水稻优良性状控制基因的定位进展及其在染色体上的分布

利用分子标记可以寻找并且定位目的基因, 分子标记辅助育种技术则能够快速、高效地筛选出携带目的基因的优良品种。文章总结了近年来水稻中已被定位的优良性状控制基因及与其连锁的分子标记, 其中包括抗病虫害、抗寒、抗旱、不育、育性恢复等194个基因, 这些基因中已有14个被克隆测序。在此基础上探讨了这些基因在染色体上的分布趋势。     

SHORT-ROOT regulates vascular patterning,but not apical meristematic activity in the Arabidopsis root through cytokinin homeostasis

SHORT-ROOT (SHR) is a key regulator of radial patterning and stem-cell renewal in the Arabidopsis root. Although SHR is expressed in the stele, its function in the vascular tissue was not recognized until recently. In shr, the protoxylem is missing due to the loss of expression of microRNA165A (miR165A) and microRNA166B (miR165B). shr is also defective in lateral root formation, but the mechanism remains unclear. To dissect the SHR developmental pathway, we recently have identified its direct targets at the genome scale by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray analysis (ChIP-chip). In further studies, we have shown that SHR regulates cytokinin homeostasis through cytokinin oxidase 3 and that this role of SHR is critical to vascular patterning in the root. In this communication we report that SHR also regulates miR165A and miR166B indirectly through its effect on cytokinin homeostasis. Although cytokinin is inhibitory to root growth, the root-apical-meristem defect in shr was not alleviated by reduction of endogenous cytokinin. These results together suggest that SHR regulates vascular patterning, but not root apical meristematic activity, through cytokinin homeostasis.     

植物功能性靶向基因标记的研究进展

随着功能基因组学的发展,分子标记技术正朝着功能性靶向基因标记的方向发展。因功能标记是根据与表型紧密相关的功能基因内部特定区域多态性基序开发而来的,所以此类标记不需要进一步的验证就可在不同的遗传背景下确定等位基因的有无。从靶向基因标记和功能标记、保守DNA和基因家族标记、转座子标记、抗性基因标记、RNA标记和靶向指纹标记几方面综述了植物功能性靶向基因标记的研究进展,旨在为分子标记的开发与应用提供理论基础。     

水稻香味基因分子标记的开发及应用

根据香稻材料在Badh2基因(甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因)第7外显子的突变位点,设计了分子标记YY5-YY8用来区分这种突变类型的香稻材料。同时结合已报道的针对Badh2在第2、4、5外显子处突变设计的功能标记InDel-E2和FMbadh2-E4-5,对80份不同生态区香稻材料进行了标记检测。结果表明,26份材料属于第7外显子突变类型,37份材料属于第2外显子突变类型,无第4、5外显子突变类型材料。该研究构建了针对Badh2突变的新的分子标记YY5-YY8,并且鉴定了上述香稻材料的突变类型,为优质香稻分子育种奠定基础。     

杨树抗锈性研究现状

综述了落叶松一杨栅锈菌生理小种分化、寄主杨树抗锈性、抗锈病基因分子标记和抗病基因连锁遗传图谱构建技术;分析了我国杨树抗锈病育种研究的现状和亟待解决的问题。     

马铃薯晚疫病抗性基因分子标记检测及抗性评价

马铃薯是重庆优势特色作物之一,但其安全生产受到晚疫病的严重威胁。马铃薯生产中种植抗病品种是防控马铃薯晚疫病最为经济有效和环境友好的途径。为了了解来自国内外不同种质的晚疫病抗性基因组成以及确定在重庆市具有晚疫病抗性的马铃薯品种(系),本研究以218份来自国内外的品种(系)为材料,进行了6个晚疫病抗性(R)基因分子标记检测,同时进行了田间晚疫病抗性评价及室内接种鉴定和筛选。研究结果显示,6个R基因的分子标记在供试材料中均有分布,但分子标记的组成不尽相同,主要分为4大类。第Ⅰ类含有具有广谱抗性基因的RB,晚疫病抗性评价表现为中抗以上;第Ⅲ类缺失R2 family基因标记,绝大部分表现为晚疫病敏感型;第Ⅱ类和第Ⅳ类中分别主要含有3个R基因(R2 Family+R3a+R3b)标记类型和4个R基因(R1+R2 Family+R3a+R3b)标记类型,这两类材料中表现出一定比例的晚疫病抗性水平,但第Ⅳ类中出现抗性表现的比例高于第Ⅱ类。结果说明含有RB基因标记贡献了较高的晚疫病抗性,缺失R2 famlily基因标记的材料可能不利于晚疫病抗性,利用这些基因标记辅助筛选有助于提高重庆地区晚疫病抗性育种效率。本研究评价了218份马铃薯材料6个重要R基因组成,并筛选出重庆地区表现抗性的多个材料,为新品种(系)的推广应用以及抗病育种选育提供了科学依据,同时为发掘新的抗病基因提供了遗传资源。     

抗稻瘟病水稻资源抗性基因Pita、Pib、Pi9以及Pikm的分布研究

利用抗稻瘟病水稻资源品种杂交,聚合多个抗性基因是培育持久抗稻瘟病水稻新品种的主要育种途径.利用分子标记技术对水稻抗性资源进行基因型鉴定是分子辅助聚合育种的基础.通过以亚华种业科学院稻瘟病病圃抗病水稻资源为材料,利用特异性分子标记对Pi9、Pita、Pib以及Pikm基因在水稻抗稻瘟病资源的分布进行了鉴定,初步建立了抗性基因数据库.同时对抗性基因及与抗性反应的相关性进行了探讨,结果表明以Pi9为主效基因,同时聚合Pita和Pib抗性基因能提高持久抗稻瘟病能力.     

Evaluation of recA sequencing for the classification of Aeromonas strains at the genotype level

Aims: To evaluate the usefulness of partial recA sequences for the identification of Aeromonas strains at the genotype level. Methods and Results: A partial recA sequence was obtained from 21 type or reference strains and 33 Aeromonas isolates, collected in the South of Switzerland from human, animal and aquatic environments. The 272 bp long recA fragments showed a mean interspecies divergence of 7·8% and allowed the classification of strains at genotype level. However, some discrepancies could be observed with other gene sequence based analyses in the classification of some strains. Conclusions: The 272 bp long recA fragment is a good molecular marker to infer taxonomy of members of the genus Aeromonas, even if the primers we chose for the amplification did not allow its direct sequencing. Significance and Impact of the Study: In the genus Aeromonas, nucleotide sequences of some protein‐encoding genes have already been evaluated as molecular markers to be used in taxonomical and epidemiological researches. This study suggests the usefulness of a recA fragment as a further sequence to investigate for these purposes.     

Mapping the Naked Neck (NA) and Polydactyly (PO) mutants of the chicken with microsatellite molecular markers

The bulked segregant analysis methodology has been used to map, with microsatellite markers, two morphological mutations in the chicken: polydactyly (PO) and naked neck (NA). These autosomal mutations show partial dominance for NA, and dominance with incomplete penetrance for PO. They were mapped previously to different linkage groups of the classical map, PO to the linkage group IV and NA being linked to the erythrocyte antigen CPPP. An informative family of 70 offspring was produced by mating a sire, heterozygous for each of the mutations, to 7 dams homozygous recessive for each locus. Three DNA pools were prepared, pool PO included 20 chicks exhibiting at least one extra-toe, pool NA included 20 non-polydactyly chicks showing the typical phenotype associated with heterozygosity for the naked neck mutation, and pool NP included 20 chicks exhibiting neither of the mutant phenotypes. Typings were done on an ABI-373 automatic sequencer with 147 microsatellite markers covering most of the genome. An unbalanced distribution of sire marker alleles were detected between pool PO, and pools NA and NP, for two markers of chromosome 2p, MCW0082 and MCW0247. A linkage analysis taking into account the incomplete penetrance of polydactyly (80%) was performed with additional markers of this region and showed that the closest marker to the PO locus was MCW0071 (5 cM, lod score = 9). MCW0071 lies within the engrailed gene EN2 in the chicken. In the mouse, the homologous gene maps on chromosome 5, close to the hemimelic extra-toes mutation Hx. In the case of the NA locus, markers of chromosome 3 were selected because CPPP was mapped on this chromosome. Analysis of individual typings showed a linkage of 5.7 cM (lod score = 13) between the NA locus and ADL0237 in the distal region of chromosome 3q. These results contribute to connecting the former classical map to the molecular genetic map of the chicken, and open the way to the identification of the molecular nature of two developmental mutations of the chicken that are known to occur in many breeds of chickens.     

小麦抗白粉病基因定位与分子标记

对小麦抗白粉病基因的遗传定位与分子标记进行了综述,介绍了小麦抗白粉病的遗传,并对今后的研究方向进行了讨论。     

花生EST数据库的分析、评价和应用前景

花生是我国重要的油料和经济作物。花生产业的发展对我国国民经济具有重要战略意义。随着分子生物学的发展,植物基因工程和功能基因组学的先进技术将有效推动花生种质创新和科技进步。分析了现有的花生EST数据,结合其他作物功能基因组学的最新研究进展,深入探讨了花生EST数据资源在基因克隆、分子标记开发及表达谱研究等方面的利用价值,并在分析花生EST数据库特点的基础上,展望了新一代测序技术在花生中的应用前景。为更好的利用花生EST数据库提供参考。     

分子标记在绿豆遗传连锁图谱构建和基因定位研究中的应用

绿豆(Vigna radiata(L.)Wilczek)作为一种医食两用作物,不仅是重要的食物资源,在改善土壤环境、提高农民收入等方面也发挥着重要作用。然而,相对于大宗作物而言,绿豆基础研究薄弱,基因组研究更是落后。近年来,分子标记技术迅速发展,在绿豆基因组学研究中发挥了重要的作用。国内外利用分子标记技术已构建了超过20张绿豆遗传连锁图谱。一些优良基因尤其是与抗性相关的基因被鉴定或精细定位,为绿豆分子标记辅助选择打下基础,加快了抗性新品种的培育进程。本研究通过对分子标记技术在绿豆遗传连锁图谱构建、重要功能基因的定位等方面的应用进行综述,以期为绿豆遗传育种研究及功能基因组学分析提供参考。     

稻瘟病菌无毒基因Avr-Pi1、Avr-Pi2和 Avr-Pi4a的遗传分析及其分子标记

用CO39近等基因系品种C101LAC（Pi-l),C101A51(Pi-2),C104PKT(Pi-3),C101PKT(Pi-4α）,C105TTP-4L-23(Pi-4b)对稻瘟病菌菌株81278ZB15和GUY11及其有性后代进行毒性分析,结果表明,81278ZB15含Avr-Pil,Aur-Pi2,Aur-Pi4α,Aur-Pi4b无毒基因,有性后代在Pi-1,Pi-2,Pi-4α上的无毒,有毒分离比例符合1：1,有8个后代个体发生了这3个无毒基因座的重组,推断81278ZB15对Pi-l,Pi-2,Pi-4α的的无毒性是由3个不同的单一基因座控制的,且3个基因座紧密连锁,进一步采用rep-PCR法比较了亲本及其在性后代的DNA指纹,获得了与3个无毒基因座紧密连锁的DNA标记（RPF1.2),RPF1.2与Aur-Pil,Aur-Pi2,Aur-Pi4α的遗传距离分别为5.9cM,2.2cM和2.2cM,2个亲本对Pi-3,CO39均有毒性,对Pi-4b均无毒性,但是后代中出现3个对Pi-3,1个对CO39无毒的个体;8个对Pi-4α有毒的个体,对其中可能的原因进行了初步探讨。     

植物基因的图位克隆

图位克隆是基因的有效方法,本文概述了植物基因图位克隆的研究进展,主要包括图位克隆的一般策略、相关技术、发展前景和其它基因组领域研究于其带来的有益借鉴。     

小麦抗条锈病基因定位及分子标记研究进展

本文综述了小麦抗条锈病基因染色体定位及抗条锈病基因分子标记的研究进展,并对几种分子标记技术的应用潜力作了比较分析,特别是对ＳＳＲ、ＩＳＳＲ、ＡＦＬＰ等新型分子标记在小麦遗传育种中的应用前景作了初步探讨。     

Describing long-range patterns in leaf vasculature by metaphoric fields

Some patterns in dicotyledonous leaf vasculature depict rather precise, long-range structural features. This work identifies and quantifies these previously unrecognized features in terms of an empirically derived mathematical formalism that generates wave-like spatial patterns referred to as metaphoric fields. These patterns were used to specify regularities in the long-range structure of dicot leaf vasculature, and were found to account significantly for the predominant features of all 27 dicot species studied. The conserved features of these metaphoric fields are discussed in terms of existing models for leaf pattern formation based on efflux-protein mediated auxin transport in a developing cellular field. This work highlights the complex, regular, long-range structures existing in leaf vascular patterns, and provides a means for specifying and identifying the inherent global features of vascular patterns which must be accounted for in functional developmental models.     

药用野生稻转育后代一个抗白叶枯病新基因的定位

从药用野生稻渗入后代选育的水稻株系B5表现为高抗褐飞虱、白背飞虱和白叶枯病。对B5与籼稻品种明恢63杂交组合的187个重组自交系(RILs)进行了抗白叶枯病接种鉴定,采用分离集团分析法(Bulked Segregant Analysis,BSA),在第1染色体上筛选到与水稻抗白叶枯病基因相连锁RFLP分子标记。利用RILs抗病性表现型鉴定资料和构建的分子标记连锁图谱,将抗白叶枯病基因定位在第1染色体短臂的C904和R596之间,这两个分子标记间遗传距离为1．3cM。该基因对RILs群体抗病性变异的贡献率为52．96％,是一效应值较大的主效基因。这一抗白叶枯病基因不同于已报道的抗白叶枯病基因的位点,因此将其命名为Xa29(t)。