretch-activated wall hydrolytic enzymes, which may be responsible for their lysis in hypotonic media. These enzymes normally may play a role in cell wall growth and shaping. Received: 2 March 1998 / Accepted: 17 June 1998     

Osmotic Balance Regulates Cell Fusion during Mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Successful zygote formation during yeast mating requires cell fusion of the two haploid mating partners. To ensure that cells do not lyse as they remodel their cell wall, the fusion event is both temporally and spatially regulated: the cell wall is degraded only after cell–cell contact and only in the region of cell–cell contact. To understand how cell fusion is regulated, we identified mutants defective in cell fusion based upon their defect in mating to a fus1 fus2 strain (Chenevert, J., N. Valtz, and I. Herskowitz. 1994. Genetics 136:1287–1297). Two of these cell fusion mutants are defective in the FPS1 gene, which codes for a glycerol facilitator (Luyten, K., J. Albertyn, W.F. Skibbe, B.A. Prior, J. Ramos, J.M. Thevelein, and S. Hohmann. 1995. EMBO [Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.] J. 14:1360–1371). To determine whether inability to maintain osmotic balance accounts for the defect in cell fusion in these mutants, we analyzed the behavior of an fps1Δ mutant with reduced intracellular glycerol levels because of a defect in the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) gene (Albertyn, J., S. Hohmann, J.M. Thevelein, and B.A. Prior. 1994. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4135– 4144): deletion of GPD1 partially suppressed the cell fusion defect of fps1 mutants. In contrast, overexpression of GPD1 exacerbated the defect. The fusion defect could also be partially suppressed by 1 M sorbitol. These observations indicate that the fusion defect of fps1 mutants results from inability to regulate osmotic balance and provide evidence that the osmotic state of the cell can regulate fusion. We have also observed that mutants expressing hyperactive protein kinase C exhibit a cell fusion defect similar to that of fps1 mutants. We propose that Pkc1p regulates cell fusion in response to osmotic disequilibrium. Unlike fps1 mutants, fus1 and fus2 mutants are not influenced by expression of GPD1 or by 1 M sorbitol. Their fusion defect is thus unlikely to result from altered osmotic balance.     

Phenotypic analysis of temperature-sensitive yeast actin mutants

The consequences of two different mutations in the single essential actin structural gene of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were studied. Both conditional-lethal actin mutants exhibit six phenotypes at the restrictive temperature: disruption of the asymmetric staining pattern of actin assembly; delocalized deposition of chitin on the cell surface; partial inhibition of secretion of the periplasmic protein, invertase; an intracellular accumulation of secretory vesicles; death of cells in the budded portion of the cell cycle upon prolonged incubation at the restrictive condition; and osmotic sensitivity. These results implicate actin in the organization and polarized growth of the yeast cell surface.     

Kinetics of protein release from yeast using enzymatic lysis for selective product recovery

The kinetics of release of four intracellular enzymes from different yeast cell locations using the Differential Product Release (DPR) method has been investigated. The method uses a combination of physical, chemical and biological agents such as lytic enzymes, an osmotic support and a spheroplast stabilizer. Using the DPR technique a wall enzyme, invertase, was released with a very high specific activity in the first step from a breadmaking strain ofS. cerevisiae. Maximum release could be obtained in this step when the incubation time was extended from 60 min to 100 min. Two cytosol enzymes, α-D-glucosidase and alcohol dehydrogenase were released in the second step. Fumarase was released in the third step almost instantaneously after disruption of the mitochondria which reduces considerably, by ca. 1 hour, the total incubation time of DPR. This paper investigates the kinetics of enzyme release during the 3 steps of DPR.     

A two-component histidine kinase of the rice blast fungus is involved in osmotic stress response and fungicide action

We isolated and characterized a histidine kinase gene (HIK1) from the rice blast fungus, Pyricularia oryzae (Magnaporthe grisea). The deduced amino acid sequence of HIK1 showed highest similarity (85.7%) to a hybrid-type histidine kinase, Os-1/Nik-1 of Neurospora crassa. Disruption of HIK1 caused no defect in cell growth on normal media and in pathogenicity to rice plants. The Deltahik1 strain acquired resistance to three groups of fungicides (phenylpyrroles, dicarboximides, and aromatic hydrocarbons) similar to os-1 mutants of N. crassa. The Deltahik1 strain showed increased sensitivity to high concentrations of sugars although its salt sensitivity was not elevated, suggesting that the rice blast fungus can distinguish osmostresses caused by high sugar concentrations and high salt concentrations. In contrast, os-1 mutants of N. crassa are sensitive to high concentrations of both salts and sugars. These findings suggest that P. oryzae and N. crassa partially differ in their os (osmosensitive) signal transduction pathway.     

Temperature-Sensitive Osmotically Fragile Mutants of Staphylococcus aureus

Temperature-sensitive fragile mutants of Staphylococcus aureus which grow at the restrictive temperature only in the presence of osmotic stabilizers and appear to have conditionally defective cell wall integrity were isolated and partially characterized.     

Effect of glycosylation on yeast invertase oligomer stability

Yeast external invertase is a glycoprotein that exists as a dimer that can associate to form tetramers, hexamers, and octamers (Chu, F., Watorek, W., and Maley, F. (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 223, 543-555; Esmon, P. C., Esmon, B. E., Schauer, I. E., Taylor, A., and Schekman, R. (1987) J. Biol. Chem., 262, 4395-4401), a process that is facilitated by the attached oligosaccharide chains. We have studied this association by high performance liquid chromatography on a gel filtration matrix, by which procedure wild-type bakers' yeast invertase gives two peaks, and invertase from a core mutant (mnn1 mnn9) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180 gives three peaks. Concentration of an invertase solution by freezing drives the dimers into higher aggregates that, at 30 degrees C, re-equilibrate to a mixture of smaller forms, the composition of which depends on pH, concentration, and time. The invertase from a mutant, mnn1 mnn9 dpg1, which underglycosylates its glycoproteins and produces invertase with 4-7 oligosaccharide chains, forms oligomers of much lower stability than the mnn1 mnn9 invertase, which has 8-11 carbohydrate chains. Both of these mutants release external invertase from the periplasm into the medium during growth, but we conclude that defects in the cell wall structure may be more important in this release than an altered tendency of the invertases to aggregate. Investigation of aggregate formation by electron microscopy revealed that all invertases, including the internal nonglycosylated enzyme, form octamers under appropriate conditions.     

Genetic alteration of pore size and other properties of the Neurospora cell wall

Trevithick, John R. (University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison), Robert L. Metzenberg and Donald F. Costello. Genetic alteration of pore size and other properties of the Neurospora cell wall. J. Bacteriol. 92:1016-1020. 1966.-Several properties of the cell walls of wild type and the osmotic mutant of Neurospora crassa have been examined. The peameability of the isolated cell walls to polyethylene glycol and dextran polymers of different molecular weights was investigated by the volume of distribution technique. The exclusion thresholds were evaluated by a statistical treatment. The molecular weights corresponding to these thresholds for wild type and osmotic were approximately 4,750 and 18,500, respectively; these values are significantly different. The cell walls of osmotic appeared to be thinner, more easily broken, and more easily compressed to ribbonlike shapes, whereas those of wild type were tubular and strong. Chemical analysis showed that osmotic walls had roughly a 30-fold higher galactosamine-glucosamine ratio than did wild type. It is proposed that the osmotic mutant has a cell wall with abnormally large pores, and that this may account for the increased rate of egress of invertase and the decreased fractionation of light from heavy invertase in this strain.     

Induction of Enterococcal L-Forms by the Action of Lysozyme

Suspensions of enterococci were treated with lysozyme in the presence of osmotic stabilizers. The resulting osmotically fragile bodies prepared from Streptococcus faecium strain F24 and S. faecalis strain E1 gave rise to L-forms under optimal osmotic and nutritional conditions for treatment and subsequent growth. The most critical component of the growth medium, to obtain maximum yields, was the nature and concentration of the added salt. The two most effective salts were sodium chloride and ammonium chloride in the range of 2 to 3% (w/v) added to a suitable agar base. Ammonium chloride was more versatile, because it could be used with either sucrose or polyethylene glycol 4000 as the osmotic stabilizer for preparation and dilution of the osmotically fragile bodies. Sodium chloride would not consistently support growth of S. faecium F24 as L-forms when polyethylene glycol 4000 was used as the osmotic stabilizer during lysozyme treatment. Time-course studies of concurrent cell wall removal and L-form induction suggested that maximal induction required only cell wall damage rather than complete wall removal. This method for induction of L-forms from a suspension of enterococci is a significant improvement over other presently known methods.     

Temperature-sensitive forms of large and small invertase in a mutant derived from a SUC1 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Mutagenesis of the sucrose-fermenting (SUC1) Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 4059-358D yielded an invertase-negative mutant (D10). Subsequent mutagenic treatment of D10 gave a sucrose-fermenting revertant (D10-ER1) that contained the same amount of large (mannoprotein) invertase as strain 4059-358D but only trace amounts of the smaller intracellular nonglycosylated enzyme. Limited genetic evidence indicated that the mutations in D10 and D10-ER1 are allelic to the SUC1 gene. The large invertases from D10-ER1 and 4059-358D were purified and compared. The two enzymes have similar specific activity and Km for sucrose, cross-react immunologically, and show the same subunit molecular weight after removal of the carbohydrate with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidae H. They differ in that the large enzyme from the revertant is rapidly inactivated at 55 degrees C, whereas that from the parent is relatively stable at 65 degrees C. The small invertase in extracts of D10-ER1 is also heat sensitive as compared to the small enzyme from the original parent strain. The low level of small invertase in mutant D10-ER1 may reflect increased intracellular degradation of this heat-labile form. In several crosses of D10-ER1 with strains carrying the SUC1 or SUC3 genes, the temperature sensitivity of the large and small invertases and the low cellular level of small invertase appeared to cosegregate. These findings are evidence that SUC1 is a structural gene for invertase and that both large and small forms are encoded by a single gene. A detailed genetic analysis is presented in a companion paper.