犬瘟热病毒核蛋白基因重组腺病毒的构建、鉴定与表达

核蛋白基因(N)位于犬瘟热病毒基因组的108-1679位置处,是保守性较强的免疫原性蛋白,因此选择N基因作为目的基因,利用酶切、连接等方法构建了含犬瘟热病毒核蛋白基因的穿梭质粒pVAXAE3LPN.以含CAV-2 SY株全基因组的pPoly2-CAV-2为载体,构建了重组质粒pCAV-2-CDVLPN,利用脂质体介导法转染MDCK细胞,转染三次后,细胞出现了典型的腺病毒样病变.电镜负染、切片观察,酶切、PCR.扩增及测序鉴定的结果表明表达犬瘟热核蛋白基因的重组犬2型腺病毒构建成功,表达的核蛋白分子量为58kDa.     

犬瘟热病毒核蛋白基因重组腺病毒的构建、鉴定与表达

核蛋白基因(N)位于犬瘟热病毒基因组的108—1679位置处,是保守性较强的免疫原性蛋白,因此选择N基因作为目的基因,利用酶切、连接等方法构建了含犬瘟热病毒核蛋白基因的穿梭质粒pVAX?E3LPN。以含CAV-2SY株全基因组的pPoly2-CAV-2为载体,构建了重组质粒pCAV-2-CDVLPN,利用脂质体介导法转染MDCK细胞,转染三次后,细胞出现了典型的腺病毒样病变。电镜负染、切片观察,酶切、PCR扩增及测序鉴定的结果表明表达犬瘟热核蛋白基因的重组犬2型腺病毒构建成功,表达的核蛋白分子量为58kDa。     

Recombinant Measles Virus Vaccine Expressing the Nipah Virus Glycoprotein Protects against Lethal Nipah Virus Challenge

Nipah virus (NiV) is a member of the genus Henipavirus, which emerged in Malaysia in 1998. In pigs, infection resulted in a predominantly non-lethal respiratory disease; however, infection in humans resulted in over 100 deaths. Nipah virus has continued to re-emerge in Bangladesh and India, and person-to-person transmission appeared in the outbreak. Although a number of NiV vaccine studies have been reported, there are currently no vaccines or treatments licensed for human use. In this study, we have developed a recombinant measles virus (rMV) vaccine expressing NiV envelope glycoproteins (rMV-HL-G and rMV-Ed-G). Vaccinated hamsters were completely protected against NiV challenge, while the mortality of unvaccinated control hamsters was 90%. We trialed our vaccine in a non-human primate model, African green monkeys. Upon intraperitoneal infection with NiV, monkeys showed several clinical signs of disease including severe depression, reduced ability to move and decreased food ingestion and died at 7 days post infection (dpi). Intranasal and oral inoculation induced similar clinical illness in monkeys, evident around 9 dpi, and resulted in a moribund stage around 14 dpi. Two monkeys immunized subcutaneously with rMV-Ed-G showed no clinical illness prior to euthanasia after challenge with NiV. Viral RNA was not detected in any organ samples collected from vaccinated monkeys, and no pathological changes were found upon histopathological examination. From our findings, we propose that rMV-NiV-G is an appropriate NiV vaccine candidate for use in humans.     

表达狂犬病病毒糖蛋白的重组犬2型腺病毒的构建

本试验以犬2型腺病毒全基因组重组质粒pPolyⅡCAV 2及其E3 区重组质粒pVAX E3 为基础,通过DraⅢ和SspⅠ双酶切,缺失第25097bp 26141bp共1044bp的E3区片段,按与编码链相同转录方向插入由CMV启动子、狂犬病病毒SRV9 株糖蛋白基因、SV40 polyA基因构成的总长2424bp的表达盒,获得重组基因组质粒pPolyⅡCAV 2 CGS(34.7kb)。以AscⅠ和ClaⅠ双酶切,游离重组基因组(32.7kb),在脂质体LipofectamineTM 2000 介导下,转染MDCK细胞系,获得了E3 缺失区携带狂犬病病毒糖蛋白表达盒的重组犬2 型腺病毒CAV 2 CGS。Western印迹试验表明,CAV 2 CGS表达了狂犬病病毒糖蛋白。初步接种试验显示,重组病毒可以诱导犬产生狂犬病病毒特异性抗体。     

Continuous-Flow Ultracentrifugation of Canine Distemper Virus and Infectious Canine Hepatitis Virus

The use of a Spinco L-4 zonal centrifuge with the B-XVI continuous-flow rotor for the purification of canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis viruses is described. Up to 68 liters of virus was processed at one time. Infectious canine hepatitis virus was found to band at 39% sucrose and canine distemper virus banded between 32 and 48% sucrose. The virus was concentrated 10-fold, and the purity of the virus, as measured by protein concentration, was increased by 99%.     

Duration of Maternal Antibodies against Canine Distemper Virus and Hendra Virus in Pteropid Bats

Old World frugivorous bats have been identified as natural hosts for emerging zoonotic viruses of significant public health concern, including henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra virus), Ebola virus, and Marburg virus. Epidemiological studies of these viruses in bats often utilize serology to describe viral dynamics, with particular attention paid to juveniles, whose birth increases the overall susceptibility of the population to a viral outbreak once maternal immunity wanes. However, little is understood about bat immunology, including the duration of maternal antibodies in neonates. Understanding duration of maternally derived immunity is critical for characterizing viral dynamics in bat populations, which may help assess the risk of spillover to humans. We conducted two separate studies of pregnant Pteropus bat species and their offspring to measure the half-life and duration of antibodies to 1) canine distemper virus antigen in vaccinated captive Pteropus hypomelanus; and 2) Hendra virus in wild-caught, naturally infected Pteropus alecto. Both of these pteropid bat species are known reservoirs for henipaviruses. We found that in both species, antibodies were transferred from dam to pup. In P. hypomelanus pups, titers against CDV waned over a mean period of 228.6 days (95% CI: 185.4–271.8) and had a mean terminal phase half-life of 96.0 days (CI 95%: 30.7–299.7). In P. alecto pups, antibodies waned over 255.13 days (95% CI: 221.0–289.3) and had a mean terminal phase half-life of 52.24 days (CI 95%: 33.76–80.83). Each species showed a duration of transferred maternal immunity of between 7.5 and 8.5 months, which was longer than has been previously estimated. These data will allow for more accurate interpretation of age-related Henipavirus serological data collected from wild pteropid bats.     

Enhanced Protective Efficacy of Nonpathogenic Recombinant Leishmania tarentolae Expressing Cysteine Proteinases Combined with a Sand Fly Salivary Antigen

Background

Novel vaccination approaches are needed to prevent leishmaniasis. Live attenuated vaccines are the gold standard for protection against intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania and there have been new developments in this field. The nonpathogenic to humans lizard protozoan parasite, Leishmania (L) tarentolae, has been used effectively as a vaccine platform against visceral leishmaniasis in experimental animal models. Correspondingly, pre-exposure to sand fly saliva or immunization with a salivary protein has been shown to protect mice against cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Here, we tested the efficacy of a novel combination of established protective parasite antigens expressed by L. tarentolae together with a sand fly salivary antigen as a vaccine strategy against L. major infection. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of different DNA/Live and Live/Live prime-boost vaccination modalities with live recombinant L. tarentolae stably expressing cysteine proteinases (type I and II, CPA/CPB) and PpSP15, an immunogenic salivary protein from Phlebotomus papatasi, a natural vector of L. major, were tested both in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice. Both humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed before challenge and at 3 and 10 weeks after Leishmania infection. In both strains of mice, the strongest protective effect was observed when priming with PpSP15 DNA and boosting with PpSP15 DNA and live recombinant L. tarentolae stably expressing cysteine proteinase genes.

Conclusion/Significance

The present study is the first to use a combination of recombinant L. tarentolae with a sand fly salivary antigen (PpSP15) and represents a novel promising vaccination approach against leishmaniasis.     

Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Expressing Glycoprotein E2 of Chikungunya Virus Protects AG129 Mice against Lethal Challenge

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is characterized by rash, acute high fever, chills, headache, nausea, photophobia, vomiting, and severe polyarthralgia. There is evidence that arthralgia can persist for years and result in long-term discomfort. Neurologic disease with fatal outcome has been documented, although at low incidences. The CHIKV RNA genome encodes five structural proteins (C, E1, E2, E3 and 6K). The E1 spike protein drives the fusion process within the cytoplasm, while the E2 protein is believed to interact with cellular receptors and therefore most probably constitutes the target of neutralizing antibodies. We have constructed recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing E3E2, 6KE1, or the entire CHIKV envelope polyprotein cassette E3E26KE1. MVA is an appropriate platform because of its demonstrated clinical safety and its suitability for expression of various heterologous proteins. After completing the immunization scheme, animals were challenged with CHIV-S27. Immunization of AG129 mice with MVAs expressing E2 or E3E26KE1 elicited neutralizing antibodies in all animals and provided 100% protection against lethal disease. In contrast, 75% of the animals immunized with 6KE1 were protected against lethal infection. In conclusion, MVA expressing the glycoprotein E2 of CHIKV represents as an immunogenic and effective candidate vaccine against CHIKV infections.     

灵长类动物感染犬瘟热

通过介绍犬瘟热流行病学特点,结合犬瘟热病毒在灵长类动物的感染情况,对犬瘟热的危害及公共卫生意义进行了分析。指出犬瘟热病毒存在大范围流行风险从而对进出口猴场形成新的威胁,并根据工作实际提出了疫病疫情预防控制和检验检疫监督管理的着重点。     

Recombinant Canine Coronaviruses Related to Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Swine Are Circulating in Dogs

Four canine coronavirus type II (CCoV-II) strains were identified in the guts and internal organs of pups which had died of acute gastroenteritis. The CCoV-II strains were strictly related to porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in the N-terminal domain of the spike protein, whereas in the other parts of the genome, a higher genetic relatedness to recent CCoV-II isolates was observed. Experimental infection of dogs with a TGEV-like isolate induced mild gastroenteritis without any systemic involvement. By virus neutralization tests, antigenic differences between reference and TGEV-like CCoVs were found. Our data support the potential recombinant origin of the TGEV-like CCoVs.     

表达猫瘟热病毒VP2蛋白重组腺病毒的构建及其免疫原性研究

为构建能表达FPV VP2蛋白的重组犬2型腺病毒(CAV-2)载体。首先用PCR方法从FPV GT-2株细胞培 养物中扩增出了VP2蛋白基因,将其克隆到真核表达质粒pVAX1中构建了含有FPV vp2基因的表达盒(CMV- VP2-PolyA),将该表达盒酶切后定向克隆到含有CAV-2 E3区的穿梭质粒pVAX△E3中,构建出pVAX △E3VP2。用Sal I Nru I双酶切pVAX△E3VP2,回收含有目的基因表达盒部分,将其定向克隆入含有CAV-2 全基因组的骨架质粒pPoly2-CAV-2中,构建了重组质粒pCAV-2-FPV-VP2。Cla I Asc I酶切pCAV-2-FPV- VP2释放出重组基因组,以此转染MDCK细胞,获得了重组病毒CAV-2-VP2。该重组病毒能使MDCK细胞产生 腺病毒样细胞病变。Western blot检测证实,该重组病毒能表达具有免疫学活性的VP2蛋白。该重组病毒可以有 效地诱导免疫猫产生抗FPV和CAV-2抗体。本实验表明该重组病毒有可能成为一个FPV的疫苗株。     

表达猫瘟热病毒VP2蛋白重组腺病毒的构建及其免疫原性研究

为构建能表达FPV VP2蛋白的重组犬2型腺病毒(CAV-2)载体.首先用PCR方法从FPV GT-2株细胞培养物中扩增出了VP2蛋白基因,将其克隆到真核表达质粒pVAX1中构建了含有FPV vp2基因的表达盒(CMV-VP2-PolyA),将该表达盒酶切后定向克隆到含有CAV-2 E3区的穿梭质粒pVAX△E3中,构建出pVAX△E3VP2.用Sal I+Nru I双酶切pVAX△E3VP2,回收含有目的基因表达盒部分,将其定向克隆入含有CAV-2全基因组的骨架质粒pPoly2-CAV-2中,构建了重组质粒pCAV-2-FPV-VP2.Cla I+Asc I酶切pCAV-2-FPV-VP2释放出重组基因组,以此转染MDCK细胞,获得了重组病毒CAV-2-VP2.该重组病毒能使MDCK细胞产生腺病毒样细胞病变.Western blot检测证实,该重组病毒能表达具有免疫学活性的VP2蛋白.该重组病毒可以有效地诱导免疫猫产生抗FPV和CAV-2抗体.本实验表明该重组病毒有可能成为一个FPV的疫苗株.     

Recombinant Measles AIK-C Vaccine Strain Expressing the prM-E Antigen of Japanese Encephalitis Virus

An inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine, which induces neutralizing antibodies, has been used for many years in Japan. In the present study, the JEV prM-E protein gene was cloned, inserted at the P/M junction of measles AIK-C cDNA, and an infectious virus was recovered. The JEV E protein was expressed in B95a cells infected with the recombinant virus. Cotton rats were inoculated with recombinant virus. Measles PA antibodies were detected three weeks after immunization. Neutralizing antibodies against JEV developed one week after inoculation, and EIA antibodies were detected three weeks after immunization. The measles AIK-C-based recombinant virus simultaneously induced measles and JEV immune responses, and may be a candidate for infant vaccines. Therefore, the present strategy of recombinant viruses based on a measles vaccine vector would be applicable to the platform for vaccine development.     

犬瘟热病毒细胞膜受体的鉴定

犬瘟热病毒（ＣＤＶ）敏感细胞Ｖｅｒｏ用ＳＤＳ或ＲＩＰＡ溶解缓冲液溶解,利用病毒铺覆蛋白印迹技术（ＶＯＰＢＡ）鉴定犬瘟热病毒疫苗株（ＣＤＶ－ｏｎｄｅｓｔｅｐｏｏｒｔ）的细胞受体。结果发现,在Ｖｅｒｏ细胞上有两组ＣＤＶ结合蛋白质,即高分子量组蛋白质（１２７ｋＤ、１２０ｋＤ、１１０ｋＤ）与低分子量组蛋白质（２７ｋＤ和３０ｋＤ）。这些ＣＤＶ结合蛋白组分的性质及在ＣＤＶ致病中的作用有等进一步研究。     

表达EB病毒主要膜蛋白gp350／220的非复制型重组痘苗病毒的构建

利用非复制痘苗病毒质粒载体pNEOCK11β75及pNEOCK,改造了表达EB病毒主要膜蛋白gp350/22的复制型重组痘苗病毒VMA,构建了非复制型重组痘苗病毒VMA△CK。该病毒能在鸡胚原代成纤维细胞（CEF）中正常繁殖,而在人源细胞中不能正常繁殖。在CEF中连续传代至第25代,经PCR证明,该病毒符合非复制型重组痘苗病毒的特征。经免疫荧光及免疫酶斑法证实,VMA△CK可稳定表达gp350/220,且表达水平与VAM无明显差异。VMA△CK经腹腔免疫Balb/C小鼠,4周后能诱生一定水平的抗gp350/220特异性抗体,加强免疫2周后该抗体水平明显升高。这一结果类似于VMA免疫Balb/C小鼠的结果,初免后,VMA△CK且抗痘苗抗体水平明显低于VMA免疫组;加强免疫2周后,两组小鼠的抗痘苗抗体水平趋于一致。上述结果证明,所构建的非复制痘苗病毒不影响目的抗原的表达,也不影响该抗原的免疫原性,但导致病毒毒力下降,而且用该病毒免疫小鼠后小鼠抗痘苗病毒载体的免疫反应明显下降。     

Vaccination with a Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing an Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Provides Complete Protection from Influenza Virus Challenge

Since the development of a system for generating vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) from plasmid DNAs, our laboratory has reported the expression of several different glycoproteins from recombinant VSVs. In one of these studies, high-level expression of an influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) from a recombinant VSV-HA and efficient incorporation of the HA protein into the virions was reported (E. Kretzschmar, L. Buonocore, M. J. Schnell, and J. K. Rose, J. Virol. 71:5982–5989, 1997). We report here that VSV-HA is an effective intranasal vaccine vector that raises high levels of neutralizing antibody to influenza virus and completely protects mice from bronchial pneumonia caused by challenge with a lethal dose of influenza A virus. Additionally, these recombinant VSVs are less pathogenic than wild-type VSV (serotype Indiana). This vector-associated pathogenicity was subsequently eliminated through introduction of specific attenuating deletions. These live attenuated recombinant VSVs have great potential as vaccine vectors.     

Efficacy of Multivalent Adenovirus-Based Vaccine against Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge

The prophylactic efficacies of several multivalent replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vaccines were examined in rhesus macaques using an intrarectal high-dose simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 challenge model. Cohorts of Mamu-A*01⁺/B*17⁻ Indian rhesus macaques were immunized with one of several combinations of Ad5 vectors expressing Gag, Pol, Nef, and Env gp140; for comparison, a Mamu-A*01⁺ cohort was immunized using the Ad5 vector alone. There was no sign of immunological interference between antigens in the immunized animals. In general, expansion of the antigen breadth resulted in more favorable virological outcomes. In particular, the order of efficacy trended as follows: Gag/Pol/Nef/Env ≈ Gag/Pol > Gag ≈ Gag/Pol/Nef > Nef. However, the precision in ranking the vaccines based on the study results may be limited by the cohort size, and as such, may warrant additional testing. The implications of these results in light of the recent discouraging results of the phase IIb study of the trivalent Ad5 HIV-1 vaccine are discussed.There is a significant body of evidence suggesting that anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cellular immunity plays a prominent role in controlling viral infection and progression to disease (15, 32, 33). This stimulated substantial research into vaccines capable of eliciting this type of immunity, and several vaccine candidates (5, 6, 8-13, 22, 29-31, 35) have reached various stages of clinical development. However, the viability of this general vaccine approach was recently undermined by the findings in a phase II trial (called the Step Study) that immunization with a replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vaccine expressing HIV-1 clade B Gag, Pol, and Nef was not effective in either reducing acquisition rates and/or lowering set point viral loads in infected subjects (2, 25). In fact, more infections were originally observed in the vaccine group than in the placebo arm (2).The outcomes of the Step Study led to several important questions. Do the results argue against the concept of a HIV-1 vaccine based on the induction of specific T lymphocytes? On the other hand, if cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses are intrinsically valuable for an effective vaccine, what are the shortcomings in the vaccine-induced immunity that contributed to the lack of efficacy in the Step trial? What is the predictive value of preclinical challenge studies for selection of future clinical vaccine candidates? The potential role of CTL responses in an effective vaccine is also challenged by the recently reported phase III study results for the ALVAC vCP1521 prime-AIDSVAX B/E boost vaccine. The efficacy of this vaccine in a low-risk population was recently shown to trend toward prevention of HIV acquisition and not reduction of viral loads (30). Unlike the Step study vaccine, the ALVAC/AIDSVAX vaccine approach utilized a heterologous prime-boost regimen and contained an Env component that may have contributed to the type of outcome observed here. A better understanding of the immune correlates for this vaccine may be possible following further experimental investigations of the samples collected from the phase III study and earlier-stage trials.Despite the proven efficacy of Ad5 vaccination against simian-human immunodeficiency virus 89.6P (SHIV89.6P) challenge, subsequent primate studies provided equivocal results. In a homologous prime-boost regimen, Ad5 vaccine expressing Gag was ineffective against a high-dose simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 challenge (4, 24). The same study compared this regimen with the DNA prime/Ad5 boost regimen that was found to be efficacious in Mamu-A*01⁺ monkeys; the level of protection in the overall study was correlated with the breadth of epitopes recognized and the frequency of induced antigen-specific CTLs. In this study, we examine whether the expansion of antigens to include Pol, Nef, and Env gp140 using the Ad5/Ad5 regimen would improve the outcome against the same high-dose SIV challenge. Of particular interest is the combination of Gag, Pol, and Nef, for which the homologous human vaccine was utilized in the Step study (29).     

The Hemagglutinin of Canine Distemper Virus Determines Tropism and Cytopathogenicity

Canine distemper virus (CDV) and measles virus (MV) cause severe illnesses in their respective hosts. The viruses display a characteristic cytopathic effect by forming syncytia in susceptible cells. For CDV, the proficiency of syncytium formation varies among different strains and correlates with the degree of viral attenuation. In this study, we examined the determinants for the differential fusogenicity of the wild-type CDV isolate 5804Han89 (CDV(5804)), the small- and large-plaque-forming variants of the CDV vaccine strain Onderstepoort (CDV(OS) and CDV(OL), respectively), and the MV vaccine strain Edmonston B (MV(Edm)). The cotransfection of different combinations of fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) genes in Vero cells indicated that the H protein is the main determinant of fusion efficiency. To verify the significance of this observation in the viral context, a reverse genetic system to generate recombinant CDVs was established. This system is based on a plasmid containing the full-length antigenomic sequence of CDV(OS). The coding regions of the H proteins of all CDV strains and MV(Edm) were introduced into the CDV and MV genetic backgrounds, and recombinant viruses rCDV-H(5804), rCDV-H(OL), rCDV-H(Edm), rMV-H(5804), rMV-H(OL), and rMV-H(OS) were recovered. Thus, the H proteins of the two morbilliviruses are interchangeable and fully functional in a heterologous complex. This is in contrast with the glycoproteins of other members of the family Paramyxoviridae, which do not function efficiently with heterologous partners. The fusogenicity, growth characteristics, and tropism of the recombinant viruses were examined and compared with those of the parental strains. All these characteristics were found to be predominantly mediated by the H protein regardless of the viral backbone used.