Traits of fatty acid accumulation in dimorphic seeds of the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa in saline conditions

The mechanism on of how salinity affects seed fatty acids accumulation remains unclear in halophytes. The present results revealed that the content of total unsaturated fatty acids in black seeds was higher than in brown seeds in the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa under controlled saline conditions. Salinity (200?mM NaCl) significantly increased the total oil content, unsaturated acid/saturated acid ratio, and content of α-linolenic acid (C18:3) (ALA), especially in brown seeds. The most abundant fatty acid in dimorphic seeds is linoleic acid (C18:2) (>70%). It appears that more ALA accumulated in brown seeds compared to black seeds. The enzyme activity of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (ω-3 FAD) in brown seeds was much higher than that in black seeds, but salinity had no significant effect on the activity of ω-3 FAD in both brown and black seeds. The relative expression of SsFAD7 was increased by salinity, and the value in brown seeds was much higher than that in black seeds. This means salinity can, salinity can improve the quantity of fatty acids in dimorphic seeds of S. salsa, and the enzyme of ω-3 FAD and SsFAD7 may involve in the accumulation of ALA in dimorphic seeds under salinity.     

女贞果实及种子的化学成分

女贞子为木犀科植物女贞 (ＬｉｇｕｓｔｒｕｍｌｕｃｉｄｕｍＡｉｔ.)的果实 ,有滋补肝肾、明目乌发等功效 ,主治眩晕耳鸣、腰膝酸软、须发早白和目暗不明等症 ,女贞子主产江苏、浙江、福建、湖南、广东、广西、江西和四川等省区 ,资源丰富。女贞的化学成分已有报道[1,2 ] ,作者对其全果及种子的化学成分进行较全面分析 ,旨在为其综合开发利用提供科学依据。1　材料和方法1 1　材料和仪器女贞子 2 0 0 0年 11月至 2 0 0 1年 3月分批采自福建省福州市建新郊区、仓山长安山和永泰方广岩。石油醚 (30～6 0℃ )和乙醇等均为分析纯 (上海生化制品…     

猫儿屎和三叶木通种子油中脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

采用索氏提取法提取木通科植物猫儿屎和三叶木通种子的脂溶性成分,甲酯化处理后用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分离和鉴定其组成和含量。从猫儿屎种子油中鉴定出9种脂肪酸,占检出物总质量分数的94.67%(其中饱和脂肪酸占12.63%,不饱和脂肪酸占82.04%),主要成分为9-十六烯酸(47.22%)、9-油酸(27.13%)、棕榈酸(10.75%)、亚油酸(7.47%)和硬脂酸(1.61%)。从三叶木通种子油中鉴定出10种脂肪酸,占检出物总质量分数的99.75%(其中饱和脂肪酸占23.39%,不饱和脂肪酸占76.36%),主要成分为11-油酸(47.63%)、亚油酸(27.05%)、棕榈酸(20.14%)、16-甲基-十七烷酸(3.03%)和8-油酸(1.07%)。结果表明,猫儿屎和三叶木通种子油中脂肪酸含量丰富,在食用、医疗保健等方面具有较高的应用潜力和综合开发前景。     

Triacylglycerols in the seeds of northern Scots pine,Pinus sylvestris L., and Norway spruce,Picea abies (L.) Karst.

The geographical variation in the composition of triacylglycerols in seeds of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.], grown in Finland, was analyzed. The total lipid content of pine seeds was slightly higher in the northernmost provenance (68 °50N), whereas the lipid content of spruce seeds was not affected systematically by the geographical origin of the seeds. The species studied differed in the proportions of fatty acids in their triacylglycerols, though the three most abundant components were the same, i.e. oleic acid (181 n9), linoleic acid (182n-6) and 5,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid (183 5c9c12c). These fatty acids corresponded to more than 80 mol% of the total fatty acids. According to mass spectrometric analyses, the triacylglycerols of both spruce and pine seeds consisted of the same molecular species with 52–56 acyl carbons, but in different proportions. Molecules with 54 acyl carbons represented approximately 75% of the pine and 85% of the spruce triacylglycerols, with the most abundant molecular species being 545, 546 and 547. Some minor differences in the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols of pine seeds from different seed collecting areas were found: the proportion of linoleic acid slightly increased whereas that of 5,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid decreased towards the northern origins. Similar differences were not found in the proportions of fatty acids in spruce seed lots. Furthermore, the proportions of triacylglycerols in both pine and spruce seeds from northern and southern collecting areas were not significantly different. The higher content of total lipids in spruce seeds compared with pine seeds may be due to the structure of the seed coat, and the lipophilic layers inside it, acting as a barrier to imbibition.     

Temporal release of fatty acids and sugars in the spermosphere: impacts on Enterobacter cloacae-induced biological control

The aim of this study was to determine the temporal release of fatty acids and sugars from corn and cucumber seeds during the early stages of seed germination in order to establish whether sugars found in exudate can prevent exudate fatty acid degradation by Enterobacter cloacae. Both saturated (long-chain saturated fatty acids [LCSFA]) and unsaturated (long-chain unsaturated fatty acids [LCUFA]) fatty acids were detected in corn and cucumber seed exudates within 15 min after seed sowing. LCSFA and LCUFA were released at a rate of 26.1 and 6.44 ng/min/seed by corn and cucumber seeds, respectively. The unsaturated portion of the total fatty acid pool from both plant species contained primarily oleic and linoleic acids, and these fatty acids were released at a combined rate of 6.6 and 0.67 ng/min/seed from corn and cucumber, respectively. In the absence of seed exudate sugars, E. cloacae degraded linoleic acid at rates of 29 to 39 ng/min, exceeding the rate of total fatty acid release from seeds. Sugars constituted a significant percentage of corn seed exudate, accounting for 41% of the total dry seed weight. Only 5% of cucumber seed exudate was comprised of sugars. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were the most abundant sugars present in seed exudate from both plant species. Corn seeds released a total of 137 microg/seed of these three sugars within 30 min of sowing, whereas cucumber seeds released 0.83 microg/seed within the same time frame. Levels of glucose, fructose, and sucrose found in corn seed exudate (90 to 342 microg) reduced the rate of linoleic acid degradation by E. cloacae to 7.5 to 8.8 ng/min in the presence of either sugar, leaving sufficient concentrations of linoleic acid to activate Pythium ultimum sporangia Our results demonstrate that elevated levels of sugars in the corn spermosphere can prevent the degradation of LCUFA by E. cloacae, leading to its failure to suppress P. ultimum sporangial activation, germination, and subsequent disease development.     

The Fatty Acid Composition and Quality of Oils from Post‐Industrial Waste of Quince Chaenomeles japonica

In the food industry, quince seeds are discarded as waste in the production process. Their use therefore creates added value and opens up the possibility of using no‐waste processing technologies. Three types of waste were investigated: after juicing, after the manufacture of puree and syrup. The results showed that the yield of quince seeds (Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb .) Lindl . ex Spach from waste left after different production methods varies from 29.8 to 38.3 %. The cold pressed oil yield ranges from 4.9±0.03 to 7.1±0.06 %. The oil yield obtained by Soxhlet extraction varies from 14.6±0.64 to 17.3±0.9 %. Unsaturated fatty acid, especially polyunsaturated fatty acid is predominant in quince seed oil. The linoleic acid content of the quince seed oils was between 47.12 % and 58.49 % of the total fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of oils from post‐industrial waste is more appropriate in the skin care industry than in the food industry because of the high ratio of omega‐6/omega‐3 and high linoleic acid content.     

超临界CO_2萃取韭菜籽油成分的GC-MS分析

以索氏提取法为对照,采用超临界二氧化碳(SC-CO_2)萃取韭菜籽油,气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对韭菜籽油成分进行分析,NIST 02质谱数据库对其进行分析和鉴定.结果表明,SC-CO_2萃取压力为22.25 MPa、温度为40.40℃条件下萃取86.7 min时,萃取得率为17.52%,共分离鉴定出17种物质,其中,饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸(6.25%)为主,占脂肪酸总量的 9.05%;不饱和脂肪酸主要是亚油酸(69.71%)和油酸(19.53%),占脂肪酸总量的90.50%.采用索氏提取得率为16.50%,共鉴定出10种物质,饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸(7.22%)为主,占总脂肪酸量的9.84%;不饱和脂肪酸主要是亚油酸(69.34%)和油酸(20.12%),不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的90.16%.另外SC-CO_2萃取韭菜籽油还检出单不饱和脂肪酸7-棕榈烯酸、角鲨烯和β-谷甾醇.     

Seed lipids of the lythraceae

Fatty acid composition of seed lipids for 20 of the 26 genera in the Lythraceae and seed oil and protein content for nine genera are reported. The percent oil ranges from 2.7 to 34% of total weight and protein from 11.3 to 24.9%. Linoleic acid is the dominant fatty acid in seed lipids of all genera surveyed. Variations in pattern emphasize palmitic or oleic acid or both as second most abundant lipid component. There are three exceptions: in Diplusodon capric acid ranks second in abundance; in Adenaria lauric acid and oleic acid occur in approximately equal amounts as second most abundant fatty acid; in Decodon an unusual trienoic acid, previously reported only from the Compositae, is the main secondary component. Fatty acid composition of seeds in the genera is compared to that of the previously studied lythraceous genus Cuphea. Among all the genera, only Cuphea seed produces large quantities of lauric, capric, or caprylic acids, as well as a diversity of fatty acid patterns. No relationship between oil content or seed weight and habit is apparent in any genus studied, nor are differences in seed morphology reflected in composition of the seed lipids. The fatty acid patterns are judged evolutionarily conservative, with the strong exception of Cuphea, which remains unique in the Lythraceae and among all angiosperms for the diversity of patterns displayed.     

Reactive oxygen species release, vitamin E, fatty acid and phytosterol contents of artificially aged radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds during germination

Seeds of Raphanus sativus L. subjected to accelerated ageing were investigated for reactive oxygen species (ROS) release and for content of vitamin E (tocopherol, TOC, and tocotrienol, TOC-3), fatty acids and phytosterols in seed coats, cotyledons and embryonic axes during germination. In unaged seeds, ROS release occurred mainly in seed coats of non-imbibed seeds and in seedlings (48?h of imbibition). TOC and TOC-3 were mainly represented by the ??-isoform, abundant in embryonic axes. Fatty acids were mainly found in cotyledons. In seed coat and embryonic axis, phytosterols consisted mainly of sitosterols. The effects of ageing were mainly visible in embryonic axes at 48?h of imbibition. Deterioration was associated with a decrease in fresh weight increase percentage, germination percentage, ??-TOC and total fatty acid content. An increase in ROS release from seed coats and in ??-TOC, ??-TOC, ??-TOC-3 content in embryonic axis was also observed. The use of ??-TOC and total fatty acids in embryonic axis as parameters of seed quality evaluation during storage was suggested.     

不同产地长柄扁桃种仁成分分析

采用GC-MS、AAS、HPLC等方法对选自陕西神木、内蒙古包头、内蒙古阿拉善盟、河北承德4个不同产地的长柄扁桃种仁的一般成分(粗脂肪、粗蛋白、水分、灰分、总糖、总膳食纤维)、氨基酸、微量元素、脂肪酸及苦杏仁苷含量等进行分析。研究表明,不同产地长柄扁桃种仁各组分含量有一定差别,但均富含粗脂肪(416~478g/kg)和粗蛋白(206~286g/kg);种仁中氨基酸种类齐全,含量丰富;均含Ca、Mg、P、Fe、K等9种对人体有益的矿质元素,未检出Pb、Cd、Hg、As等元素;长柄扁桃油中不饱和脂肪酸含量在96.8%以上,以油酸和亚油酸主;苦杏仁苷含量在3%左右。从测定结果来看,长柄扁桃种仁可以作为开发食用油、蛋白粉以及苦杏仁苷的原材料,具有较好的经济价值,适宜于广大北方荒漠地区推广种植。     

黄蜀葵种子形态及其化学成分的研究

本文报道了黄蜀葵种子的形态特征和化学成分。研究结果表明 :种子含有脂肪油 ,含量为31 16 % ,其主要成分为 :亚油酸 (82 179% )、油酸 (9 195 % )、棕榈酸 (4 75 6 % )、硬脂酸 (2 6 81% )、亚麻酸 (0 32 8% )等 ,此外 ,还含有 18种氨基酸和 2 4种矿质元素。其种子含有多种氨基酸和矿质元素 ,而且种子油含有大量人体所必需的不饱和脂肪酸 ,含量达 91 815 %。因此 ,其种子和种子油具有较高的营养价值和医疗保健功效 ,具有潜在开发利用的价值。     

Characteristics and composition of Parkia biglobbossa and Jatropha curcas oils and cakes

Parkia biglobbossa (PKBS) and Jatropha curcas (JTC) seeds were analysed for their proximate composition. The seeds oils were analysed for fatty acid, lipid classes, sterols and physicochemical characteristics. Proximate analysis revealed that the percentage crude protein, crude fat and moisture in PKBS were 32.40%, 26.525% and 10.18% respectively and 24.60%, 47.25% and 5.54% in JTC. Campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, Delta5-avenasterol and Delta7-stigmasterol were identified in the seed oils, but beta-sitosterol was most abundant, constituting 71.9% in JTC and 39.5% in PKBS. JTC oil had 72.7% unsaturated fatty acids with oleic acid predominating, while PKBS had 62% unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic acid being the most abundant. Results of lipid classes showed triglyceride as the dominant lipid species in the seed oils. Physicochemical analysis of the seed oils showed that they could be classified as semi drying oils and that they could be found applicable in alkyd resin and soap manufacture.     

Lipids in Cruciferae IX. The Effect of Growth Temperature and Stage of Development on the Fatty Acid Composition of Leaves, Siliques and Seeds of "Zero-erucic-acid" Breeding Lines of Brassica napus

Two breeding lines of “zero-erucic-acid” rapeseed (Brassica napus) were grown in climate chambers at a constant night temperature (12°C) and constant photoperiod (16 hours) but with different day temperatures (15, 20 and 25°C). Samples of leaves, siliques and immature seeds were analysed for total fatty acid pattern. The content of different acyl lipids and the fatty acid pattern of these lipids were also determined in some of the samples by use of preparative TLC followed by GLC of the fatty acids. The mature seeds produced by ten plants of each selection in each climate were analysed separately for total fatty acid composition. Mono- and digalactosyl diglycerides (MGDG, DGDG) were the predominant acyl lipids in leaves and siliques. In developing seeds they also were more abundant than the phospholipids, but in this case the neutral lipids, mainly triacylglycerols, contained about 95% of the total fatty acids. Large variations were found in the fatty acid composition of monogalactosyl diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride, isolated from leaves, siliques and immature seeds. The palmitic acid content of leaf MGDG was about 15 %, atypically high for MGDG from photosynthetic tissue. The linolenic acid content of the MGDG was about 45 %, 30 % and 10 % in the leaf, silique and seed tissues respectively. A hexadecatrienoic acid (16: 3) was found almost exclusively in the MGDG samples of leaves, siliques and immature seeds (about 25 %, 10 % and 3 % 16:3 respectively). The lipids of siliques — mainly photosynthetising tissue — were different from those of leaves and had especially high contents of stearic acid (6–12 % in the different lipids). For all lipid classes studied, leaves grown at the lowest day temperature had a slightly lower oleic and higher linolenic acid content than those grown at the highest temperature. On the other hand, increasing the day temperature caused a decreased level of oleic, an increased level of linoleic and an essentially unchanged level of linolenic acids in the mature seeds from both selections.     

细风轮菜种子化学成分研究

对细风轮菜种子化学成分的研究表明,种子含大量脂肪油(23.25%),油中含大量不饱和脂肪酸:亚麻酸(66.929%)、亚油酸(21.813%)、油酸(4.596%),总量达93.338%。此外,种子还含18种氨基酸和18种矿质元素。因此,种子和种子油具有较高营养价值和药用保健功效。     

Oil content,fatty acid composition and biodiesel properties among natural provenances of Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) from China

Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.), an excellent woody oil plant unique to Asia, is well known for its ability to produce high‐oil seeds for use as a promising feedstock of biodiesel. Based on the investigation of natural Siberian apricot resources in China in the early stage, seeds of Siberian apricot from 74 geographic provenances which can fully reflect the overall information were collected. In this research, seeds oil content, fatty acid composition and biodiesel properties were evaluated, and the key environmental factors that caused the variation of these in different geographic provenance were analyzed. The oil content of Siberian apricot seeds is 45.48%–61.07%, and the average was 50.95% for all provenances. The characteristics of oil can identify and quantify eight fatty acids. The most abundant fatty acids were oleic acid (C18:1; 54.02%–76.54%), followed by linoleic acid (C18:2; 16.78%–38.49%) and erucic acid (C16:0; from 3.27% to 6.12%). Monounsaturated fatty acids are the most abundant in 54.75%–77.03% compared with saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The biodiesel properties of most provenance seeds meet the standards of the ASTM D6751 and GB/T 20828, and a few meet the standards of the EN14214. Through the clustering of oil content and fatty acid composition and the analysis of biodiesel properties indexes, it is concluded that KSK provenance is the most suitable for biodiesel production. The XBZ, HHE, AES, ZLQ and LD provenances may be preserved as potential biodiesel. RDA and VPA showed that the effects of environmental factors on the oil properties of Siberian apricot were ranked as terrain factor > climate factor > soil factor, among which longitude, latitude and altitude are the main terrain indicators. These evaluations can provide reference for the effective utilization and further development of Siberian apricot as a bioenergy feedstock.     

Seasonal differences in mineral content, distribution and leakage of sweet pepper seeds

Pepper seed quality is sensitive to variations in climatic conditions during seed development, which might be associated with accumulation, distribution and leakage of mineral elements from the seeds. This was examined in hybrid seeds of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv.‘Hazera’ 1195) in two experiments during two growing seasons. The mean daily temperature (day/night) and daily total radiation receipt during seed development were 27.9/23.2°C and 8.63 kW m^?2 in the summer and 18.3/ 14.9°C and 3.18 kW m^?2 in the winter, respectively. Seeds developed in the summer had lower percentage of seedling emergence and leaked a larger portion (45%) of their K content into the water medium than in winter‐developed seeds. Summer seeds accumulated more K and Cl, but less P, Mg, Ca and the weight ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid was lower than in the winter seeds. The season did not significantly affect N, S and total fatty acids. The most abundant element on the seed coat surface was K in the summer and Ca in the winter seeds. The cotyledon and endosperm of the summer seeds contained relatively higher ratios of K and Ca and lower ratios of P and Mg than the winter seeds. Transportation of mineral nutrients appeared to be involved in the effect of heat and moisture stresses on emergence quality of the pepper seeds.     

FATTY ACIDS OF CUPHEA (LYTHRACEAE) SEED LIPIDS AND THEIR SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE

Fatty acid analyses of seed lipids in 46 species of Cuphea are presented, representing the first major survey of a molecular nature for the family. A remarkable diversity in composition is found, with seeds containing high amounts of several medium chain fatty acids. Lauric acid (12:0) predominates in 43% of the species studied, constituting 50–74% of the total fatty acid content. Capric acid (10:0) is the dominant fatty acid in 32% of the species, comprising as much as 87% of the total acid content. Caprylic acid (8:0) predominates in one section of the genus. The emphasis on production of fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of 12, ten, and eight carbon atoms is unique among plant genera studied to date. Among seven of the nine sections studied, one pattern of fatty acid composition predominates. Two sections have no characteristic pattern, supporting other evidence of their polyphyletic origin. The most significant systematic contribution is made by comparison of the predominate fatty acid components in the seed lipids. When used in conjunction with floral morphology, pollen studies, and chromosome number, it provides an important new basis on which to draw inferences of evolution and clarify present relationships within the genus. Additionally, a trend from the longer-chained, unsaturated linoleic acid (18:2) as a major lipid component to shorter-chained saturated capric and caprylic acids is correlated with increasing floral specialization. It is suggested that mutations in regulatory genes have occurred which cause fatty acid production in seeds to cease at progressively earlier stages, resulting in accumulation of large amounts of single fatty acids of progressively shorter carbon chain lengths.     

Redirection of metabolic flux for high levels of omega‐7 monounsaturated fatty acid accumulation in camelina seeds

Seed oils enriched in omega‐7 monounsaturated fatty acids, including palmitoleic acid (16:1?9) and cis‐vaccenic acid (18:1?11), have nutraceutical and industrial value for polyethylene production and biofuels. Existing oilseed crops accumulate only small amounts (<2%) of these novel fatty acids in their seed oils. We demonstrate a strategy for enhanced production of omega‐7 monounsaturated fatty acids in camelina (Camelina sativa) and soybean (Glycine max) that is dependent on redirection of metabolic flux from the typical ?9 desaturation of stearoyl (18:0)‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) to ?9 desaturation of palmitoyl (16:0)‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) and coenzyme A (CoA). This was achieved by seed‐specific co‐expression of a mutant ?9‐acyl‐ACP and an acyl‐CoA desaturase with high specificity for 16:0‐ACP and CoA substrates, respectively. This strategy was most effective in camelina where seed oils with ~17% omega‐7 monounsaturated fatty acids were obtained. Further increases in omega‐7 fatty acid accumulation to 60–65% of the total fatty acids in camelina seeds were achieved by inclusion of seed‐specific suppression of 3‐keto‐acyl‐ACP synthase II and the FatB 16:0‐ACP thioesterase genes to increase substrate pool sizes of 16:0‐ACP for the ?9‐acyl‐ACP desaturase and by blocking C18 fatty acid elongation. Seeds from these lines also had total saturated fatty acids reduced to ~5% of the seed oil versus ~12% in seeds of nontransformed plants. Consistent with accumulation of triacylglycerol species with shorter fatty acid chain lengths and increased monounsaturation, seed oils from engineered lines had marked shifts in thermotropic properties that may be of value for biofuel applications.     

Increasing erucic acid content through combination of endogenous low polyunsaturated fatty acids alleles with Ld-LPAAT + Bn-fae1 transgenes in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

High erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil is of interest for industrial purposes because erucic acid (22:1) and its derivatives are important renewable raw materials for the oleochemical industry. Currently available cultivars contain only about 50% erucic acid in the seed oil. A substantial increase in erucic acid content would significantly reduce processing costs and could increase market prospects of HEAR oil. It has been proposed that erucic acid content in rapeseed is limited because of insufficient fatty acid elongation, lack of insertion of erucic acid into the central sn-2 position of the triaclyglycerol backbone and due to competitive desaturation of the precursor oleic acid (18:1) to linoleic acid (18:2). The objective of the present study was to increase erucic content of HEAR winter rapeseed through over expression of the rapeseed fatty acid elongase gene (fae1) in combination with expression of the lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene from Limnanthes douglasii (Ld-LPAAT), which enables insertion of erucic acid into the sn-2 glycerol position. Furthermore, mutant alleles for low contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2 + 18:3) were combined with the transgenic material. Selected transgenic lines showed up to 63% erucic acid in the seed oil in comparison to a mean of 54% erucic acid of segregating non-transgenic HEAR plants. Amongst 220 F₂ plants derived from the cross between a transgenic HEAR line and a non-transgenic HEAR line with a low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, recombinant F₂ plants were identified with an erucic acid content of up to 72% and a polyunsaturated fatty acid content as low as 6%. Regression analysis revealed that a reduction of 10% in polyunsaturated fatty acids content led to a 6.5% increase in erucic acid content. Results from selected F₂ plants were confirmed in the next generation by analysing F₄ seeds harvested from five F₃ plants per selected F₂ plant. F₃ lines contained up to 72% erucic acid and as little as 4% polyunsaturated fatty acids content in the seed oil. The 72% erucic acid content of rapeseed oil achieved in the present study represents a major breakthrough in breeding high erucic acid rapeseed.