内蒙古典型草原禾本科植硅体形态

运用地层中植硅体组合解释过去草原植被及气候变化的关键之一,是要了解研究区现代植硅体形态及表土植硅体组合与现代植被的关系。文中研究内蒙古典型草原禾本科植物根、茎、叶、芒以及种子等不同部位的植硅体,对其中的12种主要禾本科植物叶表皮短细胞硅酸体进行分类及统计。研究表明：内蒙古典型草原禾本科叶表皮短细胞硅酸体可分为8种特殊形态类型。C3植物早熟禾亚科的叶表皮短细胞硅酸体形态多样。几乎所有早熟禾亚科都能产生圆型硅酸体,以贝加尔针茅(85．5％)、大针茅(89．7％)、克氏针茅(90％)以及芨芨草(96．6％)中的圆型硅酸体含量最丰富。针茅哑铃型主要见于针茅植物叶表皮短细胞中,克氏针茅的针茅哑铃型含量相对较高。羊草中未见针茅哑铃型硅酸体。浴草、披缄草叶表皮短细胞硅酸体以齿型为主,分别含87．3％和57．2％,齿型在硬质早熟禾中也占一定比例。沙生冰草中的脊圆型占优势,含74．4％。C3植物早熟禾亚科的叶表皮短细胞产生的截锥型硅酸体含量较少。C4植物虎尾草亚科中的糙隐子草叶表皮短细胞硅酸体以黍哑铃型、简单哑铃型、鞍型为主;黍亚科狗尾草则以黍哑铃型占优势(82．9％)。     

内蒙古草原中东部现代表土植硅体组合与植被关系

对内蒙古中东部14个典型植被表土样品进行植硅体分析,同时将其结果作对应分析。结果表明：圆型和齿型在表土组合中占优势。圆型具有超代表性且在针茅草原和羊草草原表土组合中含量超过50％。针茅哑铃型和脊哑铃型在克氏针茅草原以及退化草原表土组合中含量偏高,可指示干的草原生境以及草原退化。蒿属块型表现为低代表性,即便是在冷蒿灌丛表土中,蒿属块型含量也较低。沙地云杉林和榆树灌丛生境特殊,它们的表土植硅体组合特征明显,前者以光滑块型、粗糙块型、规则多边型以及十字型等为主,后者以多铃型、三铃型、哑铃型以及简单哑铃型为特征。高山草甸和山杨林表土与研究区其它植被表土的相似性低。另外,研究区全新世古土壤剖面样品与表土样品的对应分析表明内蒙古中东部表土植硅体分析为恢复研究区全新世草原植被演化提供了参照物。     

中国主要禾本科植物花的基本类型与系统分类

本文研究、分析了禾本科33个族、174个属(632种)的花的性状;讨论了重要性状演化的趋势。根据花、尤其花中鳞被的比较形态,把禾本科植物的花概括为三大类型七个亚型：竹型(包括真竹亚型,稻亚型、芦竹亚型、针茅亚型)、早熟禾型(含早熟禾亚型)和黍型(包括画眉草亚型,真黍亚型)。其结果与花的基本类型相对应的大类群,以及与幼苗基本类型、颖果基本类型相对应的大类群是一致的,即竹亚科、稻亚科、芦竹亚科、针茅亚科、早熟禾亚科、画眉草亚科,黍亚科。     

玉米生长周期内植硅体的变化研究

植物不同组织部位的植硅体形态、组合研究有助于准确鉴定考古地层植硅体来源植物的具体种类以及组织部位;生长周期内植硅体形态、组合变化研究有利于探讨植硅体的形成机制,认识植硅体形态组合变化与环境因子之间的关系,科学解释土壤及沉积物植硅体古植被、古环境信息。玉米变种亚航0919在生长的初期,尤其是前3片真叶,含比重较高的3片以上的多铃型植硅体;随着玉米生长天数增加及生长温度的升高,第4—5片真叶3片以上多铃型植硅体消失,哑铃型植硅体含量逐渐增加,尖型及棒型植硅体含量有所降低,叶片哑铃型植硅体长度(L)及宽度(W)有增加的趋势;相同生长阶段,叶片与叶脉植硅体组合及大小显著不同,叶脉相对叶片含较低比重的哑铃型植硅体、较高比重的十字型和椭圆-哑铃型植硅体,叶脉中哑铃型植硅体小于叶片中的。玉米叶片植硅体形态、组合在生长季节内的变化主要与植物的成熟阶段及生长环境温度的变化有关,其植硅体形态、大小和组合,尤其是哑铃型植硅体大小能够响应温度变化。     

浙江青浜岛现代植物群落和表土植硅体研究及环境意义

在植物分类基础上全面调查了浙江舟山青浜岛分布的植物群落类型,获得8个群丛类型,对青浜岛25种现代植物植硅体进行提取,共鉴定出17种形态类型。帽型、齿型、哑铃型、鞍型和扇型主要见于禾本科植物;蕨类主要产波状棒型和三棱柱型;木本主要产纺锤型和多边形板状型,这表明不同分类位置的植物产生不同的植硅体形态及组合。对横跨整个青浜岛东南—西北坡向的8个群丛样方进行表土植硅体提取分析,共获得14种植硅体形态类型,研究结果显示表土植硅体贡献主要来自禾本科、蕨类、阔叶类和裸子类植物。随着岛屿山体海拔的增加(海拔20—90m),示冷型和示干旱型植硅体增加,青浜岛局部生境(自东南向西北翻过山顶)气候变化表现为温暖湿润—温凉偏干—温暖湿润。表土植硅体组合灵敏地响应了海拔改变而引起的局地植被和环境的变化,是重建第四纪环境变化的可靠代用指标。     

东北地区草本植物和木本植物植硅体的形态特征鉴别分析

为了鉴别草本植物来源及木本植物来源的植硅体类型,本文从植硅体形态和大小两方面着手,对东北地区常见的57种草本植物和72种木本植物的植硅体进行系统分析。从植硅体形态来看,鞍型、帽型和哑铃型等24类植硅体为草本植物的特征类型,木本植物也鉴定出17类典型植硅体类型,包括立方体、端尖细长棒型和凹口棒型等。同时,进一步通过引入形态参数区分三类形态相似且含量较多的植硅体类型(不规则扁平状、边缘弯曲扁平状、不规则块状)的植物来源,结果显示,长度30μm不规则扁平状、长度50μm边缘弯曲扁平状(包含蕨类植物)、长度30μm不规则块状主要来源于草本植物;长度40μm不规则扁平状、长度50μm边缘弯曲扁平状及长度40μm不规则块状主要形成于木本植物。在利用形态和大小分别区分植硅体植物来源的基础上,本研究还系统总结了东北地区草本类植硅体和木本类植硅体的鉴别标准,并据此识别东北地区表土植硅体的植物来源。该研究能够为本区开展植硅体-古植被重建等研究提供重要的参考。     

我国主要禾本科植物幼苗发育基本类型与系统分类

本文在观察了代表22个族76个属的203种禾本科植物幼苗的发育过程和 各种性状的基础上,探讨了重要性状的形成与分布区、生境条件的关系及重要性 状之间的相关性。 根据胚轴和根系发育的不同形式,将禾本科幼苗划分为三大 型：竹型、狐茅型和黍型。根据苗叶和不定根的特点,又把这些大型分为七个 亚型：真竹亚型、稻亚型、芦竹亚型、针茅亚型、狐茅亚型、画眉草亚型和真黍亚 型。 经过与胚体和植株各方面数据的互相印证,证明与幼苗形态的七个亚型相 对应,在系统分类上是七个亚科：竹亚科、稻亚科、芦竹亚科、针茅亚科、狐茅亚科、画眉草亚科和黍亚科。     

吉林省松原市不同品种玉米穗、叶植硅体形态组合特征研究

玉米(Zea mays L.)作为禾本科一年生的植物,是东北地区最主要的粮食作物之一。本文通过选取吉林省松原市乾安地区21个玉米品种进行植硅体分析,试图探讨玉米不同部位(穗、叶)主要植硅体类型的变化规律。分别在穗中、叶中、整个植株中提取并鉴定植硅体10 311粒、10 466粒、8 530粒。结果表明,21个玉米品种中,植硅体形态基本相同,相比于其它植物玉米十字型植硅体含量十分丰富,常见的还有哑铃型、帽型、棒型等;不同部位植硅体总浓度差异较大,存在有穗中叶中整株中的规律;不同部位不同类型植硅体的百分含量及十字型植硅体的大小有显著差别。穗中十字型含量较多,叶中十字型和帽型含量较多;镜下测量结果显示,叶中十字型植硅体比穗中十字型植硅体大。此外,不同品种中十字型植硅体宽度差异较大,其可能与不同玉米品种的抗逆性有关。本文研究结果可为鉴别玉米与其它禾本科植物提供依据,也为玉米种间差异及抗逆性研究提供了基础资料,同时亦可为探究玉米起源、环境考古等方面的研究提供参考。     

水稻和旱稻植硅体形态的对比研究

我国南方丘陵山地地区的原始稻种种类是"旱稻"还是"水稻",一直备受争议。水稻和旱稻是亚洲栽培稻(Oryza sativa)的不同生态型,如何区分史前遗址中两者遗存是解决该争议的关键。植硅体分析方法可有效区分野生稻和栽培稻,在研究水稻驯化过程中取得了重要研究进展,因此旱稻植硅体形态大小和组合变化与水稻可能存在差异。本文对水稻与旱稻的植硅体形态进行统计和对比分析,结果显示虽然两种水稻型所含植硅体形态相似,但旱稻哑铃型和刺棒型植硅体百分含量高于水稻,水稻扇型植硅体百分含量较高,且水稻扇型、哑铃型植硅体个体更大。以上这些差异可能与不同生态型水稻的生长环境、耕作及管理方式、泡状细胞发育程度等因素相关。哑铃型、双斧型、刺棒型的百分含量差异或可作为判别水稻和旱稻的指标,在判别南方丘陵山地史前稻作方式中拥有较大潜力。     

莎草科植物硅酸体的研究

作者对国产莎草科１３个属６５种植物中成熟果实和叶片的硅酸体形态、发育和分布进行了系统的分析研究,结果表明：（１）莎草科植物硅酸体特征同其形态系统发育特征具有明显的相关性。所有莎草科植物的成熟果实表皮均具发育典型的帽状莎草Ⅰ型硅酸体,而在叶片上普遍发育莎草Ⅱ型硅酸体;说明莎草科是一个自然类群。（２）莎草科植物果实硅酸体特征在属间差异较大,在属下等级分类群之间差别一般较小;因而在高级分类群的划分上,具有较高的系统分类意义。（３）莎草Ⅱ型硅酸体相在种间及种下水平的分类研究中有较大的意义。根据莎草科植物莎草Ⅰ型果实硅酸体的形态特征,可以将这１３个属划分为三类：１、这种类型包括嵩草属（Ｋｏｂｒｅｓｉａ）,苔草属（Ｃａｒｅｘ）,扁穗苔属（Ｂｌｙｓｍｏｃａｒｅｓ）;２、包括羊胡子草属（Ｅ ｒｉｏｐｈｏｒｕｍ）,荸荠属（Ｅｌｅｏｃｈａｒｉｘ）,扁穗草属（Ｂｌｙｓｍｕｓ）,飘佛草属（Ｆｉｍｂｒｉｓｔｙｌｉｓ）,莎草属（Ｃｙｐｅｒｕｓ）,水莎草属（Ｊｕｎｃｅｌｕｓ）,水蜈蚣属（Ｋｙｌｉｎｇａ）;３、包括珍珠茅属（Ｓｃｌｅｒｉａ）,砖子苗属（Ｍａｒｉｓｃｕｓ）,扁莎草属（Ｐｙｃｒｅｕｓ）。     

Phytolith assemblages in grasses native to central Argentina

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Phytolith reference collections are a prerequisite for accurate interpretation of soil phytolith assemblages aimed at reconstructing past vegetation. In this study a phytolith reference collection has been developed for several grasses native to central Argentina: Poa ligularis, Piptochaetium napostaense, Stipa clarazii, Stipa tenuis, Stipa tenuissima, Stipa eriostachya, Stipa ambigua, Stipa brachychaeta, Pappophorum subbulbosum, Digitaria californica, Bothriochloa edwardsiana and Aristida subulata. METHODS: For each species, phytoliths present in the leaf blades were classified into 47 morphotypes, and their relative frequency determined by observing 300-400 phytoliths per sample (n = 5). Data were analyzed by complete linkage cluster analysis, using the Morisita Index as measure of association. KEY RESULTS: The results showed differentiation among phytolith assemblages at species level or at plant functional type level. Cluster analysis separated C3 from C4 species and palatable from non-palatable species. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the possibility of reconstructing past vegetation in central Argentina grasslands through the analysis of soil phytolith assemblages.     

Soil phytoliths as evidence for species replacement in grazed rangelands of central Argentina

Rangeland utilization for livestock production in central Argentina has apparently resulted in the replacement of preferred mid-grasses ( Poa ligularis and Stipa clarazii ) by preferred short-grasses ( Piptochaetium napostaense and Stipa tenuis ) and avoided grasses ( Stipa tenuissima and Stipa eriostachya ). However, the botanical composition in the pristine condition is unknown due to the lack of historical data and relict areas. The objective of this study was to analyze soil phytolith assemblages from a representative site of central Argentina rangelands to test the presumed floristic changes. Soil phytolith assemblages (SPAs) were compared with three plant phytolith assemblages (PPAs), each of it made up of two species. One PPA was integrated by the preferred mid-grasses P. ligularis and S. clarazii , another by the preferred short-grasses P. napostaense and S. tenuis , and a third one by the avoided grasses S. eriostachya and S. tenuissima . For each PPA, the proportion of species representing the best fit with SPAs was estimated by considering all possible lineal combinations between the phytolith assemblage of the two integrating species, and selecting that representing the minimum distance to SPA. The highest degree of similarity between SPAs and PPAs corresponded to the PPA integrated by P. ligularis and S. clarazii . Our results support the hypothesis of the dominance of preferred mid-grasses in the pristine condition in rangelands of central Argentina, and that a shift towards the dominance of preferred short-grasses and avoided grasses has occurred in its present disturbed condition.     

Diversity of lobate phytoliths in grass leaves from the Sahel region, West Tropical Africa: Tribe Paniceae

Phytoliths are microscopic amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2.H2O) particles occurring in leaves, internodes, glumes and inflorescence within all members of the grass family Poaceae. Phytoliths of grasses are of particular interest, as they possess morphological features which have encouraged many investigators to identify these plants from which fossil phytoliths might have originated. The present study is a step towards preparing a systematic inventory of grass phytoliths in western tropical Africa. Morphology and dimensions of phytoliths from 66 species belonging to the tribe Paniceae have been studied. Four shape categories of lobate phytoliths have been determined in leaf blade spodograms: bilobate, nodular bilobate, polylobate, quadra-lobate. Bilobate shaped phytoliths are frequently represented in all genera of Paniceae. 13 groups of lobate phytoliths have been distinguished based on significant morphological criteria like shape of outer margins, shape of the shank and number of lobes. A size category system of lobate phytolith dimensions (length, width; length and width of shanks) has been developed by the analysis of average, minimum and maximum values of these dimensions. Application of the size category system results on classifying the major groups into 25 subgroups. The study proves that size and shape can be used to assign some of the lobate phytoliths to their respective genera. Some rarely produced lobate shapes like nodular bilobate and polylobate types could be used together on assemblage basis as markers for definite genera in the tribe Paniceae, e.g. Brachiaria, Panicum, Pennisetum and Setaria. Also, bilobate phytoliths with concave margins have been recorded in five species. Bilobate phytoliths with flattened and convex margins and quadra-lobate shapes are produced by almost all species which therefore resulted in an inconsistent and indefinite relationship with the taxa that produce them. The study shows a correlation between width dimensions of bilobate shapes and their shanks. Greater width dimensions usually connected to thick shanks while short ones are attached to thin shanks. A spectrum on percentages of species producing each type of lobate phytolith has been designed. It is recommended that such spectrum should be carried out for all tribes of Poaceae on phyto-geographical basis which might eliminate the effect of redundancy and multiplicity on the classification of grass phytoliths.     

温带地区表土植硅体对温度的响应

植硅体的现代过程研究是利用植硅体这一指标精准恢复区域古植被、古气候的前提和关键环节,探讨表土植硅体组合的空间分布特征及其对环境因子的响应尤为重要.本研究在东北地区沿着年降水量为600 mm等降水线采集54块表土样品,研究单一温度控制下表土植硅体的空间分布规律,以期寻找对温度比较敏感的植硅体类型.结果表明:54块表土样品...     

青藏高原东部高寒草甸54种禾本科植物种子的萌发特性

在实验室条件下观测了青藏高原东部高寒草甸54种禾本科植物的种子萌发特点。结果发现:在54种植物中,有43种植物种子萌发率都达到了50%,其中萌发率80%以上的物种有26种,60%~80%的有11种,40%~60%的有8种,20%~40%的有5种,小于20%的有4种; 萌发开始时间为3~5 d的植物有14种,6~8 d的植物有29种,9~10 d的植物有10种,大于10 d的有1种;萌发持续时间为1~7 d的植物有16种,8~14 d的植物有28种,15~21 d的有10种;达50%萌发率的时间为1~7 d的植物有11种,8~14 d的植物有27种,大于14 d的植物有5种,萌发率一直没达到50%的植物有11种。这些植物显示了4种萌发类型:爆发型、过渡型、缓萌型(萌发率大于50%的物种)和低萌型(萌发率小于50%的物种)。     

Understanding Fossil Phytolith Preservation: The Role of Partial Dissolution in Paleoecology and Archaeology

Opaline phytoliths are important microfossils used for paleoecological and archaeological reconstructions that are primarily based on relative ratios of specific morphotypes. Recent studies have shown that phytolith assemblages are prone to post-depositional alteration involving partial dissolution, however, the manner in which partial dissolution affects morphotype composition is poorly understood. Here we show that morphotype assemblages from four different plant species subjected to controlled partial dissolution are significantly different from the original assemblages, indicating that the stability of various morphotypes differs, mainly depending on their surface area to bulk ratios. This underlying mechanism produces distorted morphotype compositions in partially dissolved phytolith assemblages, bearing vast implications for morphotype-based paleoecological and archaeological interpretation. Together with analyses of phytolith assemblages from a variety of archaeological sites, our results establish criteria by which well-preserved phytolith assemblages can be selected for accurate paleoecological and archaeological reconstructions.     

Grass water stress estimated from phytoliths in West Africa

Aim This study calibrates the relationship between phytolith indices, modern vegetation structure, and a climate parameter (AET/PET, i.e. the ratio of annual actual evapotranspiration to annual potential evapotranspiration), in order to present new proxies for long‐term Quaternary climate and vegetation changes, and model/data comparisons. Location Sixty‐two modern soil surface samples from West Africa (Mauritania and Senegal), collected along a latitudinal transect across four bioclimatic zones, were analysed. Methods Two phytolith indices are defined as normalized data: (1) humidity‐aridity index [Iph (%) = saddle vs. cross + dumbbell + saddle], and (2) water stress index [fan‐shaped index (Fs) (%) = fan‐shaped vs. sum of characteristic phytoliths]. Vegetation structures are delimited according to Iph and Fs boundaries. Bootstrapped regression methods are used for evaluating the strength of the relationship between the two phytolith indices and AET/PET. Additional modern phytolith assemblages, from Mexico, Cameroon and Tanzania are extracted in order to test the calibration established from the West African samples. Accuracy of the AET/PET phytolith proxy is compared with equivalent pollen proxy from the same area. Results Characterization of the grass cover is accurately made through Iph. A boundary of 20 ± 1.4% discriminates tall grass savannas from short grass savannas. Water stress and transpiration experienced by the grass cover can be estimated through Fs. AET/PET is accurately estimated from phytoliths by a transfer function: AET/PET = ?0.605 Fs ? 0.387 Iph + 0.272 (Iph – 20)² (r = 0.80 ± 0.04) in the application domain (AET/PET ranging from 0.1 ± 0.04 to 0.45 ± 0.04). Phytolith and pollen estimate with similar precision (r_pollen = 0.84 ± 0.04) the AET/PET in the studied area. Conclusions This study demonstrates that we can rely on the phytolith indices Iph and Fs to distinguish the different grasslands in tropical areas. Moreover, a new phytolith proxy of AET/PET, linked to water availability, is presented. We suggest from these results that combining phytolith and pollen proxies of AET/PET would help to constrain this climate parameter better, especially when phytolith assemblages are dominated by Panicoideae and Chloridoideae C₄‐grass phytoliths, are devoid of Pooideae C₃‐grass phytoliths, and occur with a few tropical ligneous woody dicotyledon phytoliths. As AET/PET is a bioclimatic indicator commonly used in vegetation models, such a combination would help to make model/data comparisons more efficient.     

Morphological variations of lobate phytoliths from grasses in China and the south-eastern United States

Abstract. Phytolith analysis of grasses is a useful tool in palaeoenvironmental and archaeobotanical research. Lobate phytolith is one of the most important morphotypes of grass phytoliths. This study describes morphological variations of diagnostic lobate phytoliths and produces a tentative classification scheme based on 250 modern grass species from China and the south‐eastern U.S.A. Eighty‐five grass species were found to contain lobate phytoliths. They are derived mainly from Panicoideae, but also include the Chloridoideae, Oryzoideae and Arundinoideae subfamilies. Twenty‐five lobate morphological types were observed from different subfamilies, genera or tribes of grasses, based on two important parameters: (1) the length of the lobate shank and (2) the shape of the outer margin of the two lobes. The identification of grass tribe or even genus is possible based on the differences in lobate shape parameters or the composition of assemblages. However, not all of the lobate assemblages have a definite relationship with the genera that produce them, because grasses can only produce a limited range of lobate shapes that often overlap from one genus to another. Several C₃ grasses and Chloridoideae subfamily grasses also produce characteristic lobate phytoliths. The variations of lobate morphologies can be related to environmental factors, especially moisture. Typical hygrophytic grasses tend to yield lobate phytoliths with very short shank, whereas typical xerophytic grasses tend to produce lobate phytoliths with a very long shank. The potential link between phytolith morphology, grass taxonomy and environmental conditions opens the possibility that phytolith morphology may be used as a proxy in palaeoclimatic reconstruction.