Action competitive d'helisoma duryi,wetherby (Planorbidae : Helisomatinae) a l'egard de divers mollusques vecteurs de trematodoses humaines et animales. I. Biomphalaria glabrata,say

Laboratory experiments indicate that Helisoma duryi may be a promising biological control agent of human Schistosomiasis by acting as a predator of very young Biomphalaria glabrata and, when the two planorbid snails are maintained together, in influencing infection rate of Biomphalaria by miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and their cercarial production.(avec la collaboration technique de R. THOMASSET)     

Lutte biologique contre les mollusques vecteurs de Bilharziose. Action predatrice de Tilapia rendalli,Boulenger et de Sarotherodon mossambica,Peters a l'égard de Biomphalaria glabrata,Say

Laboratory experiments indicate that the Cichlidae Sarotherodon mossambica and, mainly, Tilapia rendalli may be promising biological control agents of Schistosomiasis by acting as predators of eggs and young Biomphalaria glabrata less than 10 mm diameter.

     

Elliptochloris bilobata,gen. et spec. nov., der Phycobiont vonCatolechia wahlenbergii

The phycobiont ofCatolechia wahlenbergii belongs to a new genus of theChlorococcales. It has mostly ellipsoidal, more rarely spherical cells with one bilobate through-shaped chloroplast and in general alveolar cytoplasm. Reproduction occurs by 2 or 4 autospores as well as by 16 or 32 motionless, small rodlike spores, which are formed and released in the same way as zoospores. They are aplanospores, and their formation apparently is fixed genetically, and not modificatorily, as in other species.

     

Asterochloris phycobiontica,gen. et spec., nov., der Phycobiont der FlechteVaricellaria carneonivea

Varicellaria carneonivea is lichenized withAsterochloris phycobiontica, a new member of theChlorococcales. In the free-living state this species reproduces by zoo- and aplanospores; autospores are lacking. Sporangia develop an internal local thickening of the wall, which marks the later aperture. A group of dictyosomes apparently contributes to the formation of this thickening. Secondary carotenoids dissolved in droplets or irregular masses of oil are deposited around and within the pyrenoid.

     

Biomphalaria species in Alexandria water channels

Of the several species of Biomphalaria snails worldwide that serve as the intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni, Biomphalaria alexandrina is a species that is indigenous to Egypt. Recently, there has been much debate concerning the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata and the hybrid of the species with Biomphalaria alexandrina. Due to this debate, the absence of a clear explanation for the presence of B. glabrata in Egyptian water channels and the probability that they may be reintroduced, we conducted this field study to identify Biomphalaria species present in Alexandria water channels. Laboratory-adapted susceptible snails to Schistosoma mansoni of the following species were used as a reference; Biomphalaria alexandrina, Biomphalaria glabrata and their hybrid. These snails were used to perpetuate the Schistosoma life cycle at the Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Cairo, Egypt. Morphological and molecular studies were conducted on these reference snails as well as on the first generation of Biomphalaria snails from two areas in the Alexandria governorate. The morphological study included both external shell morphology and internal anatomy of the renal ridge. The molecular study used a species-specific PCR technique.The results demonstrated that there was an absence of Biomphalaria glabrata and the hybrid from Alexandria water channels. Moreover, the susceptibility patterns of these reference snails were studied by measuring the different parasitological parameters. It was found that Biomphalaria glabrata and the hybrid were significantly more susceptible than Biomphalaria alexandrina to the Egyptian strain of Schistosoma mansoni. The results demonstrated that if Biomphalaria glabrata was reintroduced and adapted to the local environment in Egypt, it would have important epidemiologic impacts that would have a serious effect on the health of Egyptian people.     

Action de pesticides chez des insectes en fonction de leur etat physiologique: Etude de 2 insecticides et d'un melange d'herbicides chez les larves aquatiques de cloeon. (Ephemeropteres).

For the larvae of the ephemeron Cloeon, our studies of acute toxicity show that the degradation products of fenthion are more toxic than the insecticide itself.Doses of fenthion and lindane, responsible of a hight mortality, lead to a decrease in the moulting frequency of these larvae. A mixture of herbicides and degradation products of fenthion gave different results.

     

Ultrastructure de l'organe Ampullaire de Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae); Origine et Nature des Mucopolysaccharides

Résumé Les organes sensoriels cutanés de type ampullaire, spécifiques du système de la ligne latérale chez Gymnotus carapo, sont étudiés ici sous leur aspect morphologique et histochimique. Cellules sensorielles et cellules accessoires constituent un épithélium simple tapissant l'ampoule. Innervée par une seule fibre se terminant par un énorme bouton terminal, chaque cellule sensorielle a une surface libre importante, en contact avec les substances muqueuses qui remplissent l'ampoule et le canal intraépidermique. Les cellules accessoires de l'epithélium sensoriel et les cellules de la paroi du canal sont secrétrices des mucopolysaccharides neutres du canal.

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Ultrastructure of the ampullary organ of Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae) nature and origin of its polysaccharids

Summary The specific cutaneous organs of the lateral line system in Gymnotus carapo have been observed by morphological and histochemical methods.The ampullary epithelium is constituted by a layer of sensory and accessory cells. Each sensory cell is innervated by one fiber ending with a large terminal bud. The sensory cells have also an important free surface in contact with the mucoïd substances which fill up the ampullae and the intraepidermic canal.The accessory cells of the ampullary epithelium and the cells of the canal's wall produce the canal's neutral mucopolysaccharids.

Ce travail a été réalisé avec l'aide de la Direction de Recherches et Moyens d'Essais, accordée au Dr. T. Szabo (Contrat n 659-594).     

Caloplaca sect.Xanthoriella,sect. nov.: Untersuchungen über die „Xanthoria lobulata-Gruppe“ (Lichenes,Teloschistaceae)

Reexamination ofXanthoria persica, X. polycarpoides, X. lobulata gave evidence, that the thalli of these species are devoid of a lower cortex and rhizinae. Therefore, they do not fit the definition of the genusXanthoria and are transferred toCaloplaca (under the new sectionXanthoriella) asCaloplaca persica, C. polycarpoides, andC. boulyi, respectively. — Details on development, anatomical structure, ecology and distribution are presented.

     

Cycle biologique de l'hirudinée rhynchobdelle Piscicola geometra L.

Observations carried out in nature and in laboratory conditions show that the life cycle of P. geometra includes three or four generations per year. The winter population is composed of much bigger leeches than the summer ones.

     

Bryostigma leucodontis nov. gen. et spec., eine neue Flechte mit fast unsichtbaren Fruchtkörpern

The lichen genusBryostigma with the single speciesBr. leucodontis is described as new. It is characterized by the red or blue iodine staining of its hyphae, the undifferentiated excipulum, the type of asci, the small size of the fruiting bodies and its growth on moss. The taxonomic position remains open.

Herrn Prof. Dr. L.Geitler zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Levures des eaux saumatres de Lagrange-Fouquet

The briny waters of Lagrange-Fouquet contain a wide variety of yeasts. The more common ones are Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus albidus, Sporobolomyces pararoseus and Sporobolomyces roseus.These yeasts stem from the phyllosphere of the surrounding vegetation, and constitute a population which is characteristic of the natural zones.

     

Cynoglossopsis somaliensis,sp. nov., und die GattungCynoglossopsis (Boraginaceae)

Cynoglossopsis somaliensis H. Riedl, sp. nov., is described as a new species of the hitherto monotypic genusCynoglossopsis Brand which is closest related toCynoglossum L. but has to be included inBoraginoideae-Eritrichieae from the way the nutlets are attached to the gynobasis.

     

Etude ultrastructurale et évolution de la cellule neuroépithéliale de l'épiderme du bras de l'Etoile de mer,Asterina gibbosa Penn. en régénération

Résumé L'évolution ultrastructurale de la cellule neuroépithéliale a été faite, chez Asterina gibbosa, au cours de la régénération du bras.La dédifférenciation de la cellule, provoquée par l'amputation, se manifeste par la perte de sa partie apicale et la régression des structures cytoplasmiques: vésiculisation du Golgi et de l'ergastoplasme, fragmentation des microtubules.L'activation qui accompagne la dédifférenciation, se manifeste par la formation d'un nucléole au centre du noyau. Elle correspond à la reprise des synthèses d'ARN.La cellule dédifférenciée est caractérisée par un nucléole excentré et l'abondance des ribosomes libres.La différenciation débute par le regroupement en rosettes des ribosomes et le développement des canalicules ergastoplasmiques. Le Golgi réapparaît au voisinage du noyau. Les mitochondries se disposent aux pôles basal et apical de la cellule, où les microtubules se reconstitutent.En fin de différenciation, les cellules se réorganisent pour édifier un épithélium cicatriciel limité par une basale.Le tissu épidermique se différencie à partir des éléments de même origine sans l'intervention de cellules souches.

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Ultrastructural study and development of the neuroepithelial cells of regenerating epidermic arm cells in Asterina gibbosa Penn

Summary The ultrastructural differentiation of the neuroepithelial cell in the course of regeneration in Asterina gibbosa has been investigated up. Cell differentiation, induced by cutting the arm off, is characterized by loss of the apical cell pole and alteration of cytoplasmic structures: vesiculation of the Golgi apparatus and the ergastoplasm, fragmentation of microtubules.Activation, which parallels dedifferentiation, induces the appearance of a nucleolus in the center of the nucleus. This means that RNA synthesis is starting again. A dedifferentiated cell shows an eccentric nucleolus and many free ribosomes.Differentiation beginning, clusters of ribosomes and the development of tubular ergastoplasmic formations can be observed. The Golgi apparatus is located near the nucleus. Mitochondria gather at basal and apical part of the cell, where also microtubules are forming again.In the last stage of differentiation, cells are joining up and build a scar epithelium resting on a basement membrane.Epidermic tissue differentiates only from epidermic cells. Blast cells have no part in this process.

     

Formation de la membrane de fécondation de l'oeuf d'Artemia salina

Résumé L'oeuf vierge d'Artemia salina n'est pas entouré de membranes exocellulaires. Le plasme sous-cortical ne contient pas d'organites spéciaux. Dès la fécondation, une membrane est secrétée par l'oeuf. La substance membranogène, contenue dans le reticulum endoplasmique lisse, passe par les éléments golgiens, où elle semble modifiée, et est expulsée dans des vésicules qui se détachent du Golgi. Retenue par un enduit granuleux, qui couvre le plasmolemme, et qui peut être un glycocoat ou du suc du tractus génital, elle s'étale en une membrane de fécondation, qui se soulève pour constituer l'espace périvitellin. Le processus est progressif et dure environ une heure et demi.

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Formation of the fertilization membrane of the egg inArtemia salina

Summary The unfertilized egg ofArtemia salina is not covered with any extracellular structure. No special organelles are found in the sub-cortical plasma. From the moment of fertilization, a membrane is progressively secreted by the egg. The membranogenous substance is first seen as large granules in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, presumably transformed within Golgi elements and extruded in vesicles liberated from the Golgi apparatus. Retained by a glycocoat or by contact with the fluid of the genital tract, it spreads out into a fertilization membrane, soon surrounding a perivitelline space. The process lasts till 1 1/2 h after fertilization.

     

Liens entre chorologie et différenciation de quelques associations du Mesobromion erecti d'Europe occidentale et centrale

Chorological phenomena are very important for the differentiation of the Mesobromion erecti associations in western and central Europe. We recognized several associations of grasslands specific of calcareous brown-soils (on marl) in a range from the southwest of France to Switzerland and the Boulonnais, which correlated with a floristic impoverishment. Beyond the north and the east of France, the characteristic species disappear: the associations of marl grasslands cannot be differentiated.Chorological phenomena are also important for the differentiation of the semi-dry grasslands in a range from England to Germany, with four greater associations (Cirsio-Brometum, Festuco-Brachypodietum, Festuco lemanii-Brometum, Gentiano-Koelerietum) and several local communities and minor associations. Three association groups are recognized in the Mesobromion erecti: in addition to the northwest European and the centralwest European association groups (Willems, 1980), we distinguish a southwest European group very rich in subatlantic and submediterranean species.

Somenclature d'espèces d'après Flora Europaea, par Tutin et al. (1964–1980); nomenclature syntaxonomique d'après Royer (1978, 1982) et Oberdorfer (1978).     

L‘élevage de deux coccinelles Harmonia axyridis et Semiadalia undecimnotataà l'aide d'oeufs d’Anagasta kuehniella tués aux rayons ultraviolets

Résumé Les coccinelles aphidiphages Harmonia axyridis Pallas et Semiadalia undecimnotata Schneider (Coccinellidae) ont été élevées pendant trois générations à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella Zell. (Pyralidae) tués par une exposition à un rayonnement ultraviolet. Chez la première espèce, cette proie de substitution présente une valuer alimentaire comparable si ce n'est pas supérieure à celle du puceron Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Ces résultats permettent d'envisager, dès à présent, une production massive dans ces conditions trophiques. La mise en place d'un élevage continu dépend de l'évolution sur un grand nombre de générations de certains paramètres biologiques notamment de la fertilité des femelles. Chez la seconde espèce, une telle application paraît impossible pour l'instant.

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Summary Aphidophagous coccinellids Harmonia axyridis and Semiadalia undecimnotata were reared on eggs of the pyralid moth, Anagasta kuehniella during three generations previously killed by exposure to ultra violet radiation. Incidentally, these eggs are used for the mass production of Trichogramma. For H. axyridis larvae, this prey has the same nutritional value as the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (control). In adults, it causes an increase in reproductive activity which persisted during three generations. Decreased egg fertility is compensated for by stimulated oviposition. However, regardless of generations, the number of larvae produced per female per day remained equal to or became larger than the control. When the adults are transferred to aphid prey after 15 days of oviposition on the substitution food, a high level of fecundity is maintained and egg fertility improved, particulary during the last two generations. In S. undecimnotata, a specific aphid predator, preying on substitute prey is associated with prolonged pre-imaginal development and increased mortality, the latter affecting up to 50% of the larvae during the third generation. In adults, it induces a deterioration of the reproductive capacities (fecundity, fertility) which however seemed to improve during the third generation. Substitute prey has negative effect on these adults. At present, only H. axyridis might be considered for temporary mass production, as suggested by the results obtained at the end of the first generation.

     

Adaptation morphologique de l'acrorrhage chez Actinia equina L.

Résumé L'analyse ultra-structurale de l'acrorrhage d'Actinia equina L. a permis de montrer une adaptation histologique au décollement de l'ectoderme lors de la réponse de l'actinie à une agression. La zone basale et digitée des cellules ectodermiques est très vacuolisée. La turgescence de l'acrorrhage provoque une extension de la mésoglée; on observe un écartement des bases cellulaires et la rupture des vésicules facilite la séparation de l'ectoderme et de la mésoglée. Celle-ci a lieu après ancrage des nématocystes atriches dans les tissus de l'agresseur, et retrait de l'Actinie.

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Morphological adaptation of the acrorhagi of Actinia equina L.

Summary The ultrastructural analysis of the acrorhagi of Actinia equina reveals histological adaptations to the specific detachment of this brightly colored strip of ectoderm in case of being attached. The basal zone of the ectoderm cells is highly vacuolated. The turgidity of the acrorhagous provokes an extension of the mesoglea. The separation of the ectoderm is facilitated by rupture of the vacuoles and the specific arrangement of the filament containing branched bases of the cells. When the ectoderm, which contains numerous nematocysts, is fixed in the tissue of a agressor, this one detaches.

     

Omphalotaceae fam. nov. undPaxillaceae,ein chemotaxonomischer Vergleich zweier Pilzfamilien derBoletales

TheOmphalotaceae fam. nov., which include the generaOmphalotus andLampteromyces, are defined on the basis of characteristic sesquiterpenes and of their ability to cause white-rot. Anatomical and morphological features of the representatives of these genera support the creation of this new family. The occurrence of pigments, typical of theBoletales, and of cyanophilous spores, indicate membership of theOmphalotaceae in the orderBoletales. Relationships to the other families of this order — especially to thePaxillaceae — are discussed. The possible functional significance of fungal metabolites is considered.

Herrn Prof. Dr.J. Poelt zur Vollendung seines 60. Lebensjahres gewidmet.—Veränderte Fassung eines Vortrages auf der Tagung der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, Wien, September 1984.     

Los domacios de Mortoniodendron (Malvaceae s.l.)

We describe the domatia of nine species of the genus Mortoniodendron, based on observations of cleared leaves and scanning electron micrographs. We recognize four kinds of domatia in Mortoniodendron species: cryptpocket, crypt, pocket and tufts of hairs, mostly associated with primary, secondary and tertiary veins. Mortoniodendron anisophyllum and M. costaricense have domatia up to the tertiary and quaternary veins. Moreover, domatia are absent in only two species, M. pentagonum and M. uxpanapense. Although there are reports on the occurrence of domatia in Malvaceae s.l., mainly in Brownlowioideae, Sterculioideae, and Tilioideae subfamilies, they are poorly described, and based on the different types of domatia found in Mortoniodendron we suggest reviewing other genera to better describe the diversity of domatia in Malvaceae s.l.

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Resumen  Se describen los domacios presentes en nueve especies del género Mortoniodendron utilizando la técnica de diafanización y el microscopio electrónico de barrido. En el género se observaron cuatro tipos de domacios: criptabolsa, cripta, bolsa y mechón de tricomas, la mayoría asociados a las venas primaria, secundarias y terciarias. Mortoniodendron anisophyllum y M. costaricense tienen domacios hasta las bifurcaciones de venas terciarias y cuaternarias. únicamente en dos especies, M. pentagonum y M. uxpanapense, los domacios están ausentes. A pesar de que se han registrado domacios en miembros de Malvaceae s.l., predominantemente en las subfamilias Brownlowioideae, Sterculioideae y Tilioideae; pocas veces se describe su tipo. Por ello, con base en los diferentes tipos de domacios encontrados en Mortoniodendron sugerimos estudiar otros géneros y confirmar la diversidad en Malvaceae s.l.

     

Etude enzymologique comparee de souches de aspergillius fumigatus et de a. Fischeri d'origine saprophytique ou isolees de lesions humaines ou animales. Repercussions pratiques d'ordre diagnostique

Resume 14 activités enzymatiques (3 deshydrogénases et 11 hydrolases) ont été recherchées systématiquement sur les électrophorégrammes en gel d'agar des extraits de 2 souches de Aspergillus fischeri et de 14 souches de A. fumigatus (8 isolées de lésions humaines ou animales intitulées souches pathogènes, et 6 souches d'origine saprophytique). La composition enzymatique de A. fumigatus est apparue très polymorphe et sans rapport avec l'origine des souches.D'autre part, l'analyse immunoélectrophorétique de ces extraits antigéniques, par des sérums de lapins hyperimmuns et des sérums de malades atteints d'aspergillose, a montré que l'activité chymotrypsique de type II, supportée par l'arc C, est caractérisée de manière plus fréquente et plus intense lorsque les antigènes provenant de souches pathogènes sont opposés à des sérums de malade.De plus, si cette activité chymotrypsique est révélée avec la même fréquence par une souche saprophyte et une souche pathogène, le nombre de précipitines mises en évidence est apparu significativement plus élevé avec cette dernière.Les antigènes utilisés pour le diagnostic de précipitation en gel devraient donc être, de préférence, extraits de souches pathogènes et leur qualité évaluée par des sérums de malades atteints d'aspergillose.